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Automatic Sun Tracking System with Dual Axis AUTOMATIC SUN TRACKING SYSTEM WITH DUAL AXIS K Srinivasa Rao1, G.Sreedhara Babu2 and M.Rajesh3 1,2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering,V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College Abstract— The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of energy crisis which is considerably serious issue in today’s period. It is becoming essential to increase use of renewable sources of energy namely solar energy as compared to conventional sources for energy generation. Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system. It uses 8051 microcontroller and stepper motor to move solar panel according to position of sun. Photo resistors are also used to detect light intensity. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. A technology namely solar tracking system is introduced to improve efficiency of solar cells by tracking sun’s energy. A working system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented. A solar panel receives the most sunlight when it is perpendicular to the sun’s rays, but the sunlight direction changes regularly with changing seasons and weather. Currently, most solar panels are fixed, i.e., the solar array has a fixed orientation to the sky and does not turn to follow the sun. To increase the unit area illumination of sunlight on solar panels, we designed a solar tracking electricity generation system. The design mechanism holds the solar panel and allows the panel to perform an approximate 3-dimensional (3-D) hemispheroidal rotation to track the sun’s movement during the day and improve the overall electricity generation. This system can achieve the maximum illumination and energy concentration and cut the cost of electricity by requiring fewer solar panels, therefore, it has great significance for research and development. Keywords—Solar panel, sun light, solar cells, solar tracking system, micro controller, stepped motor,electricity generation. I. INTRODUCTION The world population is increasing day by day and the demand for energy is increasing accordingly. Oil and coal as the main source of energy nowadays, is expected to end up from the world during the recent century which explores a serious problem in providing the humanity with an affordable and reliable source of energy. The need of the hour is renewable energy resources with cheap running costs. Solar energy is considered as one of the main energy resources in warm countries. In general, India has a relatively long sunny day for more than ten months and partly cloudy sky for most of the days of the rest two months. Very rich is solar energy. Many projects have been done on using photovoltaic cells in collecting solar radiation and converting it into electrical energy but most of these projects did not take into account the difference of the sun angle of incidence by installing the panels in a fixed orientation which influences very highly the solar energy collected by the panel. As we know that the angle of inclination ranges between -90o after sun rise and +90o before sun set passing with 0o at noon. This makes the collected solar radiation to be 0% at sun rise and sun set and 100% at noon. This variation of solar radiations collection leads the photovoltaic panel to lose more than 40% of the collected energy. Fig. 1shows the yearly sun path at the latitude of 30o. From the figure 1, one can estimate the exact position of sun in every. DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2017.4190.HKMGB 106 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 04, Issue 6, [June– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 Fig. 1Sun path at latitude of 310 Solar angle of incidence Fig. 2 Curve for the relationship between the solar radiation and the solar angle of incidence II. SOLAR POWER IN INDIA Solar power in India is a fast-growing industry. As of 6 April 2017, the country's solar grid had a cumulative capacity of 12.28 gigawatts (GW) compared to 6.76 GW at the end of March 2016. In January 2015, the Indian government expanded its solar plans, targeting US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar capacity, including 40 GW from rooftop solar, by 2022. Commenting on the key importance India attaches to solar power, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi said at the historic COP21 climate conference in Paris in 2015, “The world must turn to (the) sun to power our future. As the developing world lifts billions of people into prosperity, our hope for a sustainable planet rests on a bold, global initiative.” India quadrupled its solar power generation capacity from 2,650 MW on 26 May 2014 to 12,288.83 MW on 10 March 2017. The country added 3.01 GW of solar power capacity in 2015-2016, and 5.525 GW in 2016-2017, the highest of any year. India's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants are 1.Kamuthi solar power project, Tamil nadu, 648MW commissioned 21-september 2016 2. Charanka Solar Plant, Charanka village ,patan district, Gujarat, 221MW Commissioned April 2012 3. Welspun solar MP project ,Neemuch ,Madhya pradesh, 151MW Commissioned February 2014 4.Sakri solar plant, Maharashtra, 125MW Commissioned march 2013 5. NTPC solar plants, 110MW during year 2015-2016 @IJMTER-2017, All rights Reserved 107 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 04, Issue 6, [June– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 Fig.3 The average solar radiations receiver by different regions in India The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2 with about 1500–2000 sunshine hours per year (depending upon location), which is far more than current total energy consumption. For example, assuming the efficiency of PV modules were as low as 10%, this would still be a thousand times greater than the domestic electricity demand projected. Fig 3 shows the average solar radiations receiver by different regions in India In January 2016, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, and the President of France, Mr. François Hollande laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the International Solar Alliance(ISA) in Gwalpahari, Gurgaon. India is one of the countries with the higher solar electricity production per watt installed, with an insolation of 1700 to 1900 kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp). On 16 May 2011, India’s first solar power project (with a capacity of 5 MW) was registered under the Clean Development Mechanism. The project is in Sivagangai Village, Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu III. LITERATURE REVIEW Sun-synchronous navigation is related to see that solar panel always points toward the sun and which results into maximum battery charging. The unique feature of this solar tracking system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. The light dependent resistor’s do the job of sensing the change in position of the Sun. The control circuit does the job of fetching the input from the sensor and gives command to the motor to run in order to tackle the change in the position of the sun. By using this system the additional energy generated is around 25% to 30% with very less consumption by the system itself. The tracking system was driven by two permanent magnet DC motors to provide motion of the PV panels in two axis. The project describes the use of a microcontroller based design methodology of an automatic solar tracker. Light dependent resistors are used as the sensors of the solar tracker. The tracking system maximizes solar cell output by positioning a solar panel at the point of maximum light intensity This paper describe the use of DC motors, special motors like stepper motors, servo motors, real time actuators, to operate moving parts of the solar tracker. The system was designed as the normal line of solar cell always move parallel to the rays of the sun. The Aim of this project is to develop and implement a prototype of two-axis solar tracking system based on a microcontroller. This auto-tracking system is controlled with two 12V, 6W DC motors. The four light sensors (LDR) are used to track the sun and to start the operation (Day/Night operation). @IJMTER-2017, All rights Reserved 108 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 04, Issue 6, [June– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 The project concentrates on the design and control of dual axis orientation system for the photovoltaic solar panels. The orientation system calculations are based on astronomical data and the system is assumed to be valid for any region with small modifications. The system is designed to control the Altitude angle in the vertical plane as well as the Azimuth angle in the horizontal plane of the photovoltaic panel workspace. And this system is expected to save more than 40% of the total energy of the panels by keeping the panel’s face perpendicular to the sun. In the previous solutions, each tracking direction is controlled by using a Sun sensor made by a pair of phototransistors. The single matrix Sun sensor (MSS) controls both axes of the tracking system.
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