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MASARYK UNIVERSITY the Chapel of Sant'aquilino in Milan

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MASARYK UNIVERSITY the Chapel of Sant'aquilino in Milan MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARTS Department of Art History History of Art The Chapel of Sant’Aquilino in Milan Bachelor thesis author: Gajane Achverdjanová thesis’s supervisor: doc. Ivan Foletti, MA, Docteur es Lettres Brno, 2019 I hereby declare that I worked on this bachelor thesis on my own and that I used only sources listed in the bibliography. ________________________________________________________ On a Columnar Self— How ample to rely In Tumult—or Extremity— How good the Certainty That Lever cannot pry— And Wedge cannot divide Conviction—That Granitic Base— Though None be on our Side— Suffice Us—for a Crowd— Ourself—and Rectitude— And that Assembly—not far off From furthest Spirit—God— Emily Dickens, ‘On a Columnar Self,‘ in: The Complete poems, London 2012 On this particular page, I would like to thank many people who are present in my life and who support me whatever comes. Sometimes the true feeling which gives you the strength and ideas to write is not only about your close friends and family but also about the places where you are situated or which inspire you. My most sincere thanks go to my thesis’ supervisor, doc. Ivan Foletti, who always helped me and tried to give me as much as he could. I would like to mainly appreciate him for his sincerity and sense of irony which I sometimes miss and which he had brought to my life at the time of writing my thesis. I could continue to thank all of my friends and family in this kind of a spirit for a very long time, however, the task here is not to thank people but rather to present what their support helped me to create. Nevertheless, it is necessary to express my great thanks also to two closest friends who accompanied me throughout the entire studies of Art History in Brno and who always bring good energy, Tatiana Dižová, and Nikola Schnitzerová. I would like to also send many thanks to dear Anna Jaegerová, who helped me with many things, however, regarding the bachelor thesis, it is mainly her touch of language, which she helped me with. I would like to also thank all the people from the Centre for Early Medieval Studies, who accepted me there and always gave me good advice and never hesitated to ask me if I need any kind of help – even if it was just tiny help which they did not have to offer but which always put me into a good mood. That is why I would like to thank Sabina, Anička, Pavlenka, Klára, Klárka, Karolína, Favorit, Chriara2, Vlado, Adrien, Lada, Johanka, but also Zuzana and Betty who were there when I first handed in a written text within the academic space of the Masaryk University. Of course, I cannot forget dear Peter who supplied not only me with litres of coffee and whose coffees gave me energy even when I thought that there is none more left. Lastly, I would like to express my infinite thanks to my entire family who believes in everything I do and keep telling me that if you cannot go on in some moments, you still can a little more. I also cannot forget all the other students, who were writing with me their thesis the whole time in our lovely Hans Belting Library, namely, Silva, Míša, Táňa, Nika, Táňa and also Terka who was writing the thesis with me even a year before I truly started it. Thank you all, for having almost the same problems as I had during writing. Thank you to all. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION - 11 - / STATE OF RESEARCH - 15 - . The Beginnings of Exploration - 15 - . The Years of Expansion - 17 - . The Output during The Recent Years - 23 - Summary - 26 - // THE FATED SPACE OF THE CHAPEL OF SANT’AQUILINO - 27 - . The chapel today – its description - 27 - . Relevant historical documents and sketches – the outlook - 30 - . The retouched space – restoration interventions and research - 36 - The beginning of the 20th century - 37 - The 30s of the 20th century - 38 - The 80s of the 20th century - 40 - After the year 2000 - 40 - Summary - 41 - /// THE CHAPEL’S DATING AND ITS FOUNDER - 42 - A The dating of the Laurentian complex - 42 - A hypothesis of Richard Krautheimer: The Portziana - 48 - Available archaeological materials - 51 - B The chapel of Sant’Aquilino as a subject of research - 55 - The historical context of the construction - 62 - The conclusion: ante or post 402 - 68 - C The possible founder - 75 - //// THE CHAPEL’S FUNCTION AND ICONOGRAPHY - 80 - A The type of the edifice – the mausoleum of Sant’Aquilino? - 80 - Sant’Aquilino’s chapel and other buildings? - 83 - B The chapel’s purpose and scholars’ hypotheses - 86 - Summary - 97 - CONCLUSION - 99 - BIBLIOGRAPHY - 103 - Primary sources - 103 - Secondary sources - 103 - The list of images - 110 - INTRODUCTION OH, LET US NEVER, NEVER DOUBT, WHAT NOBODY IS SURE ABOUT.1 Hilaire Belloc, The Microbe, 1912 The following pages serve as an overview of all tangible information about a small sacral building in the northern Italian city of Milan. The edifice, nowadays known as the Chapel of Sant’Aquilino, was, however, dedicated to St. Genesio until the 15th century. The space of the chapel of Sant’Aquilino is the largest one of three spaces still surrounding the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Milan. The entire sacral structure is not easy to explain in its whole context, and that is not only concerning the basilica but also all three chapels, which still represent a certain mystery for a lot of scholars. This bachelor thesis is aimed at introducing the Chapel of Sant’Aquilino in Milan as a late antique monument, one that is crucial to perceive in the context of its construction, location, and of its historical era. The latter, comprised in the last quarter of the 4th century, was a period in which many sacral spaces have been erected. The development of the city of Milan – at this moment sedes imperii – was also reinforced by the arrival of the Milanese bishop Ambrose, who actively shaped the new Christian “profile of the city”, to quote Richard Krautheimer.2 Thanks to Ambrose ‘s influential personality, Milan of this period became the centre of the new Christian religion with great social influence, a city which developed its culture, especially in its visual and material dimensions3. The chapel of Sant’Aquilino, both architecturally and because of its rich preserved mosaic decoration, is one of the fundamental objects, which allow us to 1 "The Microbe" is reprinted from More Beasts for Worse Children. Hilaire Belloc. Duckworth, 1912, in: Peter Brown, The Cult of the saints. Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, Chicago, 1981, p. 18. 2 Richard Krautheimer, Rome. Profile of a City, 312–1308, Princeton, 1980. 3 Alžběta Filipová, Milan sans frontières. Les reliques au service de la diffusion de l'art et de l'architecture milanais pendant l'antiquité tardive (the doctoral thesis), Masarykova Universita/ Université de Lausanne 2017; Ivan Foletti, Oggetti, reliquie, migranti. La basilica ambrosiana e il culto dei suoi santi (386-972), Rome 2018. - 11 - understand the importance of the Milanese material culture at this key- moment of Late Antiquity. In the following chapters, my aim is, therefore, to display on the longue durée all the information, both facts but also misunderstandings as well as legendary creations, which have appeared during researches done until today on the chapel of Sant’Aquilino. It has to be said that this chapel is currently studied carefully, especially by Ivan Foletti, Elisabetta Neri or also Markus Löx, which might lead future studies on this architectural and visual structure to new discoveries.4 Previous explorations done in the chapel of Sant’Aquilino clarified a lot of doubts concerning the chapel. However, some essential questions about the chapel have not been entirely answered yet. There is still a major discussion about the dating, the possible founder, and even the purpose of the monument. As such, almost all aspects of the edifice are still quite doubtful. In order to clarify this disputable knowledge of the chapel, it is crucial to try to summarise everything that has been discovered until now, confirming some hypotheses and also supporting one of them. Lastly, it might be also possible to express a humble input into the discussion and perhaps try to direct the following research towards other possible directions of interest. 4 Ivan Foletti, De la liminaité à la présence. Les copules milanaises, leurs decorations et la naissance du Moyen Âge, in: Entre terre et ciel. Les édifices à coupole at elur décor entre l’Antiquité tardive et le haut Moyen Âge (ed. by Chiara Croci and Vladimir Ivanovici), Lausane 2018, pp. 125–139; Elisabetta Neri, "Desuper tegens universa musivum" le décor des coupoles du complexe de Saint- Laurent à Milan, in: Entre terre et ciel. Les édifices à coupole at elur décor entre l’ Antiquité tardive et le haut Moyen Âge (ed. by Chiara Croci and Vladimir Ivanovici), Lausane 2018; Elisabetta Neri, Le pittura della galleria superiore della cappella di S. Aquilino a Milano: i motivi e le tecniche nel loro spazio architettonico, in: Rivista di Archaeologia, 41 (2017), pp. 125–149; Markus Löx, Die Kiche San Lorenzo in Mailand: Eine Stiftung des Stilicho?, in: Bullettino dell’Istituto Archeologico Germanico Sezione Romana, vol. 114, 2008, pp. 407–439. - 12 - The first chapter will be focussed on a detailed analysis of the existing bibliography, which will be structured as a status quaestionis of the relevant information gathered by scholars since the beginning of the 20th century and until nowadays on the space of Sant’Aquilino. A particular interest will be dedicated to the question of the chapel’s dating and probable founder.
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