DOCSLIB.ORG

The Population and Distribution of Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus Pygmaeus) in and Around the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Population and Distribution of Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus Pygmaeus) in and Around the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Biological Conservation 97 (2001) 21±28 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon The population and distribution of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in and around the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Anne E. Russon a,*, Andi Erman b, Rona Dennis c aPsychology Department, Glendon College, 2275 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M6 bWetlands International Indonesia, Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia cODA-MOFEC Indonesia±UK Tropical Forest Management Project, Bogor, Indonesia Received 29 September 1998; received in revised form 9 February 2000; accepted 13 May 2000 Abstract We report estimates of orangutan distribution and population size in and around the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve (DSWR) in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, one of the few areas in Borneo that may still support a large population. We generated estimates in line with each of three proposed de®nitions for the reserve Ð its current boundaries, a moderate extension, and a greater extension. Estimates were based on current nest survey methods, adjusted for habitat type variability. Measures of habitat type coverage derived from a GIS developed for the DSWR region. Our estimates support impressions that the current DSWR harbors few orangutans (Æ200) but the greater extension supports a substantially larger population (>2000). Findings are discussed with respect to distribution (habitat preference), behavior in the DSWR area (migration, local stresses, human tolerance), and habitat protection plans. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Orangutans; Borneo; Orangutan distribution; Population estimation; Protection plans 1. Introduction agricultural and commercial use. The most notorious of these, which aimed to convert a million hectares of good The IUCN classi®es orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)as orangutan habitat to agriculture (Presidential Decree vulnerable, i.e. at high risk of extinction in the medium RI/82-26, 1995), is estimated to have displaced several future. Reasons for this classi®cation are steep declines thousand orangutans (Rijksen and Meijaard, 1999). in population caused by habitat loss and exploitation, Borneo also lost up to 33% of its orangutan population and the likelihood that steep declines will continue in 1997±1998 because of the droughts and ®res that (Baillie and Groombridge, 1996). The global orangutan plagued the island (Rijksen and Meijaard, 1999). population is divided between geographically isolated As recently as 1995, however, almost no detailed subpopulations, on Borneo and Sumatra, of no more information was available on Bornean orangutan dis- than 16,000 and 12,500, respectively (Rijksen and Mei- tribution to guide habitat protection proposals (Rijksen jaard, 1999). The Bornean population, while larger, may et al., 1995; Soemarna et al., 1995). We therefore sur- be the more vulnerable of the two. It is fragmented veyed orangutans in and around the Danau Sentarum into 61 forest sectors, few of which are securely pro- Wildlife Reserve (DSWR) in the Kapuas Lakes region tected, and Bornean habitat commonly supports oran- of West Kalimantan (W. Indonesian Borneo), an area gutans at only 50±66% of the densities supported by that could support a substantial population (Sugardjito Sumatran habitat (Rijksen and Meijaard, 1999; Schaik and Schaik, 1992; Meijaard et al., 1996). et al., 1995b; Soemarna et al., 1995). Government plans The Kapuas Lakes region consists of a core of seaso- have allocated vast tracts of Bornean rainforest to nal lakes and freshwater swamps, surrounded by peat swamp forest and hills. The area is ¯ooded annually by * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-416-736-2100, ext. 88363. the upper Kapuas River. It is attractive to orangutans E-mail address: [email protected] (A.E. Russon). because of its peat swamp forest, lowland alluvial forest, 0006-3207/00/$ - see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0006-3207(00)00087-2 22 A.E. Russon et al. / Biological Conservation 97 (2001) 21±28 Fig. 1. DSWR area protection boundaries and nest-count survey transect sites. and primary freshwater swamp forest. This habitat oers 1993: see Giesen, 1987; Meijaard et al., 1996). Both agri- high yields of soft-pulp fruit, orangutans' dietary mainstay culture and logging degrade areas of prime orangutan (Schaik et al., 1995b). Other types of habitat oer less than habitat (Sugardjito and Schaik, 1992; Payne and Andau, half the carrying capacity (Sugardjito and Schaik, 1992; 1994). Giesen (1987) concluded that any orangutans Payne and Andau, 1994; Schaik et al., 1995b). The core remaining around DSWR ranged more or less perma- lakes area was gazetted as the 80,000 ha DSWR in 1982 to nently on relatively undisturbed high ground beyond the protect the area's wetland habitat. DSWR was declared a reserve's boundary. Recent surveys based on reports of Ramsar site in 1994, a wetland of international importance incidental sightings rearm low orangutan presence (Jeanes, 1996). Since then, two proposals have been made within DSWR but higher presence in the extensive to extend the reserve (Fig. 1). A moderate extension swamp forests adjacent to DSWR to the north, west, and (DSWR-M) would append about 50,000 ha of the hill east (Erman, unpub.; Meijaard et al., 1996). These recent areas to the south-east plus the immediate catchment of surveys provide only qualitative estimates of orangutan peat swamp and low hills (Giesen et al., 1994). A greater presence. We therefore undertook to estimate the extension (DSWR-G) would append an additional 60,000 region's orangutan population quantitatively, based on a ha to cover much of the unprotected swamp forest beyond systematic survey of orangutan nests. the reserve (Jeanes, 1996). Initial surveys indicated very few orangutans in the DSWR region by the mid 1980s, probably because of 2. Methods human disturbance (Giesen, 1987). The human popula- tion within DSWR-G comprises about 6900 permanent 2.1. Estimating orangutan distribution inhabitants, and about 9000 in the dry season, who reside in 47 permanent and 10 seasonal villages (Aglionby, Surveying orangutan nests is the established method 1995). Most are Melayu, who mostly ®sh the lakes, but for estimating orangutan distribution (e.g., Schaik et al., some are Iban Dayak, who hunt and practice slash-and- 1995b; Blouch, 1997; Page et al., 1997). The number of burn agriculture. Commercial logging in the 1970s and nests identi®ed along line transects allows estimating 2 1980s seriously degraded the swamp forest just beyond nest density per km , dnest, using the equation DSWR and much of that forest is designated Production Forest (Ministry of Forestry, National Forest Inventory, dnest N= L  2w 1 A.E. Russon et al. / Biological Conservation 97 (2001) 21±28 23 where N is the total nest count, L is the total length of vegetation features at each location surveyed then clas- the transects surveyed (km), and w estimates the width si®ed them into four types that group Giesen's (1987) of the strip, on either side of the transect, within which vegetation classes according to their capacity to support nests are sighted reliably (km). Adjusting dnest for three orangutans: swamp/peat forest (tall swamp, tall swamp nest-related parameters gives an estimate of orangutan with some peat, stunted swamp, stunted swamp/ripar- density, d, using the equation ian, dwarf swamp), lowland hill forest (lowland hill, heath), farmland/clearing/secondary forest (same); unu- d dnest= p  r  t 2 sable (regeneration after ®re, recently burnt, settlement, water). We also recorded all habitat disturbances where p estimates the proportion of nest-builders in the observed at each location surveyed, primarily logging population (some individuals do not build nests, like and local farming, then coded an overall disturbance infants), r estimates the daily rate at which nest-builders level for that location (low, medium, high) based on the build nests (normally one night nest plus, sometimes, degree of damage observed. We validated coding for one day nest), and t estimates the rate of nest decay (the both variables against a 1990 Landsat Land Cover Map number of days nests remain visible). of the Kapuas Lakes region. Coverage of each habitat We handled three problems associated with estimat- type within each of the three proposed protected areas ing parameters as follows. derived from a Geographic Information System (GIS) 1. Validated estimates for the proportion of nest- developed for the Kapuas Lakes region (Dennis, 1997). builders, p, and rate of nest- building, r, exist for This is one of the few areas in Borneo for which GIS is only a few Sumatran populations because they available. require long-term, direct study of resident orangu- tans (Rijksen, 1978; Schaik et al., 1995b). Values 2.2. Sampling are unlikely to vary substantially between popula- tions (Schaik et al., 1995b) so we used the pub- We surveyed nests along line transects in the three lished estimates for the DSWR region. proposed protected areas Ð DSWR, DSWR-M, and 2. Estimates of nest decay rate, t, and eective strip DSWR-G. This was the ®rst orangutan survey in the width, w, probably vary substantially with local region so we sampled seven areas where residents conditions (Schaik et al., 1995b) so we generated reported recent orangutan presence (Meijaard et al., estimates for the DSWR region from data col- 1996). For each area, we sampled Æ3 km of transect lected during the nest survey. Nest decay rate, t, (per Schaik and Azwar, 1991). Transect length increases can be estimated from a sample of short-term within-transect habitat variability (Schaik et al., 1995b) changes in decay state when nest decay is modeled and the time involved in traveling to transect sites in the as a Markov process with one absorbing state lakes region limited the distance that we could survey (Kemeny et al., 1956). Markov estimates of t have daily. Samples took the form of three 1 km or two 1.5 been validated on known populations in Sumatra km transects.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bornean Orangutans
    Envisioning a future for BORNEAN ORANGUTANS Conservation impacts of 10 years of Bornean action plan implementation and recommendations for improved population outcomes Authors: Julie Sherman, Marc Ancrenaz, and Erik Meijaard Protected areas, forest change and forest fragment maps and analysis by Maria Voigt cover illustration : Lucy Molleson CONTENTS Evaluating Bornean orangutan conservation effectiveness ........................................................................ 1 Results ................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Plan implementation ................................................................................................................................. 2 Stakeholder interventions .......................................................................................................................... 3 Rescue and release .................................................................................................................................... 4 Law enforcement ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Management of orangutans in concessions ............................................................................................... 6 Habitat loss and habitat protection ........................................................................................................... 7 Orangutan
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Orangutan Tool Use NEW INSIGHTS for HUMAN EVOLUTION
    Wild Orangutan Tool Use NEW INSIGHTS FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Ellen J.M. Meulman aus den Niederlanden Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Carel P. van Schaik (Leitung der Dissertation/Vorsitz) Dr. Judith M. Burkart Zürich, 2014 For all the great apes (human or non-human), I have had the luck to know or meet and be inspired by in one way or another… Table of Contents ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (GERMAN ABSTRACT) ............................................. 9 ABSTRAK (INDONESIAN ABSTRACT) ........................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................... 14 General introduction .......................................................................................................... 14 How to define tool use? .................................................................................................... 14 Did tool use make us human? .......................................................................................... 15 Is tool use cognitively demanding? .................................................................................. 16 How orangutans can contribute to the study of tool use .................................................. 18 Aims and
    [Show full text]
  • Orangutan SAFE Program Plan
    2020-2022 Orangutan SAFE Program Plan ORANGUTAN SAFE PROGR AM PLAN Contents Orangutan SAFE Species Program Goal ............................................................................................................................. 2 Program Operational Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Conservation Target ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Status of Species within the AZA Community ................................................................................................................... 3 AZA Conservation Activities ................................................................................................................................................. 4 AZA Public Engagement Activities ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Conservation Status of the Species ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Population and Habitat Viability Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 6 Threats ....................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ORANG-UTAN the Bornean Orang-Utan Is the Largest Tree-Dwelling Mammal in the World
    © naturepl.com / Anup Shah / WWF © naturepl.com / BORNEAN ORANG-UTAN The Bornean orang-utan is the largest tree-dwelling mammal in the world. Alongside its cousin the Sumatran orang-utan, they are the only species of great ape to be found in Asia. Read on to discover more interesting facts about them. Bornean orang-utans are native to Where Indonesia and Malaysia, and can only CHARACTERISTICS FAMILY be found in the rainforests on the Island they • Distinctive body shape, with very long arms that The female orang-utan gives birth to a single young of Borneo. live may reach 2.2 metres in length. usually once every seven to nine years. When they wwf.org.uk/wildlife/orang_utan/ are an infant, they spend the first 2-3 years being • Coarse, shaggy, reddish coat and grasping hands carried constantly, and will still remain close to their and feet. mother up to 7 years of age. • They weigh between 40-85kg. • There are two different types of adult male orang- Adult orang-utans are generally solitary, although utan: ‘flanged’ and ‘unflanged’. Flanged males temporary groups are occasionally formed in areas of have a long coat of dark hair on their back, a facial abundant food. disk, flanges (cheek pads) and a throat sac used to make a very loud sound called a ‘long call’ which is used to attract females. • They live up in the canopy of the rainforest, where they climb and swing and even build a nest by VIDEO weaving branches. Borneo Watch footage: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ft2ntmJTm7Y DID YOU KNOW • arkive.org/bornean-orangutan/pongo-pygmaeus/ Each night, an orang-utan builds a nest from bent video-00.html branches on which to sleep, high up in the trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Bornean Orangutans Experience Muscle Catabolism During Episodes of Fruit Scarcity Caitlin A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Wild Bornean orangutans experience muscle catabolism during episodes of fruit scarcity Caitlin A. O’Connell1*, Andrea L. DiGiorgio2,1, Alexa D. Ugarte1,3, Rebecca S. A. Brittain1, Daniel J. Naumenko4,5, Sri Suci Utami Atmoko6,7 & Erin R. Vogel1 Pronounced temporal and spatial variation in the availability of food resources can produce energetic defcits in organisms. Fruit-dependent Bornean orangutans face extreme variation in fruit availability and experience negative energy and protein balance during episodes of fruit scarcity. We evaluate the possibility that orangutans of diferent sexes and ages catabolize muscle tissue when the availability of fruit is low. We assess variation in muscle mass by examining the relationship between urinary creatinine and specifc gravity and use the residuals as a non-invasive measure of estimated lean body mass (ELBM). Despite orangutans having a suite of adaptations to bufer them from fruit scarcity and associated caloric defcits, ELBM was lower during low fruit periods in all age-sex classes. As predicted, adult male orangutans had higher ELBM than adult females and immatures. Contrary to expectation, fanged and unfanged males did not difer signifcantly in ELBM. These fndings highlight the precarity of orangutan health in the face of rapid environmental change and add to a growing body of evidence that orangutans are characterized by unique metabolic traits shaped by their unpredictable forest environment. Te rainforests of Southeast Asia are characterized as challenging habitats for vertebrate frugivores 1. In particu- lar, these rainforests experience greater variation in annual fruit productivity than African and South American rainforests2. Te island of Borneo is particularly limited, with lower overall fruit productivity compared to Sumatra3,4, and this low resource abundance has shaped the island’s fauna in various ways.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Apes – the Road Ahead. a GLOBIO Perspective on the Impacts
    <*** (#) C») [GHMEE # life1 unep A r e n d a 1 GreuUnbniaiPnM UNEP WCMC The Great Apes - the road ahead A Gipbio perspective on the impacts of infrastructural development on The Great Apes Front cover photos Left to right: Daniel O'Brien/UNEP/Topham; Born Free Foundation/I Redmond; G Brower/UNEP/Topham; Born Free Foundation/I Redmond; Tan Yik Yee/UNEP/Topham. Disclaimer The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ^l-?f < /ii*\ f~ > GRID ($') UfJ vt^m io.^ j? unep A r e n d a 1 basttaivmntrma UNEP WCMC The Great Apes - the road ahead A Gipbio perspective on the impacts of infrastructural development on The Great Apes The Great Apes - the road ahead Editors Dr. Christian Nellemann Dr. Adrian Newton Global coordinator, GLOBIO UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNEPGRID-Arendal 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK c/o Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Tel. +44(0)1223 277314 Fakkelgarden, Storhove Fax +44 (0)1223 277136 N-2624 Lillehammer, Norway e-mail adnan.new1onf3unep-wcmc.org Tel. + 47 612 87900 website http://www.unep-wcmc.org/ Fax + 47 612 87901 e-mail christian.nellemannianina.no website http://www.globio.info/ Contributors Hugo Ahlenius Dr. Ruth de Fries UNEPGRID-Arendal (Remote sensing data for forest cover] Longum Park Department of Geography and Earth System Service Box 706, N-4808 Arendal, Norway Science Interdisciplinary Center e-mail ahleniusiagrida.no University of Maryland website http://www.gnda.no/ College Park Massachusetts, MD 20742, USA Jared Bakuza, Mary Edwards, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Ape Conservation Fund
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Great Ape Conservation Fund Apes, by their has become exacerbated as roads built Additionally, recent outbreaks of nature, are for logging and mining operations hemorrhagic fevers, like Ebola, have extremely allow poachers access to previously reduced some ape populations to a vulnerable. They remote forests, which once served as fraction of their previous numbers, have very low refuges for apes. In villages where killing up to 90% of individuals in densities, grow meat from domesticated animals is affected populations. relatively slowly, scarce and expensive, wild animals are are long-lived, have hunted as a cheap and locally available Apes are susceptible to many of the low reproductive rates, and complex source of protein. In cities, eating same diseases as humans. As growing social relationships. Today, the entire bushmeat has become a status symbol human populations penetrate further world’s great ape species are for the wealthy and the demand for into ape habitat, the potential for threatened with extinction. wild meat has steadily increased. disease transmission between apes and people, and vice versa, increases. As In Asia, both orangutans and gibbons a result, the bushmeat trade poses a are facing a multitude of serious serious health risk for humans. threats. Asia’s only great ape species, the Sumatran orangutan and In response to these many pressing the Bornean orangutan, are found threats, the United States Congress respectively on the islands of Sumatra enacted the Great Ape Conservation and Borneo. They will both be extinct Act in 2000 which created the Great if illegal logging, forest fires, poorly Ape Conservation Fund for the planned road construction, conversion conservation of gorillas, chimpanzees, of indigenous forest to plantations, bonobos, orangutans, and gibbons.
    [Show full text]
  • Drivers of Bornean Orangutan Distribution Across a Multiple-Use Tropical Landscape
    remote sensing Article Drivers of Bornean Orangutan Distribution across a Multiple-Use Tropical Landscape Sol Milne 1,*, Julien G. A. Martin 1,2 , Glen Reynolds 3, Charles S. Vairappan 4 , Eleanor M. Slade 5 , Jedediah F. Brodie 6, Serge A. Wich 7, Nicola Williamson 1 and David F. R. P. Burslem 1 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; [email protected] (J.G.A.M.); [email protected] (N.W.); [email protected] (D.F.R.P.B.) 2 Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada 3 South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, P.O. Box 60282, Lahad Datu 91112, Sabah, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore, Singapore 639798, Singapore; [email protected] 6 Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; [email protected] 7 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Exchange Station, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Logging and conversion of tropical forests in Southeast Asia have resulted in the expansion of landscapes containing a mosaic of habitats that may vary in their ability to sustain local biodiversity. Citation: Milne, S.; Martin, J.G.A.; However, the complexity of these landscapes makes it difficult to assess abundance and distribution Reynolds, G.; Vairappan, C.S.; Slade, of some species using ground-based surveys alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Stolen Apes – the Illicit Trade in Chimpan- Zees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans
    A RAPID RESPONSE ASSESSMENT STOLENTHE ILLICIT TRADE IN CHIMPANZEES, GORILLAS, BONOBOSAPES AND ORANGUTANS Stiles, D., Redmond, I., Cress, D., Nellemann, C., Formo, R.K. (eds). 2013. Stolen Apes – The Illicit Trade in Chimpan- zees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. www.grida.no ISBN: 978-82-7701-111-0 Printed by Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway This publication was made possible through the financial UNEP and UNESCO support of the Government of Sweden. promote environmentally sound practices globally and in our own activi- Disclaimer ties. This publication is printed on fully recycled The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the paper, FSC certified, post-consumer waste and presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on chlorine-free. Inks are vegetable-based and coatings the part of UNEP or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, company or area or its authority, or concern- are water-based. Our distribution policy aims to ing the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. reduce our carbon footprint. STOLENTHE ILLICIT TRADE IN CHIMPANZEES, GORILLAS, BONOBOSAPES AND ORANGUTANS A RAPID RESPONSE ASSESSMENT Editorial Team Daniel Stiles Ian Redmond Doug Cress Christian Nellemann Rannveig Knutsdatter Formo Cartography Riccardo Pravettoni 4 PREFACE The trafficking of great apes adds additional and unwelcome pressures on charismatic fauna that provide an impetus for tourism and thus revenues to the economy. The illegal trade in wildlife makes up one part of the multi-billion dollar business that is environmental crime and is increasingly being perpetrated at the cost of the poor and vulnerable.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Type Specimens and Type Localities of the Orangutans, Genus
    Title The type specimens and type localities of the orangutans, genus Pongo Lacépède, 1799 (Primates: Hominidae) Authors Brandon-Jones, D; Groves, CP; Jenkins, Paulina Description peerreview_statement: The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope. aims_and_scope_url: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation? show=aimsScope&journalCode=tnah20 Date Submitted 2016-09-09 The type specimens and type localities of the orangutans, genus Pongo Lacépède, 1799 (Primates: Hominidae) Douglas Brandon-Jonesa*, Colin P. Grovesb and Paulina D. Jenkinsc a22 Karenia Street, Bray Park, QLD 4500, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] bSchool of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. cMammal Group, Department of ZoologyLife Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author. Running title: Orangutan types and type localities Abstract Uncertain type localities undermine orangutan nomenclature. Bequeathed to the British Museum, the holotype of Pongo pygmaeus, according to Hans Sloane’s catalogue, came from Borneo and died in China. The historical evidence makes Banjarmasin its most probable type locality. William Montgomerie, Assistant Surgeon at Singapore from 1819-1827, and Senior Surgeon from 1832, supplied the holotype of Simia morio. In 1836 an adult female orangutan reached Singapore alive from Pontianak, Borneo. The holotypes of S. morio, S. hendrikzii, S. straussii and P[ithecus] owenii probably had the same origin, as pirate attacks endangered visits to other Bornean coasts. Absent from Brunei and north Sarawak, Malaysia, throughout the Holocene, orangutans occur there only as Pleistocene subfossils at Niah.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Orangutan PHVA.Pdf
    Acronyms and Abbreviations AAC Annual Allowable Cut BKSDA Nature Conservation Agency; Indonesia (Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam) BMP Best Management Practices BNF Borneo Nature Foundation BOSF The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation BPN National Land Agency BT Batang Toru BTNK Balai Taman Nasional Kutai BTNS Balai Taman Nasional Sebangau BTNTP Balai Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting CBSG Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (of the IUCN SSC) COP Centre for Orangutan Protection EL East Batang Toru ERC Ecosystem Restoration Concession FFI Fauna and Flora International FMU Forest Management Unit (general) FORINA Forum Orangutan Indonesia FR Forest Range GCN Global Conservation Network GD Gene diversity GIS Geographic Information System HCV High Conservation Values IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LPF Low pole forest K Carrying capacity KHDTK Special Purpose Forest Conservation District KPH Forest Management Unit (Indonesia) MSF Mixed-swamp Forest 6 Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment MVP Minimum viable population N Population size NR Nature reserve (CA) NP National Park OFI Orangutan Foundation International OF-UK Orangutan Foundation UK OU Orangutan Orangutan Strategic Action Plan (for the Trans-boundary Biodiversity Conserva- OUSAP tion Area in Sarawak) PE Probability of extinction PF Protection forest (HL) PHVA Population and Habitat Viability Assessment PVA Population Viability Analysis RMU Rimba Makmur Utama RRC Rimba Raya Conservation Satgas PMH Mafia Eradication Task Force SD Standart SSC Species Survival Commission (of the IUCN) ST Sensitivity test SVLK Timber legality certificate TNC The Nature Conservancy UNAS Universitas Nasional UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WR Wildlife reserve (SM) WS West Batang Toru WWF World Wide Fund for Nature YIARI Yayasan IAR Indonesia (NGO, orangutan rescue and rehabilitation) Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment 7 8 Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Executive Summary Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Apes Overview
    xii Apes Overview APES INDEX Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Distribution and Numbers in the Wild The bonobo is only present in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), bio- geographically separated from chimpanzees and gorillas by the Congo River (see Figure AO1). The population size is unknown, as only 30% of the species’ historic range has been surveyed; however, estimates from the four geograph- ically distinct bonobo strongholds suggest a minimum population of 15,000– 20,000 individuals, with numbers decreasing (Fruth et al., 2016). The bonobo is included in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I and is categorized as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (Fruth et al., 2016; see Box AO1). The causes of population decline include poaching; habitat loss and degradation; disease; and people’s lack of awareness that hunting and eating bonobos is unlawful. Poaching, which is mainly carried out as part of the commercial wild meat trade and for some medicinal purposes, has been exacerbated by the ongoing effects of armed conflict, such as military-sanctioned hunting and the accessibility of modern weaponry and ammunition (Fruth et al., 2016). Physiology Male adult bonobos reach a height of 73–83 cm and weigh 37–61 kg, while females are slightly smaller, weighing 27–38 kg. Bonobos are moderately sexually dimorphic and similar in size and appearance to chimpanzees, although with a smaller head and lither appearance. The maximum life span in the wild is 50 years (Hohmann et al., 2006; Robson and Wood, 2008).
    [Show full text]