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ROGERS SeriesSeriesSeries ISSN: ISSN:ISSN: 1946-7680 1946-76801946-7680 ROGERS ROGERS SSSYNTHESISYNTHESISYNTHESIS LLLECTURESECTURESECTURES ONONON MMM MorganMorganMorgan& & & ClaypoolClaypoolClaypool PublishersPublishersPublishers HHHUMAN-UMAN-UMAN-CCCENTEREDENTEREDENTERED I IINFORMATICSNFORMATICSNFORMATICS &&&CCC SeriesSeriesSeries Editor: Editor:Editor: John JohnJohn M. M.M. Carroll, Carroll,Carroll, Penn PennPenn State StateState University UniversityUniversity HCIHCIHCI Theory TheoryTheory Classical,Classical,Classical, Modern,Modern,Modern, andandand ContemporaryContemporaryContemporary HCIHCIHCI TheoryTheoryTheory YvonneYvonneYvonne Rogers RogersRogers,, , UCLIC, UCLIC,UCLIC, University UniversityUniversity College CollegeCollege London, London,London, UK UKUK Classical,Classical,Classical, Modern,Modern,Modern, andandand ContemporaryContemporaryContemporary TheoryTheoryTheory is isis the thethe bedrock bedrockbedrock of ofof many manymany sciences, sciences,sciences, providing providingproviding a aa rigorous rigorousrigorous method methodmethod to toto advance advanceadvance knowledge, knowledge,knowledge, through throughthrough testing testingtesting andandand falsifying falsifyingfalsifying hypotheses hypotheseshypotheses about aboutabout observable observableobservable phenomena. phenomena.phenomena. To ToTo begin beginbegin with, with,with, the thethe nascent nascentnascent field fieldfield of ofof HCI HCIHCI followed followedfollowed the thethe scientificscientificscientific method methodmethod borrowing borrowingborrowing theories theoriestheories from fromfrom cognitive cognitivecognitive science sciencescience to toto test testtest theories theoriestheories about aboutabout user useruser performance performanceperformance at atat the thethe interface.interface.interface. But ButBut HCI HCIHCI has hashas emerged emergedemerged as asas an anan eclectic eclecticeclectic interdiscipline interdisciplineinterdiscipline rather ratherrather than thanthan a aa well-defined well-definedwell-defined science. science.science. It ItIt now nownow covers coverscovers allallall aspects aspectsaspects of ofof human humanhuman life, life,life, from fromfrom birth birthbirth to toto bereavement, bereavement,bereavement, through throughthrough all allall manner mannermanner of ofof computing, computing,computing, from fromfrom device devicedevice ecologies ecologiesecologies HCI THEORY tototo nano-technology. nano-technology.nano-technology. It ItIt comes comescomes as asas no nono surprise surprisesurprise that thatthat the thethe role rolerole of ofof theory theorytheory in inin HCI HCIHCI has hashas also alsoalso greatly greatlygreatly expanded expandedexpanded from fromfrom HCI THEORY HCI THEORY thethethe early earlyearly days daysdays of ofof scientific scientificscientific testing testingtesting to toto include includeinclude other otherother functions functionsfunctions such suchsuch as asas describing, describing,describing, explaining, explaining,explaining, critiquing, critiquing,critiquing, and andand as asas thethethe basis basisbasis for forfor generating generatinggenerating new newnew designs. designs.designs. The TheThe book bookbook charts chartscharts the thethe theoretical theoreticaltheoretical developments developmentsdevelopments in inin HCI, HCI,HCI, both bothboth past pastpast and andand present,present,present, reflecting reflectingreflecting on onon how howhow they theythey have havehave shaped shapedshaped the thethe field. field.field. It ItIt explores exploresexplores both bothboth the thethe rhetoric rhetoricrhetoric and andand the thethe reality: reality:reality: how howhow theories theoriestheories havehavehave been beenbeen conceptualized, conceptualized,conceptualized, what whatwhat was waswas promised, promised,promised, how howhow the thetheyyy have havehave been beenbeen used usedused and andand which whichwhich has hashas made mademade the thethe most mostmost impact impactimpact ininin the thethe field fieldfield — —— and andand the thethe reasons reasonsreasons for forfor this. this.this. Finally, Finally,Finally, it itit looks lookslooks to toto the thethe future futurefuture and andand asks asksasks whether whetherwhether theory theorytheory will willwill continue continuecontinue tototo have havehave a aa role, role,role, and, and,and, if ifif so, so,so, what whatwhat this thisthis might mightmight be. be.be. YvonneYvonneYvonne RogersRogersRogers AboutAboutAbout SYNTHESIs SYNTHESIsSYNTHESIs ThisThisThis volume volumevolume is isis a aa printed printedprinted version versionversion of ofof a aa work workwork that thatthat appears appearsappears in inin the thethe Synthesis SynthesisSynthesis Morgan DigitalDigitalDigital Library LibraryLibrary of ofof Engineering EngineeringEngineering and andand Computer ComputerComputer Science. Science.Science. Synthesis SynthesisSynthesis Lectures LecturesLectures MorganMorgan provideprovideprovide concise, concise,concise, original originaloriginal presentations presentationspresentations of ofof important importantimportant research researchresearch and andand development developmentdevelopment topics,topics,topics, published publishedpublished quickly, quickly,quickly, in inin digital digitaldigital and andand print printprint formats. formats.formats. For ForFor more moremore information informationinformation visit www.morganclaypool.com visitvisit www.morganclaypool.comwww.morganclaypool.com & & & Claypool ISBN:ISBN:ISBN: 978-1-60845-900-1978-1-60845-900-1978-1-60845-900-1 ClaypoolClaypool SSSYNTHESISYNTHESISYNTHESIS LLLECTURESECTURESECTURES ONONON 90000 MorganMorganMorgan & & & ClaypoolClaypoolClaypool PublishersPublishersPublishers 9900000000 HHHUMAN-UMAN-UMAN-CCCENTEREDENTEREDENTERED I IINFORMATICSNFORMATICSNFORMATICS www.morganclaypool.comwww.morganclaypool.comwww.morganclaypool.com 999777888111666000888444555999000000111 JohnJohnJohn M. M.M. Carroll, Carroll,Carroll, Series SeriesSeries Editor EditorEditor HCI Theory Classical, Modern, and Contemporary Synthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics Editor John M. Carroll, Penn State University Human-Centered Informatics (HCI) is the intersection of the cultural, the social, the cognitive, and the aesthetic with computing and information technology. It encompasses a huge range of issues, theories, technologies, designs, tools, environments and human experiences in knowledge work, recreation and leisure activity, teaching and learning, and the potpourri of everyday life. The series will publish state-of-the-art syntheses, case studies, and tutorials in key areas. It will share the focus of leading international conferences in HCI. HCI Theory: Classical, Modern, and Contemporary Yvonne Rogers 2012 Activity Theory in HCI: Fundamentals and Reflections Victor Kaptelinin and Bonnie Nardi 2012 Conceptual Models: Core to Good Design Jeff Johnson and Austin Henderson 2011 Geographical Design: Spatial Cognition and Geographical Information Science Stephen C. Hirtle 2011 User-Centered Agile Methods Hugh Beyer 2010 Experience-Centered Design: Designers, Users, and Communities in Dialogue Peter Wright and John McCarthy 2010 iii Experience Design: Technology for All the Right Reasons Marc Hassenzahl 2010 Designing and Evaluating Usable Technology in Industrial Research: Three Case Studies Clare-Marie Karat and John Karat 2010 Interacting with Information Ann Blandford and Simon Attfield 2010 Designing for User Engagement: Aesthetic and Attractive User Interfaces Alistair Sutcliffe 2009 Context-Aware Mobile Computing: Affordances of Space, Social Awareness, and Social Influence Geri Gay 2009 Studies of Work and the Workplace in HCI: Concepts and Techniques Graham Button and Wes Sharrock 2009 Semiotic Engineering Methods for Scientific Research in HCI Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza and Carla Faria Leitão 2009 Common Ground in Electronically Mediated Conversation Andrew Monk 2008 Copyright © 2012 by Morgan & Claypool All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. HCI Theory: Classical, Modern, and Contemporary Yvonne Rogers www.morganclaypool.com ISBN: 9781608459001 paperback ISBN: 9781608459018 ebook DOI 10.2200/S00418ED1V01Y201205HCI014 A Publication in the Morgan & Claypool Publishers series SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN-CENTERED INFORMATICS Lecture #14 Series Editor: John M. Carroll, Penn State University Series ISSN Synthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics Print 1946-7680 Electronic 1946-7699 HCI Theory Classical, Modern, and Contemporary Yvonne Rogers UCLIC, University College London, UK SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN-CENTERED INFORMATICS #14 M &C Morgan& cLaypool publishers ABSTRACT Theory is the bedrock of many sciences, providing a rigorous method to advance knowledge, through testing and falsifying hypotheses about observable phenomena. To begin with, the nascent field of HCI followed the scientific method borrowing theories from cognitive science to test theories about user performance at the interface. But HCI has emerged as an eclectic interdiscipline rather than a well-defined science. It now covers all aspects of human life, from birth to bereavement, through all manner of computing, from device ecologies to nano-technology.It comes as no surprise that the role of theory in HCI has also greatly expanded from the early days of scientific testing to include other