DOCSLIB.ORG

Great Apes, Elephants, Pandas, Canids and Other Research Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Great Apes, Elephants, Pandas, Canids and Other Research Studies ABOUTAPES WHO ARE THE APES? Apes are a group of primates that includes bonobos, Why are they special to us? chimpanzees, gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, and All species are important, regardless of their sentience, their relatedness to humans. All are long-lived social primates without tails. humans, or their emotional appeal. Yet Due to their behavioural and physiological similarity to some species are more able than others to draw attention and focus to the humans, non-human apes often have been used as a conservation effort. These so-called proxy for humans in medical, psychological, language, ‘charismatic mega-fauna’—including the great apes, elephants, pandas, canids and other research studies. For simplicity and clarity we (wolves, foxes, and wild dogs), big cats, distinguish between humans and apes, although it is cetaceans (whales and dolphins), and other intelligent, emotionally appealing important to remember that humans are also apes. We animals—have frequently been used to also refer to apes other than gibbons as ‘great apes’. foster conservation efforts, funding, and public attention. Conservation programmes Apes are found in much of the tropical belts of Africa for these species benefit entire ecosystems and local communities. and Asia, including southern China, eastern India, and Apes are an excellent focal point for Southeast Asia. Today, all non-human apes are at risk of species-based conservation and for extinction, largely due to threats from humans, including conservation of critical tropical forest ecosystems. Humans have a unique rela- habitat loss, hunting, and disease. Conservation efforts tionship with apes that is different from to protect apes and their habitat date back to the 1920s. that with any other species. Due to our similarity to them, their intelligence, and Even so, agricultural expansion, logging, mining, and our ability to empathise with them, apes infrastructure development (such as urban centres, roads, have always stimulated our curiosity and drawn our attention. Indeed, studies of bridges, and dams) continue to put pressure on tropical chimpanzees in Africa have been able to forests and the many vulnerable species that make their contribute significantly to our understand- homes there. ing of human evolution and behaviour. Threats apes increasingly encounter humans, and Ape habitat overlaps extensively with Apes are threatened, like most species, both poaching and the spread of disease that of many other species and of inter- first and foremost by the loss and increases. Furthermore, fragmentation nationally recognised priority areas, fragmentation of their habitats—forests of habitat results in isolation of small such as Key Biodiversity Areas, Import- that are also home to a diversity of other groups of apes, reducing the gene pool ant Biodiversity Areas, and Alliance species. These forests protect our climate, and making them yet more susceptible to for Zero Extinction areas. Great apes ensure adequate rainfall, conserve disease outbreaks and other threats to are sometimes described as keystone soil, and form the lungs of the world. their numbers. species, meaning they play a key role in maintaining the health and diver- According to the Food and Agriculture Apes mature late and have few offspring sity of the ecosystems in which they Organisation of the United Nations, by relative to other species. These factors live. They play important roles as seed far the greatest driver of deforestation make them a priority for conservation, dispersers, and many ape species have is agriculture, followed by urban growth, because even a slight decrease in popu- a role in structuring forests as they infrastructure expansion, and mining. The lation size can have catastrophic impacts trample, break, and bend vegetation rate of loss exceeds 15.4 million hectares on the species. of forest each year. while travelling, foraging, and building Why conserve apes? nests. Their activity also produces This loss is highest within the range of light gaps that facilitate germination the great apes—in Southeast Asia and There are numerous compelling reasons of sun-seeking plants, contributing to sub-Saharan Africa. Large-scale indus- to ensure the survival of apes. Some of forest regeneration. Apes are also often trial agriculture, such as palm oil, cocoa, these include: thought of as flagship species, because and rubber plantations, requires the n They are our closest relatives: they can be used to bring attention and clearing of enormous tracts of land and Humans have a unique relationship action to areas of high biodiversity and is thus highly destructive, as are logging with great apes that is different from need. For example, orangutans have practices. Slash-and-burn agriculture that with any other species. We share been used to publicise the damaging by itinerant farmers exacerbates forest 98.4 percent of our DNA with chim- impacts of industrial-scale oil palm fragmentation and is particularly dam- panzees, 97.5 percent with gorillas, plantations, causing the world to aging because poor forest soils quickly and 96.5 percent with orangutans. reconsider its consumption and its become exhausted, leading to more forest With that genetic similarity come regulations governing the production clearance for new land. In areas with many parallels between our social of palm oil. more productive land, human population structures (which most closely n Helping local economies: Ape con- density is typically higher. Along agri- resemble chimps’ and bonobos’). servation can contribute significantly cultural margins, there are also frequent Other similarities include creation and to employment, local income, and human-wildlife interactions and crop passing down of cultures, the ability projects benefiting vulnerable people, raiding, which can lead to conflict. to innovate (such as making and using as has been the case with mountain tools to obtain food), and the care of Another threat to apes is hunting for gorillas in Uganda and Rwanda. It has our loved ones. What often resonates food, the pet trade, and medicinal or with people observing wild apes is the other purposes. Capture of young apes for way in which they care for their young, the illegal pet trade involves the killing of keeping them close for many years. at least one, and more often three to five, (Chimpanzees do not reach puberty adults from the same group. Once cap- until around 13 years of age and are tured, many young apes die en route to weaned only at 3 or 4). Their playful market. All hunting, capture, and killing young often mimic games like peeka- of apes is illegal throughout their ranges; boo and chase, which we would expect however, enforcement is inadequate, and to see only in our own offspring. compliance is lacking. n Protecting apes protects many The spread of disease from species to other species: Great apes and species and sometimes from humans gibbons currently inhabit 33 countries, to apes has also led to dramatic losses. ranging from West to East Africa to Because of their relatedness to us, they India, China, and Southeast Asia. are highly susceptible to many of the Global tropical forests contain 90 same diseases that humans contract; percent of the world’s terrestrial yet, due to their relatively infrequent biodiversity, and the forests in which contact with these diseases, they have apes live are among the richest in not built up resistance to these diseases. biodiversity in the world. As habitats become more fragmented, been estimated that gorilla tourism bonobo are both listed as Endangered. bonobos are co-dominant with males and generates more than US$30 million per For the gibbon, the only small ape, the can form alliances against certain males year in local income. These benefits, picture is no better. Of the 20 recognised within the community. The mother-son in turn, provide motivation to commu- species of gibbon, 4 are listed as Critically bond is the strongest, which enhances the nities to protect their wider habitat, Endangered, 14 as Endangered, and one social status of the son. which protects numerous other species as Vulnerable. CHIMPANZEE (Pan troglodytes) and local resources, such as plants The following data on species are sourced from used for medicine or building materials. Rainer, H., White, A., Lanjouw, A., Eds. (2018). State Status: All four subspecies are Endan- Protecting apes and gibbons helps of the Apes: The Impact of Infrastructure on Ape Conservation. Cambridge University Press. gered (IUCN Red List) conserve the entire habitat, as well as Population: Four subspecies each face local communities. BONOBO (Pan paniscus) varying levels of threat and decline: Species under Status: Endangered (IUCN Red List) there are approximately 140,000 central chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes); 18,000 threat of extinction Population: Only 30 percent of its his- to 65,000 western chimpanzees (Pan toric range has been surveyed; however, Four of the six great ape species, the t. verus); 181,000 to 256,000 eastern estimates from the four geographically eastern gorilla, western gorilla, Bornean chimpanzees (Pan t. schweinfurthii); and distinct Bonobo strongholds suggest a orangutan, and Sumatran orangutan, are probably fewer than 6,000 to 9,000 minimum population of 15,000 to 20,000 listed as Critically Endangered on the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees. International Union for Conservation of individuals. Their numbers are decreasing. Geographic Distribution: Chimpanzees Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Geographic Distribution:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan Paniscus)
    EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Editors: Dr Jeroen Stevens Contact information: Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp – K. Astridplein 26 – B 2018 Antwerp, Belgium Email: [email protected] Name of TAG: Great Ape TAG TAG Chair: Dr. María Teresa Abelló Poveda – Barcelona Zoo [email protected] Edition: First edition - 2020 1 2 EAZA Best Practice Guidelines disclaimer Copyright (February 2020) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA APE TAG make a diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports, publications, and services. However, EAZA does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information. EAZA disclaims all liability for errors or omissions that may exist and shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, or other damages (whether resulting from negligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use of this publication. Because the technical information provided in the EAZA Best Practice Guidelines can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analysed, EAZA strongly recommends that users of this information consult with the editors in all matters related to data analysis and interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior
    Evolutionary Anthropology 9 ARTICLES Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior JOHN C. MITANI, DAVID P. WATTS, AND MARTIN N. MULLER Chimpanzees have always been of special interest to anthropologists. As our organization, genetics and behavior, closest living relatives,1–3 they provide the standard against which to assess hunting and meat-eating, inter-group human uniqueness and information regarding the changes that must have oc- relationships, and behavioral endocri- curred during the course of human evolution. Given these circumstances, it is not nology. Our treatment is selective, and surprising that chimpanzees have been studied intensively in the wild. Jane Good- we explicitly avoid comment on inter- all4,5 initiated the first long-term field study of chimpanzee behavior at the Gombe population variation in behavior as it National Park, Tanzania. Her observations of tool manufacture and use, hunting, relates to the question of chimpanzee and meat-eating forever changed the way we define humans. Field research on cultures. Excellent reviews of this chimpanzee behavior by Toshisada Nishida and colleagues6 at the nearby Mahale topic, of central concern to anthropol- Mountains National Park has had an equally significant impact. It was Nishida7,8 ogists, can be found elsewhere.12–14 who first provided a comprehensive picture of the chimpanzee social system, including group structure and dispersal. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION No single issue in the study of wild Two generations of researchers erything about the behavior of these chimpanzee behavior has seen more have followed Goodall and Nishida apes in nature. But this is not the case. debate than the nature of their social into the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning to Be an Orangutan—Implications of Life History for Orangutan Rehabilitation
    animals Article Learning to Be an Orangutan—Implications of Life History for Orangutan Rehabilitation Signe Preuschoft 1,2,*, Ishak Yassir 3, Asti Iryanti Putri 2,4, Nur Aoliya 2,5, Erma Yuliani 2, Siti Nur Badriyah 2, Paloma Corbi 1,2, Yoyok Sugianto 6, Bina Swastas Sitepu 3, Mukhlisi 3 and Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter 7,* 1 Ape Protection Unit, Four Paws, 22767 Hamburg, Germany; [email protected] 2 Yayasan Jejak Pulang, Samboja, East Kalimantan 75276, Indonesia; [email protected] (A.I.P.); [email protected] (N.A.); [email protected] (E.Y.); [email protected] (S.N.B.) 3 Balitek KSDA, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Samboja, East Kalimantan 75276, Indonesia; [email protected] (I.Y.); [email protected] (B.S.S.); [email protected] (M.) 4 Department of Psychology, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogjakarta 55166, Indonesia 5 Department of Biology, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 6 BKSDA Kalimantan Timur, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Samarinda, East Kalimantan 75243, Indonesia; [email protected] 7 Institute of Biology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (E.K.-S.); Tel.: +43-664-8485554 (S.P.); +43-316-3803960 (E.K.-S.) Simple Summary: Like humans, great apes have extended childhoods during which they depend on maternal pedagogy. To help rescued orphans recover from maternal loss our rehabilitation programme is modelled on the natural infant development of orangutans. Orphaned apes cannot be released back into freedom before they have learned the skills necessary to survive alone.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Sota3 Chapter 7 REV11
    200 Until recently, quantifying rates of tropical forest destruction was challenging and laborious. © Jabruson 2017 (www.jabruson.photoshelter.com) forest quantifying rates of tropical Until recently, Photo: State of the Apes Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation 201 CHAPTER 7 Mapping Change in Ape Habitats: Forest Status, Loss, Protection and Future Risk Introduction This chapter examines the status of forested habitats used by apes, charismatic species that are almost exclusively forest-dependent. With one exception, the eastern hoolock, all ape species and their subspecies are classi- fied as endangered or critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (IUCN, 2016c). Since apes require access to forested or wooded land- scapes, habitat loss represents a major cause of population decline, as does hunting in these settings (Geissmann, 2007; Hickey et al., 2013; Plumptre et al., 2016b; Stokes et al., 2010; Wich et al., 2008). Until recently, quantifying rates of trop- ical forest destruction was challenging and laborious, requiring advanced technical Chapter 7 Status of Apes 202 skills and the analysis of hundreds of satel- for all ape subspecies (Geissmann, 2007; lite images at a time (Gaveau, Wandono Tranquilli et al., 2012; Wich et al., 2008). and Setiabudi, 2007; LaPorte et al., 2007). In addition, the chapter projects future A new platform, Global Forest Watch habitat loss rates for each subspecies and (GFW), has revolutionized the use of satel- uses these results as one measure of threat lite imagery, enabling the first in-depth to their long-term survival. GFW’s new analysis of changes in forest availability in online forest monitoring and alert system, the ranges of 22 great ape and gibbon spe- entitled Global Land Analysis and Dis- cies, totaling 38 subspecies (GFW, 2014; covery (GLAD) alerts, combines cutting- Hansen et al., 2013; IUCN, 2016c; Max Planck edge algorithms, satellite technology and Insti tute, n.d.-b).
    [Show full text]
  • Gorilla Beringei (Eastern Gorilla) 07/09/2016, 02:26
    Gorilla beringei (Eastern Gorilla) 07/09/2016, 02:26 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia ChordataMammaliaPrimatesHominidae Scientific Gorilla beringei Name: Species Matschie, 1903 Authority: Infra- specific See Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei Taxa See Gorilla beringei ssp. graueri Assessed: Common Name(s): English –Eastern Gorilla French –Gorille de l'Est Spanish–Gorilla Oriental TaxonomicMittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. and Wilson D.E. 2013. Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume Source(s): 3 Primates. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. This species appeared in the 1996 Red List as a subspecies of Gorilla gorilla. Since 2001, the Eastern Taxonomic Gorilla has been considered a separate species (Gorilla beringei) with two subspecies: Grauer’s Gorilla Notes: (Gorilla beringei graueri) and the Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) following Groves (2001). Assessment Information [top] Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered A4bcd ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: 2016-04-01 Assessor(s): Plumptre, A., Robbins, M. & Williamson, E.A. Reviewer(s): Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. Contributor(s): Butynski, T.M. & Gray, M. Justification: Eastern Gorillas (Gorilla beringei) live in the mountainous forests of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, northwest Rwanda and southwest Uganda. This region was the epicentre of Africa's "world war", to which Gorillas have also fallen victim. The Mountain Gorilla subspecies (Gorilla beringei beringei), has been listed as Critically Endangered since 1996. Although a drastic reduction of the Grauer’s Gorilla subspecies (Gorilla beringei graueri), has long been suspected, quantitative evidence of the decline has been lacking (Robbins and Williamson 2008). During the past 20 years, Grauer’s Gorillas have been severely affected by human activities, most notably poaching for bushmeat associated with artisanal mining camps and for commercial trade (Plumptre et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees
    ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR VOL. 35 Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees MARTIN N. MULLER* and JOHN C. MITANIt *DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BOSTON UNIVERSITY BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, 02215, USA tDEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, 48109, USA 1. INTRODUCTION The twin themes of competition and cooperation have been the focus of many studies in animal behavior (Alcock, 2001; Dugatkin, 2004; Krebs and Davies, 1997). Competition receives prominent attention because it forms the basis for the unifying, organizing principle of biology. Darwin's (1859) theory of natural selection furnishes a powerful framework to understand the origin and maintenance of organic and behavioral diversity. Because the process of natural selection depends on reproductive competition, aggression, dominance, and competition for mates serve as important foci of ethological research. In contrast, cooperation in animals is less easily explained within a Darwinian framework. Why do animals cooperate and behave in ways that benefit others? Supplements to the theory of natural selection in the form of kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and mutualism provide mechanisms that transform the study of cooperative behavior in animals into a mode of inquiry compatible with our current understand- ing of the evolutionary process (Clutton-Brock, 2002; Hamilton, 1964; Trivers, 1971). If cooperation can be analyzed via natural selection operating on indivi- duals, a new way to conceptualize the process emerges. Instead of viewing cooperation as distinct from competition, it becomes productive to regard them together. Students of animal behavior have long recognized that an artificial dichotomy may exist insofar as animals frequently cooperate to compete with conspecifics.
    [Show full text]
  • Gibbon Classification : the Issue of Species and Subspecies
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1988 Gibbon classification : the issue of species and subspecies Erin Lee Osterud Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, and the Genetics and Genomics Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Osterud, Erin Lee, "Gibbon classification : the issue of species and subspecies" (1988). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3925. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5809 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Erin Lee Osterud for the Master of Arts in Anthropology presented July 18, 1988. Title: Gibbon Classification: The Issue of Species and Subspecies. APPROVED BY MEM~ OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Marc R. Feldesman, Chairman Gibbon classification at the species and subspecies levels has been hotly debated for the last 200 years. This thesis explores the reasons for this debate. Authorities agree that siamang, concolor, kloss and hoolock are species, while there is complete lack of agreement on lar, agile, moloch, Mueller's and pileated. The disagreement results from the use and emphasis of different character traits, and from debate on the occurrence and importance of gene flow. GIBBON CLASSIFICATION: THE ISSUE OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES by ERIN LEE OSTERUD A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in ANTHROPOLOGY Portland State University 1989 TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES: The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Erin Lee Osterud presented July 18, 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • An Enlightened Future for Bristol Zoo Gardens
    OURWORLD BRISTOL An Enlightened Future for Bristol Zoo Gardens An Enlightened Future for CHAPTERBristol EADING / SECTIONZoo Gardens OUR WORLD BRISTOL A magical garden of wonders - an oasis of learning, of global significance and international reach forged from Bristol’s long established place in the world as the ‘Hollywood’ of natural history film-making. Making the most of the city’s buoyant capacity for innovation in digital technology, its restless appetite for radical social change and its celebrated international leadership in creativity and story-telling. Regenerating the site of the first provincial zoological garden in the World, following the 185 year old Zoo’s closure, you can travel in time and space to interact in undreamt of ways with the wildest and most secret aspects of the animal kingdom and understand for the first time where humankind really sits within the complex web of Life on Earth. b c OURWORLD BRISTOL We are pleased to present this preliminary prospectus of an alternative future for Bristol's historic Zoo Gardens. We do so in the confidence that we can work with the Zoo, the City of Bristol and the wider community to ensure that the OurWorld project is genuinely inclusive and reflects Bristol’s diverse population and vitality. CONTENTS Foreword 2 A Site Transformed 23 A Transformational Future for the Our Challenge 4 Zoo Gardens 24 Evolution of the Site Through Time 26 Site Today 27 Our Vision 5 Reimagining the Site 32 A Zoo Like No Other 6 Key Design Moves 34 Humanimal 7 Anatomy 38 Time Bridge 10 Alfred the Gorilla Lives Again 12 Supporters And Networks 45 Supporters 46 Networks 56 Advisors and Contact 59 Printed in Bristol by Hobs on FSC paper 1 FOREWORD OURWORLD BRISTOL FOREWORD Photo: © Dave Stevens Our demand for resources has Bristol Zoo will hold fond This century we are already pushed many other memories for so many.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Gibbon Song and Human Music from An
    Gibbon Song and Human Music from an 7 Evolutionary Perspective Thomas Geissmann Abstract Gibbons (Hylobates spp.) produce loud and long song bouts that are mostly exhibited by mated pairs. Typically, mates combine their partly sex-specific repertoire in relatively rigid, precisely timed, and complex vocal interactions to produce well-patterned duets. A cross-species comparison reveals that singing behavior evolved several times independently in the order of primates. Most likely, loud calls were the substrate from which singing evolved in each line. Structural and behavioral similarities suggest that, of all vocalizations produced by nonhuman primates, loud calls of Old World monkeys and apes are the most likely candidates for models of a precursor of human singing and, thus, human music. Sad the calls of the gibbons at the three gorges of Pa-tung; After three calls in the night, tears wet the [traveler's] dress. (Chinese song, 4th century, cited in Van Gulik 1967, p. 46). Of the gibbons or lesser apes, Owen (1868) wrote: “... they alone, of brute Mammals, may be said to sing.” Although a few other mammals are known to produce songlike vocalizations, gibbons are among the few mammals whose vocalizations elicit an emotional response from human listeners, as documented in the epigraph. The interesting questions, when comparing gibbon and human singing, are: do similarities between gibbon and human singing help us to reconstruct the evolution of human music (especially singing)? and are these similarities pure coincidence, analogous features developed through convergent evolution under similar selective pressures, or the result of evolution from common ancestral characteristics? To my knowledge, these questions have never been seriously assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Gorilla
    CMS/ScC12/Doc.5 Attach 4 Report on the status and conservation of the Mountain Gorilla Gorilla gorilla beringei Document prepared by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre October, 2003 Table of contents 1 Names ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scientific name ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Common name...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Biological data..................................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Distribution (current and historical) ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Habitat ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Population estimates and trends............................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Migratory patterns ................................................................................................................................ 4 3 Conservation status ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Origin and Population History of the Grauer Gorilla
    YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 159:S4–S18 (2016) The Evolutionary Origin and Population History of the Grauer Gorilla Matthew W. Tocheri,1,2 Rene Dommain,2 Shannon C. McFarlin,3,4 Scott E. Burnett,5 D. Troy Case,6 Caley M. Orr,7 Neil T. Roach,8,9 Brian Villmoare,10,11 Amandine B. Eriksen,12 Daniela C. Kalthoff,13 Sascha Senck,14 Zelalem Assefa,2 Colin P. Groves,15 and William L. Jungers16,17 1Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada 2Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA 3Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA 4Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA 5Department of Anthropology, Eckerd College, St Petersburg, FL 33711, USA 6Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 7Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 8Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 9Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA 10Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA 11Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, WC1H 0BW, UK 12Department of Anthropology, The State University of New York, Buffalo NY 14260, USA 13Department
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2017 Dedicated to the Idea That People Can Live in Harmony with One Another and the Natural World
    ANNUAL REPORT 2017 Dedicated to the idea that people can live in harmony with one another and the natural world. LEARN MORE arcus.link/mission 2_Letter from Jon Stryker 3_Letter from Jason McGill & Annette Lanjouw GREAT APES & GIBBONS SOCIAL JUSTICE 10_Logging Threats Continue in World’s Most Diverse 20_Activists Take Bold Steps to Bring Rights Home Great-Ape Habitat 22_Faith Leaders Call for “Golden Rule” of Mutual Respect 12_Drone Maps Offer New Hope for Sierra Leone Chimps 24_Immigrants, Trans Rights Groups Stand up to 14_Sumatra Conservationists Win Victory U.S. Backlash in Orangutan Habitat 26_2017 Social Justice Program Grantees 16_2017 Great Apes & Gibbons Program Grantees 30_Financials 32_Board & Staff B SOCIAL JUSTICE ARCUS FOUNDATION ANNUAL REPORT 2017 1 Dear Friends Dear Friends The presentation of this report marks one of the most that is destroying the forest homes of great apes, gibbons, and We’re pleased to share our 2017 annual report. In a to subscribe to the impossible. Seeing the possible in the face reflective times of the year for me. I think back, look forward, so many other endangered species. The population of mountain difficult year, it’s important to take stock and acknowledge of daunting odds is what drives these engaged and committed and contemplate where we are right now. Like most architects, gorillas in Africa’s Virunga Massif has grown by a quarter since the challenges we’ve faced while remaining confident in the individuals and inspires us every day to support their work. when I walk into almost any built environment, I can hardly 2010 to about 1,000.
    [Show full text]