Cultural Resources Survey of Fuel Treatment Areas – Whiskeytown National Recreation Area
Prepared By: Katherine McCullough, M.Phil Department of Anthropology University of Nevada – Reno 1664 No. Virginia MS0096 Reno, Nevada 89557-0096 ______
Prepared For: National Park Service Whiskeytown National Recreation Area P.O. Box 188 Whiskeytown, CA 96095
June 2009
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CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT
Information pertaining to the nature and location of archeological resources is confidential and exempt from public disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), Exemption 3 (information exempted from disclosure by another statute). The locations of archeological sites are sensitive and public access to such information is restricted by law (Section 304 of the National Historic Preservation Act and Section 9(a) of the Archeological Resources Protection Act).
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MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
TYPE OF PROJECT: Archeological Reconnaissance Survey, Site Assessment
PROJECT PERSONNEL: Anna Yoder, Project Researcher and Field Director, University of Nevada, Reno (March 2008 – January 2009). Katherine McCullough, Project Researcher, University of Nevada, Reno (January 2009 – June 2009); Heidi Ogle, GIS Specialist, California State University, Chico. Dr. Donald Hardesty, Principal Investigator, University of Nevada, Reno. Joe Svinarich, Fire Archeologist, National Park Service. Kim Watson, Archeological Intern, National Park Service Partner. Cody Mee, Archeological Intern, National Park Service Partner. Katherine McCullough, Archeological Intern, National Park Service Partner (September 2008-December 2008). Christine Martin, Archeological Intern, National Park Service Partner. Kelly McCauley, Archeological Intern, National Park Service Partner.
SUMMARY: This project is a Great Basin Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit collaboration between the University of Nevada, Reno and the National Park Service. Archeological inventory was conducted at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area for fuel management purposes pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The Field Director and archeological crew members surveyed 3,626 acres within Whiskeytown National Recreation Area. During survey, new archeological sites were recorded and previously recorded sites were relocated and assessed for inclusion in the ASMIS database. GIS and mapping support was provided by Christine Martin and Heidi Ogle at Whiskeytown NRA. Data entry and file organization were conducted by Katherine McCullough with the assistance of Christine Martin and Kelly McCauley. The project report was compiled by Katherine McCullough at Whiskeytown NRA.
FUEL MANAGEMENT UNITS: Aqueduct; Brandy Creek I; Brandy Creek II; Coggins Park III; Coggins Park IV; Countyline; East Boundary; Kanaka; Lake; Mill; Monarch Mountain; Mule; Paige Bar; Panther; Pope-Ericson; Power Tower; Salt Creek; Shasta Divide II East; Shasta Divide II West; Sunshine; Upper Crystal; White Rock.
TOTAL ACRES SURVEYED: 3,626
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES UPDATED: CA-SHA-518/H, CA-SHA-519/H, CA-SHA-1701H, CA-SHA-2006, CA-SHA-2701H, CA-SHA-2746, CA-SHA-3275, CA-SHA-3278, CA-SHA-3701, and CA-SHA-3705.
NEW ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES RECORDED: WHIS-2007-01; WHIS-2008-31 through WHIS-2008-45; Whiskey 107; Whiskey 117.
FIELDWORK DATES: April 1, 2008-June 20, 2008; August 26, 2008-December 9, 2008; January 15, 2009-March 5, 2009.
PERSON DAYS: 242 person days (2008 fieldwork); 32 person days (2009 fieldwork)
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GREAT BASIN COOPERATIVE ECOSYSTEM STUDIES UNIT SUMMARY
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NUMBER: H8R07060001
PROJECT TITLE: Cultural Resources Survey of Fuel Treatment Areas – Whiskeytown National Recreation Area
TASK AGREEMENT NUMBER: J8R07080001
TASK AGREEMENT MODIFICATION: Mod 01; Effective 1/14/2008 – 12/31/2009
GB – CESU COORDINATOR: Angela Evenden, University of Nevada, Reno
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Donald Hardesty, University of Nevada, Reno
PROJECT RESEARCHER: Anna Yoder, University of Nevada, Reno (March 2008 – January 2009); Katherine McCullough, University of Nevada, Reno (January 2009 – December 2009)
REGIONAL FIRE PROGRAM ARCHEOLOGIST: Nelson Siefkin, NPS
AGREEMENT TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE: Joe Svinarich, NPS
WHISKEYTOWN FIRE MANAGEMENT OFFICER: George Chapman, NPS
WHISKEYTOWN CHIEF OF CULTURAL RESOURCES: Barbara Alberti, NPS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A number of people were instrumental to the successful completion of this report. First, I would like to thank Dr. Donald Hardesty at the University of Nevada – Reno for his guidance and comments. Joe Svinarich and Barbara Alberti of the National Park Service were also of great help during the course of drafting this report. Their patience, understanding, and assistance certainly facilitated the completion of this report.
Several interns and university contractual researchers put in hours of work on various aspects of this project and deserve sincere thanks. Thank you to Anna Yoder, Cody Mee, Kim Watson, and Kelly McCauley for hours spent in the field, especially time spent sliding down slopes and crawling through manzanita. Christine Martin and Heidi Ogle, in addition to their assistance with fieldwork, also created the beautiful maps included in this report. This report would not have been possible without the support of Christine and Heidi.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT……………………………………………………………ii
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY...……………………………………………….…………………iii
GREAT BASIN COOPERATIVE ECOSYSTEM STUDIES UNIT SUMMARY…….…………iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………….v
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………….……...vi
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES………………………………………...……………...……viii
PROJECT OVERVIEW…….………...…………………………………………………………...1
PROJECT LOCATION……………………………………………………………………….…..3
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING……………...…………………………………………………..7
CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW………………………………………………………..10 Prehistoric Background Ethnographic Background Historical Background
RECORDS SEARCH…………………………………………………………………………….18 Previous Archeological Surveys National Register of Historic Places List of Classified Structures Cultural Landscape Inventory Historic GIS Evaluation
RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………………………………………………………...24 Fire Impacts Survey Strategy and Coverage The 2008 Motion Fire Complex
CULTURAL RESOURCES RECORDED………………………………………………………53 Previously Recorded Sites Newly Recorded Sites
DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………………62 Fire Impacts Recommendations Listing Recommendations Safety Recommendations Conclusions
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REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………...68
CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX I: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES Updates to Site Forms
CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX II: SITES RECORDED 2008-2009 Map of the Sites Recorded 2008-2009 Site Forms
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LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1: Map of the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area……………………….3
Figure 2: Map of project areas for the 2008-2009 survey project……………………………………6
Figure 3: Location of Whiskeytown NRA in the State of California………………………………...7
Figure 4: Map of the traditional location of the Wintu people……………………………………..12
Figure 5: Area affected by the 2008 summer wildfires……………………………………………..26
Figure 6: Aqueduct burn unit survey coverage…………………………………………………….31
Figure 7: Brandy Creek I burn unit survey coverage………………………………………………32
Figure 8: Brandy Creek II burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………...33
Figure 9: Coggins Park III burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………..34
Figure 10: Coggins Park IV burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………35
Figure 11: Countyline burn unit survey coverage………………………………………………….36
Figure 12: East Boundary burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………...37
Figure 13: Kanaka burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………………...38
Figure 14: Lake burn unit survey coverage………………………………………………………...39
Figure 15: Mill burn unit survey coverage…………………………………………………………40
Figure 16: Monarch Mountain burn unit survey coverage…………………………………………41
Figure 17: Mule burn unit survey coverage………………………………………………………...42
Figure 18: Paige Bar burn unit survey coverage…………………………………………………....43
Figure 19: Panther burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………………..44
Figure 20: Pope-Ericson burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………….45
Figure 21: Power Tower burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………….46
Figure 22: Salt Creek burn unit survey coverage…………………………………………………...47
Figure 23: Shasta Divide II East burn unit survey coverage……………………………………….48
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Figure 24: Shasta Divide II West burn unit survey coverage………………………………………49
Figure 25: Sunshine burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………………50
Figure 26: Upper Crystal burn unit survey coverage……………………………………………….51
Figure 27: White Rock burn unit survey coverage…………………………………………………52
Figure 28: An overhead view of the new site datum at CA-SHA-2701…………………………….55
Figure 29: View of Locus 4 in CA-SHA-3705H…………………………………………………...56
Figure 30: South Fork Mountain Lookout Road culvert…………………………………………...66
Figure 31: Lassen Park Highway culvert…………………………………………………………...66
Table 1: Results of the reassessments of previously recorded sites for ASMIS…………………….62
Table 2: Breakdown of newly recorded sites………………………………………………………63
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PROJECT OVERVIEW
This project was a collaborative effort under a Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (CESU) agreement between the National Park Service (NPS) and University of Nevada-Reno (UNR). This project included archeological reconnaissance survey of prescribed burn units and conducting site assessments for previously recorded resources. Archeological survey and site assessments were conducted pursuant to Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act.
National Park Service fuel reduction projects employ two methods to reduce flammable fuels: prescribed fire and mechanical fuel reduction. Prescribed fire is utilized to reduce standing or downed fuels under controlled conditions to limit the chance of wildfire spreading into those areas. Mechanical fuel reduction consists of creating fuel breaks by removing heavy accumulations of surface fuels, smaller trees and brush by hand. National Park Service staff have used both methods at Whiskeytown NRA for the purpose of controlling the volume of fuels in preparation for natural wildfires and promoting the growth of native species that thrive under such conditions (NPS 2003).
Cultural resource inventories were carried out in 22 prescribed burn unit projects areas. The purpose of these inventories is to identify and mitigate potential impacts to the park’s cultural resources as a result of fuel treatment strategies. Survey was completed in the following park designated prescribed burn units: Aqueduct, Brandy Creek I, Brandy Creek II, Coggins Park III, Coggins Park IV, Countyline, East Boundary, Kanaka, Lake, Mill, Monarch Mountain, Mule, Paige Bar, Panther, Pope-Ericson, Power Tower, Salt Creek, Shasta Divide II East, Shasta Divide II West, Sunshine, Upper Crystal, and White Rock.
Three different strategies for planning survey coverage were employed during the course of this project, although all were pedestrian reconnaissance. The first strategy was Block Survey with 20 meter transect spacing, depending on the terrain. This strategy was used in burn units which did not have recent and/or complete survey coverage from past projects. The second strategy was “Spot- checking.” This strategy was a much more concentrated effort focusing only on specific areas that have not been covered in previous surveys. This could be a ridgeline or a drainage that was not covered in previous projects. The third strategy was survey completed as part of an attempt to relocate a previously recorded archeological site for ASMIS assessments. This may have included 20 meter transect spaced pedestrian reconnaissance survey on the way to a previously recorded site or more closely spaced block survey in the direct vicinity of a site in an attempt to identify features or artifacts as part of the assessment.
In the course of completing the archeological survey of the various burn units, a number of previously recorded archeological sites were revisited for assessment. The National Park Service maintains information concerning the condition of archeological sites within its boundaries in the Archeological Sites Management Information System (ASMIS). The ASMIS system facilitates and expedites the identification of sites which may need treatment or action taken to prevent disturbance. A review of the ASMIS data for the park revealed a large data gap with over 70 archeological sites having no baseline assessment. Therefore, this project established baseline assessments for 44 ASMIS sites during the course of the survey season in order that a monitoring and inspection schedule could be instituted for previously recorded sites to ensure preservation of fragile park archeological resources.
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Fieldwork was completed from April 1, 2008 through December 9, 2008, although a hiatus was taken from June 23 to August 26 due to fieldwork in Lava Beds and park closures from summer wildfires. The field crew was led by Anna Yoder, Project Researcher and UNR graduate student, and consisted of five NPS archeological interns: Kim Watson, Cody Mee, Christine Martin, Kelly McCauley, and Katherine McCullough. Further fieldwork was conducted from January 15, 2009 through March 5, 2009 by Katherine McCullough, Christine Martin, and Heidi Ogle in order to complete the documentation of the newly recorded sites. All project mapping was completed by Christine Martin and Heidi Ogle. The project report was written by Katherine McCullough, UNR Project Researcher, at Whiskeytown NRA.
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PROJECT LOCATION
The Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area is situated in north-central California and is divided into three separate units. The Whiskeytown Unit is managed by the National Park Service, while the U.S. Forest Service administers the Shasta and Trinity Units. Figure 1 shows the three geographically distinct parks in relation to each other. The Whiskeytown Unit is located in Shasta County, California approximately 8 miles west of the city of Redding. The locations of the prescribed burn unit project areas are discussed individually below and are shown on the map labeled Figure 2. The acreage given is the total number of acres within the unit, rounded to the nearest whole acre. Figure 1: Map of the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area. This map was produced by the National Park Service and is available at http://www.nps.gov/WHIS
Prescribed Burn Units Aqueduct (121 acres): This unit is located on the east side of Lower Clear Creek, directly north of NEED Camp and south of the Whiskeytown south and west of the Whiskeytown Cemetery. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 33-34 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Brandy Creek I (53 acres): This unit is located directly south of the Brandy Creek II unit on the western shore of Whiskeytown Lake. The northern boundary of the unit is road to the Brandy Creek R.V. Camp and Marina and the western boundary is South Shore Drive. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Section 20 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Brandy Creek II (59 acres): This unit falls south of the Dry Creek Campground and directly north of the Brandy Creek I unit on the western shore of Whiskeytown Lake. The southern boundary of the unit is the road to the Brandy Creek R.V. Camp and Marina and the western boundary is South Shore Drive. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 N, Range 6 West, Sections 17-20 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Coggins Park III (117 acres): The unit is located against the western boundary of the park. It is located between Coggins Park II to the south and Coggins Park IV to the north. Crystal Creek is located approximately 600 meters from the eastern boundary of the unit. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 7 West, Section 30 on the Shasta Bally, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Coggins Park IV (320 acres): This unit is located directly north of Coggins Park III and south of the Countyline unit. Like the other Coggins Park units, it also shares the western park boundary. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 7 West, Sections 19 and 24 on the Shasta Bally, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
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Countyline (738 acres): The unit is located between the Northwest II unit (to the north) and the Coggins Park IV Unit (to the south). Crystal Creek is located approximately 280 meters east of the eastern boundary of the unit. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 7 West, Sections 17-19 on the Shasta Bally and French Gulch, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
East Boundary (671 acres): Unit is located along the eastern boundary of the park, south of South Fork Mountain Lookout Road. It is bordered to the west by the Power Tower and Shasta Divide I and II (East) units. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 23, 26, and 35 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Kanaka (1657 acres): The burn unit is located immediately south of NEED Camp. Lower Crystal Creek borders the unit to the east. The southern border passes straight through Kanaka Peak and proceeds slightly south of the park boundary. The Kanaka Cutoff Trail and the Kanaka Peak Loop Trail form portions of the eastern and southern boundary. The legal location is Township 31 North, Range 6 West, Sections 33 and 34 and Township 31 North, Range 6 West, Sections 3, 4, 5, 9 and 10 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Lake (465 acres): The Lake unit is located on the western shore of Whiskeytown Lake. Its western boundary is South Shore Drive, its southern boundary is Dry Creek, and its northern boundary is the Star Island Access Road. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 7, 17, and 18 on the Whiskeytown, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Mill (1013.5 acres): The unit is located between the El Dorado I unit to the north, the Crystal unit to the west, the Carr Unit to the east, and the Upper Crystal Unit to the south. Mill Creek Road forms the unit’s southern boundary. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 7 West, Sections 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 on the French Gulch, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Monarch Mountain (352 acres): The unit is located on the western bank of Lower Clear Creek. Monarch Mountain (2550 feet) is located in the northwestern portion of the unit. The unit is bordered by the Paige Bar unit to the south, the Panther unit to the west, and the Dog Gulch unit to the north. The unit’s legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 32 and 33 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Mule (329 acres): The unit is located against the southern park boundary. Mule Town Road serves as the western boundary for the unit. It is bordered to the east by the Buck unit. The legal location of the unit is Township 31 North, Range 6 West, Sections 2, 3, 10, and 11 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Paige Bar (266 acres): This unit is located on the southwestern shore of Lower Clear Creek, north and west of NEED Camp. The Kanaka unit borders it to the south and the Monarch Mountain borders to the north. Peltier Valley Road also forms part of the northern boundary of the unit. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 32 and 33 and Township 31 North, Range 6 West, Section 4 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
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Panther (309 acres): The Panther unit is located southwest of Monarch Mountain, between the Monarch Mountain unit to the east and the Pantha-Roost unit to the west. Monarch Mountain Trail forms its northern boundary and Paige Bar Road forms the southern and western unit boundaries. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Section 32 on the Igo, Calif, USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Pope-Ericson (94 acres): The unit is located south of Orofino Gulch. Paige Bar Road and Old Mule Town Road together form the southern boundary of the unit. The unit is bordered to the north by Shasta Divide II East and West nits, to the southeast by the Buck unit, and to the southwest by the Salt Creek unit. The legal location is Township 31 North, Range 6 West, Section 3 and Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 34 and 35 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Power Tower (562 acres): The unit is located on the southeastern shore of Whiskeytown Lake, east of Kennedy Memorial Drive and Paige Bar Road. The Mount Shasta Mine Loop Trail forms part of the southern boundary of the unit. The Shasta Divide Trail forms part of the eastern unit boundary. The unit is bordered by the East Boundary Unit, Shasta Divide I, and Shasta Divide II East and West units. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 22, 23, 26, 27, and 34 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Salt Creek (276.5 acres): The unit is located between Lower Clear Creek and Mule Town Road. The northern edge of the unit is Paige Bar Road, and the south boundary of the unit is the southern park boundary. The unit’s legal location is Township 31 North, Range 6 West, Sections 3 and 10 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Shasta Divide II East (413 acres): The unit is located to the east of Orofino Gulch, between the East Boundary unit and the Shasta Divide II West unit The southern border of the unit is Mule Town Road. The eastern boundary is the Shasta Divide Trail and a portion of the western boundary is formed by the Mount Shasta Mine Loop Trail. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Section 34 and 35 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Shasta Divide II West (275 acres): This unit is located just north of Orofino Gulch. The unit includes the Whiskeytown Cemetery and the Mount Shasta Mine. Paige Bar Road forms the western boundary and the Mount Shasta Mine Loop Trail forms the northern and western boundaries. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Section 34 on the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Sunshine (838 acres): The unit is located on the east side of Whiskeytown Lake, north of CA Highway 299. South Fork Mountain Lookout Road forms a portion of the eastern and the southern boundaries of the unit. The northern boundary of the unit is the major drainage just north of Mexican Spring. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 14, 15, 16, 22, and 23 on the Whiskeytown, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle and the Igo, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Upper Crystal (3824 acres): The Upper Crystal unit is the largest prescribed burn unit in Whiskeytown NRA. It encompasses the area north and west of Shasta Bally. Crystal Creek forms its western boundary and Boulder Creek its eastern boundary. Queen Mary Road and ‐ 5 ‐
the Shasta Bally Trail together provide the unit’s southern boundary. To the north its extent is bordered by the Mill Creek Trail and Mill Creek Road. The Crystal Creek Conservation Camp is located in the unit’s northwest corner. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 7 West, Section 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, and 30 on the Shasta Bally, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle and the French Gulch, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
White Rock (855 acres): The unit is located on the eastern shore of the Whiskey Creek inlet. White Rock Gulch runs through the center of the prescribed burn unit. The eastern side of the unit abuts the eastern park boundary. The legal location is Township 32 North, Range 6 West, Sections 9, 10, and 16 on the Whiskeytown, Calif., USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle.
Figure 2: Location of prescribed burn units included in the project area in Whiskeytown National Recreation Area.
1. Aqueduct 9. Sunshine 17. Mill 2. Salt Creek 10. Brandy Creek I 18. Dog Gulch 3. Countyline 11. Brandy Creek II 19. Monarch Mountain 4. Coggins Park III 12. Lake 20. Shasta Divide II East 5. Coggins Park IV 13. Shore 21. Shasta Divide II West 6. Upper Crystal 14. Paige Bar 22. Mule 7. East Side 15. Pope Ericson 23. Power Tower 8. White Rock 16. Panther
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ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The Whiskeytown Unit is nestled in the northernmost part of the Sacramento River Valley against the southeastern slopes of the Klamath Mountain Range in north central California. Figure 3 shows the position of the park in relation to the State of California. There are approximately 42,500 acres of land and water within the park boundaries. The recreation area is sited around Whiskeytown Lake, a reservoir that boasts 36 miles of shoreline and 3,200 surface acres. The elevation of Whiskeytown varies from 625 ft. (191 m) on lower Clear Creek to 1210 ft. (369 m) at Whiskeytown Lake to 6,209 ft. (1893 m) at the top of Shasta Bally. Weather at the park varies depending on elevation, but in general, summers are hot and very dry, with temperatures oftentimes exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit and winters are cool and wet. Average rainfall in the park is Figure 3: Location of Whiskeytown NRA in approximately 55 inches. the State of California.
The Whiskeytown Lake was created as part of the Central Valley Project (CVP), a project initially undertaken in 1935 by the United States Bureau of Land Reclamation for the purpose of harnessing river water for agricultural irrigation and power for Northern California down as far south as the San Joaquin Valley. Whiskeytown Lake is part of the Trinity River Division which was constructed to divert water from the Klamath River Basin to the Sacramento River Basin. The reservoir at Whiskeytown is fed from numerous creeks, but the majority of its volume originates in the Trinity River. The water enters the park from the Lewiston Reservoir, then flows through the Clear Creek Tunnel and Judge Francis Carr Powerhouse before it is held in Whiskeytown Lake. The water is eventually pushed out through the Clair A. Hill Whiskeytown Dam to the Keswick Reservoir on route to the Sacramento River.
The geologic setting of the park is of vital importance to understanding the park and its history. Whiskeytown NRA is located in the Eastern Klamath Metamorphic Belt of the Klamath Geologic Province. Two geologic events have provided the Shasta County region with the precious gold and base metal ore deposits. These igneous events are the emplacement of the Mule Mountain stock and Shasta Bally batholith. These created the necessary conditions for the development gold and ore deposits that occur mainly between different rock formations. These deposits have been exploited in the region since the Gold Rush and were the main draw for Euro-American and Asian-American immigration into the region. The soil conditions in Whiskeytown NRA are characteristic of the Klamath Geologic Province with the exception of those associated with the Shasta Bally batholith. The soils of the southwest quadrant of the park, mainly the slopes of Shasta Bally, consist of decomposed granitic entisols and inceptisols (NPS 2003).
The park flora is also related to the geology of the park. The plant communities in the park are classified as part of the Klamath Mountain physiographic province. However, the proximity of the Cascade Range, Coastal Ranges, and the Sacramento Valley mean that there is great ecological
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diversity within the park. The Whiskeytown Fire Management Plan details the vegetative communities of the park and includes a map of the locations of these plant communities in the park (NPS 2003, p. 66). The following description of the flora present at Whiskeytown has been adapted from this Management Plan.
The combination of chaparral, knobcone pine, and mixed oak woodland communities are found at elevations less than 1500 feet. 8000 acres of the park are covered by a diverse array of chaparral species in various combinations. The major chaparral species found in the park are white leaf and greenleaf manzanita, toyon, yerba santa, chamise, and poison oak and are found at dry sites at low elevations. Knobcone pine forests are dominated by their namesake tree, but usually are co- dominated by black oak, grey pine, and ponderosa pine. Several species comprise this understory including white leaf manzanita, toyon, poison oak, coffeeberry, yerba santa, and various grass species. Mixed oak woodland communities involve approximately 10,000 acres of the park. Lower elevation woodland communities usually are comprised of black oak, canyon live oak, and interior live oak. Those mixed oak communities present in higher elevations are predominately dominated by black oak and/or canyon live oak alongside sparse populations of ponderosa pine.
Mixed oak woodland, ponderosa pine, and chaparral are found at elevations between 1500 to 2500 feet in Whiskeytown NRA. Forests dominated by ponderosa pine cover about 10,000 acres in the park. Other species present in these communities include Douglas fir, dogwood, canyon live oak, black oak, and an understory community of manzanita, poison oak, and toyon. This type of forest tends to be found on north-facing slopes in the park.
Ponderosa pine, mixed oak woodland, mixed conifer forests are found between 2500 to 4000 feet. The mixed conifer forests of Whiskeytown cover approximately 10,000 acres of the park. The major species present in these communities are ponderosa pine, incense cedar, Douglas fir, and white fir.
Above 4000 feet elevation the vegetative communities present are mixed conifer forests and montane chaparral. Montane chaparral communities are similar to those chaparral communities found at lower elevations and some species overlap. The most common montane chaparral species found in the park is greenleaf manzanita, but also present are pinemat manzanita, common manzanita, mountain whitethorn, huckleberry oak, and bush chinquapin. These species are found at high elevations on highly erodible soils, such as the decomposed granite on Shasta Bally.
Riparian communities are also present and cover approximately 4,000 acres of the park area. There are seven major tributaries of the Sacramento River in Whiskeytown; therefore, these communities are very important in terms of the regional water system. The riparian communities in the park are the least understood as there is the least available data for these environments. Some common species are well documented, including trees like the dogwood and cottonwood variety and understory species such as various grasses, California blackberry, with some chaparral species.
Many of the plant species at the park are well-adapted to cyclical, low intensity fire events. In fact, the ecological health of many of the above plant communities relies on fire. For example, mixed conifer forests rely on regular fire events to clear out the dead and/or damaged trees in the understory. Cyclical fire events also encourage the growth of herbaceous species in the understory while killing young saplings, conserving necessary space and nutrients for mature conifer species. Some species rely on fire events for reproduction, such as the knobcone pine. This conifer species is
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very common in the park, and its cones will usually remain closed until it is exposed to high temperatures during a fire event.
Large populations of wildlife live amongst the rich vegetation the park. No state or federally listed threatened or endangered species have been identified within the park; however, a number of fragile animal species have been documented. These include four federally threatened wildlife species (bald eagle, northern spotted owl, spring-run Chinook salmon, Central Valley steelhead trout), one federal candidate species (Pacific fisher), eleven federal species of concern (northern goshawk, olive-sided flycatcher, rufous hummingbird, red-breasted sapsucker, California thrasher, Yuma myotis, fringed myotis, long-eared myotis, Western pond turtle, foothill yellow-legged frogs, tailed frogs), one California threatened species (bank swallow), and ten California species of concern (Cooper’s hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, osprey, yellow-breasted chat, yellow warbler, common loon, California gull, double-breasted cormorant, merlin, pallid bat). Black bears, coyotes, mountain lions, and fox also call Whiskeytown home. The lake is stocked with brown trout and kokanee salmon as well as the chinook salmon and the steelhead trout.
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CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW
Whiskeytown NRA is well-known for its historical connection to the Gold Rush. However, the cultural resources located within the park boundaries are of both prehistoric and historic contexts. These cultural resources have the potential to be affected by both prescribed burns and wildfires that occur within the park. The following is a general overview of the area’s history, including summaries of the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic backgrounds of Whiskeytown NRA.
Prehistoric Background Northern California prehistory commonly is divided into three main periods, which are Paleoindian (pre-8000 B.P.), Archaic (8000-950 B.P.), and Emergent (950 B.P. to Contact period). The earliest human occupation of the northern Sacramento River valley has been dated to the Archaic period, between 8000 and 5000 years B.P. (Sundahl 1992; Bevill and Nilsson 2001). The Cultural Resources Overview presents a cultural sequence for the prehistoric materials identified at Whiskeytown, adapted from Sundahl (1992) (Bevill and Nilsson 2001). This sequence is based on typologies of archeological materials recovered from the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area and other locations near the northern Sacramento River and the surrounding foothills. The descriptions below have been summarized from Bevill and Nilsson’s (2001) concise overview (pp. 39-50).
Borax Lake Pattern (8000-5000 B.P.): This earliest period of human occupation can be dated to the Middle Holocene. The Trinity and Squaw Creek aspects of this pattern are associated with Whiskeytown. Characteristics of the two aspects overlap, and therefore it is difficult to distinguish one from the other within Whiskeytown. Projectile points associated with these aspects are wide-stemmed with straight bases and are usually made of chert or Medicine Lake Highland obsidian. Another associated artifact is the unshaped handstone with grinding faces. Borax Lake wide-stemmed projectile points have been identified in the Tower House District in Whiskeytown, but evidence for Borax Lake dated occupation has been scarce in archeological studies of the park (Baker 1990).
Squaw Creek Pattern (5000-3000 B.P.): A new economic pattern emerged in the northern Sacramento River Valley between 5000 and 4500 B.P. which lasted until approximately 3000 B.P. Worked lithics typical in this economic pattern include contracting stem projectile points, leaf-shaped projectile points, and small leaf-shaped unifaces. Other artifacts characteristic of the Squaw Creek Patter include cobble spall tools, milling stones, handstones, and bowl mortar and pestle. Artifacts which are typologically identified as part of the Squaw Creek Pattern tend to be found highly concentrated in subsurface deposits, a fact that has been interpreted as evidence for more concentrated and intensive occupation. Squaw Creek Patter artifacts found within the Sacramento River Canyon and the Clear Creek drainage tend to be made of Medicine lake Highland obsidian and contain incised stones, which identifies them as part of the “Pollard Flat Aspect” as opposed to the “Squaw Creek Aspect” in which artifacts tend to be created from Tuscan obsidian and lack incised stones.
Whiskeytown Pattern (3000-1700 B.P.): The Whiskeytown pattern is characterized by the presence of medium to large side-notched and corner-notched projectile points, which are alternately known as Clikapudi or Whiskeytown notched points. Other tools are also present in this assemblage, including notched pebbles (likely fishing net weights or sinkers), milling
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stones, handstones, and mortars with pestles. Evidence from Bevill and Nilsson’s research around the Tower House (1999) has demonstrated that the leaf-shaped projectile points and unifaces seen as part of the Squaw Creek Pattern also continue through past 3000 B.P.
Tehama Pattern (1800-700 B.P.): The emergence of the Tehama Pattern is chronologically linked to the introduction of the bow and arrow into the area, which has been dated to between 1800 and 1500 B.P. Associated with this new weapon is small to medium notched projectile points and also Gunther Barbed points. A more specific aspect for this pattern remains to be identified for the Clear Creek drainage. However, in areas including the lower Pit River, the upper Sacramento River, and the upper Trinity River, Tehama Pattern artifacts appear to have been replaced by Wintu groups that were a more sedentary cultural group. This change in artifact use may be evidence for assimilation into Wintu tribes or dislocation, peaceful or violent, of the Tehama-era native groups.
Augustine Pattern (1500-150 B.P.): The Augustine Pattern is a far-reaching cultural pattern that is thought to have spanned the majority of northern California. The cultural pattern is thought to have been exhibited by large populations living in societies with social stratification, complex exchange systems, and manifesting their culture in elaborate ceremonies. Two aspects, the Shasta and Redding Aspects, are found in the vicinity of Whiskeytown NRA. Originally, the Shasta Aspect and the Redding Aspect were considered to be a part of the Shasta Complex, a prehistoric culture defined by Meighan (1955) and used by Treganza in his early studies of prehistoric sites within the boundaries of what is now Whiskeytown NRA (Treganza 1958; Treganza and Heickson 1960). The Shasta Aspect is now seen as a part of the Clear Lake Aspect, dating from 1500 to 150 B.P. and is characterized by Gunther Barbed, triangular, and Desert side-notched projectile points, chert tools, clamshell disc beads, incised stone and bone crafts, hopper mortars, and flat-ended pestles, amongst other articles. Artifacts identified as part of the Redding Aspect can be dated to occupation beginning from 1200-1500 years before present until the Contact Period, and include burned structures about 3 meters in diameter, stone-lined ovens and firepits, flexed burials, stone smoking pipes, and baked clay figurines. Both the Shasta and Redding Aspects are interpreted as Wintu occupations.
The Augustine Pattern is understood to have continued until the Contact period when Wintu groups in the area around and within the modern boundaries of Whiskeytown NRA were affected by Euro- American influence. The following ethnographic section contains information gathered through contact with Wintu people and the subsequent affects of a great influx of non-native peoples into their traditional lands.
Ethnographic Background Prior to Euro-American and Asian-American settlement in Shasta County, the Northern Wintu American Indian group occupied the land in and around Whiskeytown NRA, as well as land in Trinity, Siskiyou, and Tehama counties. Figure 4 taken from Bevill and Nilsson (2001, p. 75) illustrates the traditional location of the Northern Wintu linguistic group relative to the regional geography and other linguistic groups. The Wintun linguistic family represents three distinct dialects (Northern Wintu, Nomlaki, and Patwin) identified by Kroeber (1925). The Wintun linguistic family is under the umbrella of the Penutian stock of Native Californian languages (Lapena 1978). It is believed that Penutian speakers replaced or displaced Hokan speakers who were the earliest American Indian group to settle in northern California (Moratto 1984). ‐ 11 ‐
\~~•anSHASTA j 1$ 1( :.;; a:) ~
~·,__ ,,,, Lassen Peak I I eGASPOINT \ NE J I MAIDU I / / NOMLAKI SOUTHERN J I YAHI I I
2 30 40MIIes - ______]10~~----2 ~0~---:~~~~::::
Figure 4: Map of the traditional location of the Wintu people. Taken from Bevill and Nilsson (2001, p. 75). ‐ 12 ‐
There are nine major sub-groups which have been identified within the Northern Wintu (referred to from here on as simply the Wintu, their more common name) family: the French Gulch (Klabalpom), Keswick (Elpom), Stillwater (Dau-pom), McCloud (Winimem), Upper Sacramento (Nomtipom), Upper Trinity (Nomsus), Bald Hills (Du-nom), Hayfork (Norelmuk), and Upper McCloud River Valley (Waimuk). The distinguishing characteristic of each sub-group is geographic in nature and is based on the drainage in which their traditional territory lies. The French Gulch and Keswick sub-groups’ traditional lands overlap the modern park lands (Du Bois 1935; Emberson 2000).
The division of labor amongst the Wintu was along traditional gender roles, with women responsible for gathering and food preparation and men in charge of hunting and fishing. The acorn was a vital subsistence resource for the Wintu, often gathered and pounded into flour for bread or soups by the women. The plant resources exploited for food by the tribe include buckeye seed, hazelnuts manzanita berries, and also various grasses, seeds, bulbs, and tubers found seasonally within the park. Other plant life was employed for medicinal or domestic purposes, including soaproot, milkweed, pennyroyal, and Oregon grape (Du Bois 1935; Emberson 2000). Hunting was an important subsistence practice for the Wintu. Mule deer were the most important animal prey and would be hunted both individually and communally with women and children even assisting in communal hunts to drive the deer. Other animals hunted by the Wintu include brown bear, rabbits, small rodents, and water fowl inhabiting the Sacramento River and its tributaries. Wintu hunting always was conducted under the context of cultural rules and norms, particularly concerning the killing of bears. For example, grizzly bears were hunted, but could not be eaten as the animals may have potentially consumed human flesh and consuming such flesh was considered a violation of a tribal taboo against cannibalism. Fish resources also contributed a large percentage of the Wintu diet. The annual salmon runs on the Sacramento and McCloud rivers were of particular importance to the Wintu’s subsistence patterns. Trout and suckerfish were also important species to the local diet (Emberson 2000).
Tribal members also utilized the local plant and animal resources gathered and hunted for craft production. One example is their basketry production. Northern California American Indians are well-known for their basketry skills, and the Wintu are no exception. The traditional basketry designs of the Wintu are further evidence for the importance of the natural resources to their culture – deer excrement, flying geese designs and triangles representing the tails of suckerfish were amongst the most popular. While the Wintu did focus on the use of local resources, they were also highly invested in intertribal trade to procure non-local resources, particularly for obsidian (DuBois 1935).
Wintu groups lived in villages, and their emphasis on community is obvious in observing the types of structures built. Communal buildings in a Wintu village could include a sweat lodge, an earthen lodge typically used by men for smoking and shamanistic rituals, a large dance lodge, and menstrual huts. Dwellings were typically conical bark huts held up by three or four man poles which were reinforced by smaller poles and covered with the branches of evergreens (Emberson 2000). All Wintu structures were built of wood and plant resources and therefore do not survive well archeologically; however, many had excavated floor surfaces, some subterranean, and can therefore be identified through excavation. The village was a social, political, and economic unit in Wintu society. The size of a traditional Wintu village could have ranged from between four to a few dozen bark dwellings, with the population ranging from between 20 to 150 inhabitants (DuBois 1935).
The National Park Service commissioned an ethnographic and traditional use study for the park that was submitted in 2000. One of the major goals of this research project was to determine the ongoing ‐ 13 ‐
use of the park by the Wintu and their needs to continue traditional activities within the park. The study concluded that the Wintu today still use the park for several traditional purposes, including gathering plant material for basketry, food procurement, educational activities to disseminate information regarding their traditional culture, and for religious observance (Emberson 2000). Wintu representative groups continue to remain active within the park and serve as respected advisors and collaborators on park projects and policies, particularly in terms of the protection of cultural resources.
Historic Background The Wintu population changed drastically during the Contact Period. Spanish explorers had claimed the entirety of California by the late eighteenth century. However, Spanish settlements were limited to their coastal missions, presidios, and pueblos. Inland explorations occurred, but were rare and very few actually reached the Central Valley. The land that is now California was transferred to Mexican control under the agreement of Mexican Independence in 1821. Interactions between non- Indians and American Indian groups remained minimal to this point (Bevill and Nilsson 2001).
Although Spanish exploration of Central California was limited, Euro-American exploration did significantly impact the native Wintu prior to the Gold Rush population boom. During the 1920s and 1930s, fur trading provided a context for limited pre-settlement contact between Euro- Americans and the Wintu. One such early fur trapper was Jedediah Strong Smith, who first ventured into California in 1926. In 1928, Smith returned to California and reached the Sacramento River Valley and continued along the Trinity River through the Coastal Ranges before finally reaching Oregon. Once in Oregon, Smith related to the Hudson’s Bay Company the information he had learned about California. The Hudson’s Bay Company sent expeditions to California in 1829 and every year from 1832 to 1843. Fur trappers were active in Shasta County. It has even been suggested that the confluence of Whiskey Creek and Clear Creek within the modern boundary of Whiskeytown NRA may have been a meeting point for fur trappers working in the area (Ross 1982).
Conflicts between fur trappers and American Indians were relatively common in northern California (Quint 1960; Emmons and Catton 2003). However, the majority of deaths amongst the native population occurred due to newly introduced illnesses. The Hudson’s Bay Company of 1832 to 1833 led by John Work introduced malaria to the American Indian population of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. This epidemic killed approximately 75% of the American Indians living in parts of the northern Sacramento River Valley (LaPena 1978; Bevill and Nilsson 2001)). Fur trapping expeditions also indirectly contributed to the great population boom associated with the Gold Rush. A trapper working with the Hudson’s Bay Company, John Sutter, received a land grant in California from the Mexican government in 1839. By 1847 he had established Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, California, where James Marshall’s discovery of gold on the American River sparked the Gold Rush in 1848.
The mining and political history of California is central to our understanding of the Euro-American and Asian-American settlement of Whiskeytown. Shortly after Sutter’s discovery of gold on the American River, Major Pierson B. Reading discovered gold on Clear Creek and on the Trinity River (Ross 1963). Reading was a very important pioneer in Northern California. He first arrived in California in 1843 with the Chiles-Walker Expedition. He decided to settle and received a Mexican land grant in 1844. He built a substantial ranch, Rancho Buena Ventura, at the Cottonwood Creek and Sacramento River confluence south of the modern city of Redding. Reading joined in with a group of settlers seeking to overthrow Mexican rule in California. By 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe ‐ 14 ‐
Hidalgo was signed and California officially came under the control of the United States. By 1850, California had officially reached statehood. California’s quick march to official statehood was likely expedited by the population boom related to the discoveries of precious metals. The population of California was estimated at 5,000 people in 1948 and hit 50,000 by 1950 (Toogood 1978).
Reading’s discovery of gold on Clear Creek was the major catalyst for immigration to what is now Shasta County. The town of Shasta, known as Reading’s Springs until 1850 and located approximately 1 mile east of Whiskeytown NRA, was starting to be settled late in 1848, although records suggest that initially it was small and the population was mainly vagrant (Toogood 1978). By the spring of 1849, mining camps lined the banks of Clear Creek and two major mining districts – Shasta-Whiskeytown District and French Gulch District – were founded. Within the modern park boundaries, important sites were settled during this period, namely Whiskeytown, Oak Bottom, and the Town House (Bevill and Nilsson 2001).
For the next century, the area in and around Whiskeytown was a center for mining in northern California. In the early years of the Gold Rush, placer mining was practiced. This is the most technologically simple of the mining techniques and therefore did not require significant startup capital or constructions in order to turn a profit. In the simplest form of placer mining, dirt containing placer gold was added to a pan, rocker, or sluice and the gold would naturally settle to the bottom as water washed away the dirt. The development of necessary infrastructure led to more technologically advanced mining ventures. The completion of the Clear Creek Ditch in 1855 allowed for the popularization of hydraulic mining, or using water under pressure to extract gold from gravels or hillsides. However, this method of mining was so devastating to the landscape and downstream farming that it was prohibited by the Sawyer decision, a federal court order issued in 1884 (Toogood 1978; Vaughan 1996).
Dredging grew in popularity during the first half of the twentieth century after the decline of hydraulic mining. This technique involves extracting gold from river bottoms and gravel deposits through the means of a dredger. A dredger is a floating platform with a scoop or bucket that excavates material from the river bottom and processes it through conveyers and washing screens before dumping the waste material. This method was more technically advanced and necessitated a relatively large amount of startup capital and engineering expertise, at least relative to earlier methods. For example, dredgers were usually gasoline powered, where a sluice or long tom only required gravity and the availability of water. Therefore, most of the major dredging undertaking in Shasta County was made possible through larger companies, including the B.H.K. Mining Company working on Boulder Creek, and the Clear Creek Placer Company on Lower Clear Creek (Averill 1933; Toogood 1978).
The final type of mining undertaken at Whiskeytown is lode or hard rock mining. “Lode” deposits are those embedded in rock, which are far more difficult to extract than “placer” deposits (also known as free gold), which is gold found in alluvial deposits that have eroded from rock. In this type of mining, adits and shafts were used to reach buried ore. Once extracted, the ore was crushed, usually with arrastras and stamp mills, in order to extract the gold. The earliest known lode mine in Shasta County was the Washington Mine in the French Gulch District, first mined in 1852. Lode mining reached its peak popularity from 1904 to 1919, but was also prominent during the Great Depression, from 1935 to 1941 until the mines were closed down by law during World War II (ibid.).
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The miners of Shasta County were a diverse population, although the majority of the mining population was American residents who migrated westward when the story of gold discovery broke. During and after the Gold Rush Shasta County had sizeable populations of people from Irish, Hawaiian, Chinese, Latin American, and African descent, just to name a few. This diversity often resulted in tensions, particularly those triggered by the racial prejudices felt towards the Chinese miners. Chinese miners would not be given the rights to mine claims until the land had already been worked over multiple times by other individuals of Euro-American descent and taxed, at varying amounts, for the right (Toogood 1978). United States immigration policies eventually responded to and exacerbated the anti-Chinese backlash, including a Congressional act in 1880 which suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years and prohibited the naturalization of individuals of Chinese nationality. By 1887, Chinese miners were banned from most of Shasta Country (Bevill and Nilsson 2001).
Whiskeytown’s success ebbed and flowed with the success of its inhabitants. In 1856, there were enough inhabitants to establish a post office (then called Whiskey Creek). By 1864 the town’s population dwindled and the post office was discontinued. In 1881 the post office was reestablished, although the name was not officially settled as Whiskeytown until 1952 (Gudde 2009). However, the success of the residents of Whiskeytown was not solely defined by mining prospects. Ranching, logging, and agricultural pursuits were also lucrative business endeavors undertaken in the area. Individuals were also given realistic opportunities to own land to settle. The Homestead Act of 1862 provided 160 acres of land to citizens or potential citizens who were given the opportunity to gain ownership provided they worked the land for at least six months out of the year for a period of five years.
With greater westward settlement, particularly during the Great Depression, the need for water throughout California increased. In 1935, the Bureau of Land Reclamation initiated the Central Valley Project, a project concentrated on the tasks of controlling flooding of the Sacramento River and providing water for the San Joaquin Valley. The Trinity River Division would eventually lead to the creation of Whiskeytown Lake and ultimately the National Recreation Area. Construction of the Whiskeytown Dam (renamed the Clair A. Hill Whiskeytown Dam in the early 1990s) on Clear Creek began in 1960. In 1961, the Whiskeytown Cemetery was relocated to its present location on Paige Bar Road in advance of the lake inundation in 1963. The dam was dedicated on September 28, 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, an event which is memorialized by a white monument on the east side of the Clair A. Hill Dam.
In response to a successful and local grassroots movement started by residents of Redding, Whiskeytown was authorized as a National Recreation Area on November 8, 1965 and established on October 21, 1972. The park was authorized with the following mandate:
“…to provide, in a manner coordinated with the other purposes of the Central Valley Project, for the public outdoor recreation use and enjoyment of the Whiskeytown, Shasta, Clair Engle and Lewiston reservoirs and surrounding lands in the State of California by present and future generations and the conservation of scenic, scientific, historic and other values contributing to public enjoyment of such lands and waters, there is hereby established, subject to valid existing rights, the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area in the state of California.” (16 U.S.C. § 460q)
Today Whiskeytown continues to provide recreational opportunities for the public, including boating, fishing, hunting and hiking activities. However, the park administration concurrently is ‐ 16 ‐ dedicated to respecting the mandate of the National Park Service to preserve the cultural and natural resources of the area for posterity.
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RECORDS SEARCH
A records search focusing on the prescribed burn units included in the project area was conducted as background research. This includes an inventory of the previous archeological surveys conducted in the park. Also included is a search for resources previously recorded in the park which have been included or deemed eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, or those which are Listed Classified Structures or included on the Cultural Landscapes Inventory by the park. Finally, the Whiskeytown Historic Resources Database and Historic Geographic Information System were searched for land ownership information before and after the completion of fieldwork. The results of the record search are discussed below.
Previous Archeological Surveys Several previous archeological survey projects have been conducted within the park boundaries for academic, planning, and compliance purposes. Most of the survey has been completed through areas well-traversed by park personnel and visitors, although there have been backcountry projects as well. This section will focus on prior surveys and sections of prior surveys that overlap with the prescribed burn units in the current project area. However, it should be noted that these modern burn unit boundaries have been changed over time and may not have existed in their current form or at all during the course of the original survey. Regardless, every effort was made to ensure that previous coverage of the current project areas is mentioned below.
The first in depth archeological survey relating to park projects was Trenganza’s 1958 archeological survey conducted before the inundation of Whiskeytown Lake. The survey area extended two miles south of the site of the Whiskeytown Dam and two miles up Clear Creek north of the proposed water level of Whiskeytown Lake. In addition, all of the main tributaries of Clear Creek were surveyed “to a point where it was felt no sites were likely to be found” (Treganza 1958, p. 39). Treganza recorded 35 sites, 24 of which are now underneath Whiskeytown Lake. Subsurface testing of four of these sites subsequently was undertaken (Treganza and Heicksen 1960).
In 1970, Keith Johnson surveyed three areas between Whiskeytown Dam and Saeltzer Dam which were scheduled to be inundated post-construction of afterbays at Whiskeytown, Igo, and Saeltzer. The Whiskeytown Afterbay is located within the park boundary and the surveyed area includes the current Aqueduct and Salt Creek prescribed burn units. Johnson recorded the prehistoric sites that now contribute to the Lower Clear Creek Archeological District (see below under National Register of Historic Places).
Johnson returned to Whiskeytown in 1977 to survey 12 areas in the backcountry that the NPS planned to open up to public use. During the course of the survey, Johnson recorded 12 archeological sites, most of which were revisited or attempts were made to revisit them for ASMIS baseline assessments during the course of this project. His backcountry survey included area in the modern Upper Crystal, Panther, and Lake prescribed burn units that are included in the current project area.
Mike Griffin, Richard Fitzgerald, and Ann King Smith completed an archeological inventory of multiple locations in Whiskeytown NRA in 1993 (Griffin et al. 1994). The major objectives of their project were to increase the number of acres that had been surveyed; increase the knowledge of previously known or recorded sites, if necessary by updating, re-recording, or completing initial
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recordings; and submitting recommendations to park personnel for the management of cultural resources within the park. Of the 1335 acres surveyed during the course of their project, a large area overlaps with prescribed burn units included in the current project, including Upper Crystal, Mill, Brandy Creek I, Brandy Creek II, Coggins Park IV, Countyline, Pope-Ericson, Shasta Divide II East, and Shasta Divide II West.
Griffin and King Smith completed a survey in 1994 of the then Shasta Divide Unit, which has since been divided into four separate units – Shasta Divide I, Shasta Divide II East, Shasta Divide II West, and Pope-Ericson prescribed burn units, of which all except the first are included in the current project area. The report was submitted in 1995 to meet Section 106 compliance for future prescribed burn units. The report also provided an inventory of archeological resources within the survey area.
Grffin, Fitzgerald and Tyree surveyed the Coggins III burn unit in 1996. The report was submitted in 1996 for Section 106 compliance for future fuels treatment or prescribed burning. No cultural resources were identified during the course of their survey (Griffin 1996).
J. Caputo surveyed the Coggins IV prescribed burn unit in 1997 in advance of a 350 acre burn. The west and north boundary proposed fuel breaks were intensively surveyed. In addition, areas which the archeologist deemed archeologically “sensitive,” or where there was a probability of finding material based on passed surveys, were completely surveyed. No archeological sites were recorded during Caputo’s survey.
Caputo completed a similar survey for Section 106 Compliance in the Paige Bar unit in 1997 in advance of a prescribed fire that was planned to burn 292 acres (Caputo 1998). While he did not record any archeological sites, Caputo recorded a number of isolated features relating to historic mining in the burn unit, including water conveyance ditches, prospects, tailings, and historic fences.
Archeologists from Redwoods National Park surveyed several burn units in 1998 for Section 106 Compliance in advance of prescribed burns. These include the Salt unit (known as the Salt Creek unit for the purposes of the current project), the Mill Unit, Brandy II, and a portion of the current Monarch Mountain unit (Siefkin 1998a; 1998b; 1998c; 1998d). The survey strategy for the Salt unit was highly dependent upon terrain, although transect spacing was generally 10 to 50 meters. Two new archeological sites were recorded. The archeological material present in the burn unit is both prehistoric and associated with historic mining activities. The survey strategy used in the Mill unit was mixed. Areas of proposed handline construction were surveyed in 5 to 10 meter transects while wider transects were used for the remaining areas. Both prehistoric and historic archeological resources are present in the unit. The surveying archeologists recorded three new historic sites associated with mining during their survey. The unit was completely surveyed using 10 to 20 meter spaced linear transects. No archeological sites were recorded, although four mining related isolated features were identified. The 1998 survey of Monarch Mountain was confined to a subdivision of the current unit known as Monarch III (Siefkin 1998c). The survey team covered the southeastern quarter of the unit with 10 to 15 meter transects. One historic archeological site was identified and determined ineligible for inclusion on the National Register. The archeologists recommended that there be no burning within site boundaries, but otherwise no precautionary measures were deemed necessary.
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Redwoods National Park archeologists also returned to Whiskeytown for the purpose of surveying prescribed burn units in 1999. The units included in this survey season that overlap with the current project area are Countyline, Panther, and Power Tower units (Siefkin 1999b) along with the fuel break separating the Buck and Mule units (Siefkin 1999a). Survey in the Countyline unit yielded no cultural resources. It was noted that heavy vegetation in this unit may obscure visibility and that post-fire survey may be more productive in terms of identifying resources. The Panther unit has three previously recorded sites along its southern boundary which were suggested as off-limits as fire management staging areas. In addition, the 1999 field crew recorded three isolates, although they concluded that the two historic features did not required further recording or protective measures in case of fire. Siefkin recommended subsurface testing in the vicinity of the third isolate, an obsidian flake on Paige Boulder Creek. It is unclear whether this testing ever occurred, but the site remains recorded in park documents as an isolated find. The Power Tower unit survey resulted in the recording of nine isolates, none of which required any protective measures. However, Siefkin (1999b) also reported heavy disturbances by relatively recent activity and heavy vegetation obscuring ground visibility. Also completed in 1999 was a survey of the proposed 1.35 mile long fuel break between the Mule and Buck prescribed burn units, the former of which is included in the current project area. Three historic isolates were recorded, and no recommendations were made for protective measures (Siefkin 1999a).
In 2000, the private cultural resources firm Coyote & Fox Enterprises was contracted to survey the Sunshine burn unit and to record the Sunshine Mine (Vaughan 2002). The terrain of the unit was reported to be very steep with dense vegetation and therefore the confidence that all resources were recorded was relatively low. The majority of the survey was conducted within a few hundred meters of South Fork Mountain Lookout Road and CA Highway 299, likely because of accessibility issues. The Sunshine Mine, which was fully recorded by Coyote & Fox, was determined to be potentially eligible for the National Register. Four other mines recorded during the course of the survey were determined to be ineligible for inclusion.
SWCA Environmental Consultants surveyed a large area of the park in the fall of 2003 (Brunzell 2004). The burn units surveyed that overlap with the current project include Aqueduct, Countyline, Lake, Mule, and White Rock. The entirety of the Aqueduct unit was surveyed. The majority of acreage in the other burn units was surveyed. All of the boundaries of the units were surveyed, but varied areas in the middle of the units were not covered. Historic and prehistoric sites and isolates were recorded during the course of the field season.
A field crew led by graduate student Jenny Haggar from University of Nevada – Reno surveyed approximately 1,592 acres in four prescribed burn units in the summer of 2006. The burn units surveyed which overlap with the current project area are East Boundary and Kanaka. The field crew surveyed using 5 to 20 meter transect spacing, depending on the slope, vegetation, and visibility of the area. Four new sites were recorded in the East Boundary unit and four in the Kanaka unit.
Finally, two further resources provided vital background information about the park and its resources and were consulted often before, during, and after fieldwork was completed. These are the historic and cultural resources studies for the park prepared by Toogood (1978) and Bevill and Nilsson (2001) respectively.
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National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places lists historic resources deemed worthy of preservation by Federal law. To be included on the list, the historic resource must meet one of four criteria. These are (A) association with an important event in American history, (B) association with an important person or people in American history, (C) distinctive construction and architecture, or (D) has yielded or likely to yield prehistoric or historic information. In addition to meeting one of the four criteria, the historic resource must retain two of seven types of historical integrity. The categories of integrity include location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.1 One historic district consisting of six sites is associated with the project location has been listed on the National Register:
Lower Clear Creek Archeological District (#79003812): Added to the register in 1979. The district is comprised of four prehistoric sites (CA-SHA-174, CA-SHA-175, CA-SHA- 176, CA-SHA-178) and two sites with both prehistoric and historic components (CA-SHA- 173 and CA-SHA-177). The resource was listed on the register under Criterion D based on the data potential of buried deposits concerning the regional cultural history, social organization, and human ecology of the Wintu American Indians. The sites included in the district consist of prehistoric house-pit depressions, midden soils, and associated artifact scatters.
A number of significant disturbances to the sites have been noted both in the Register Nomination Form and in subsequent assessments of the contributing archeological sites. CA-SHA-173 was revisited on November 11, 2003 by David Brunzell and Glen Zalubil of SWCA Environmental Consultants. They determined that no surface features or artifacts remain, although there is potential for subsurface deposits. A reassessment of CA-SHA-175 in 2006 by Jenny Haggar also determined that no surface features remain due to severe modern disturbances, including the movement of heavy equipment on unapproved routes. The National Environmental Education Development (NEED) Camp, formerly known as the Vision Valley Youth Camp, was partially built over CA-SHA-177/H in 1957 by the North Valley Baptist Church. In 1986, attempts were made to relocate CA-SHA-178 and the reporting archeologist reported that it was destroyed (King Smith 1986).
There are also resources within the park that have been deemed eligible informally, but to date have not gone through the formal nomination process. There are two resources within the current project area that fall into this category. These are two historic mining ditches used for water conveyance:
Clear Creek Ditch: The ditch has been recorded as an archeological site and given the trinomial CA-SHA-2165H. The resource is a very long ditch system, approximately 40 miles, stretching from the Tower House to Olney Creek, near Middletown. The ditch operated from 1855 to 1882 by the Clear Creek Ditch Company, later known as the Shasta County Canal Company, and supplied customers water for hydraulic mining (Bevill and Nilsson 2001). The ditch was vital to the mining successes of Shasta County in the late nineteenth century. Further, according to historian Carlos Alzueta, the resource was the first major construction project in Shasta County (Alzueta 1988). Portions of the ditch run through the current project area, specifically through Aqueduct unit, Shasta Divide II West unit, Pope-
1 The full regulations are accessible on the National Park Service website at < www.nps.gov/nr/regulations.htm >. ‐ 21 ‐
Ericson unit, Salt Creek unit, and Mule unit before continuing south past the part boundary. Part of the historic ditch is used currently as a public hiking trail.
Mill Creek Ditch: See entry below under Listed Classified Structure for general information about the resource. Resource is a contributing element to the Tower House Historic District (NRHP #73000257) and therefore may be eligible for inclusion on the register in its own right.
In addition, five mines recorded in the 18 Mines Report (Hamusek-McGann et al. 1999) have been deemed eligible for inclusion on the National Register by the California SHPO office (Abeyta 2000). Three of the five are located in the Shasta Divide II unit and were revisited for ASMIS assessment during the 2008 field season. These include:
CA-SHA-2139/H (Oro Fino/Gentle Annie Mine): This large mining complex was deemed eligible by SHPO under Criteria A, B, C, and D. The site is located on the border between Shasta Divide II East and Shasta Divide II West prescribed burn units. The resource consists of a historic and prehistoric component, although it only the historic mining component that contributes to its eligibility. The historic features and cultural constituents include a number of adits, pits, and trenches associated with mining activities, a roadbed, a camp/work area, a can dump, and other historic debris. The site’s location corresponds with the location of the Oro Fino Mine listed on the 1902 Shasta County Register of Mines and Minerals (Toogood 1978, p. 159).
CA-SHA-2144H (Monitor Mine): The resource was deemed eligible by SHPO under Criteria A, B, C, and D. This multi-phase mining complex is located in the Shasta Divide II West Unit. The features present include the foundations of a three-level stamp mill, a portion of the Clear Creek Ditch, a roadbed, and historic debris. The Clear Creek Ditch is associated with hydraulic mining and was completed in the mid-1850s. The stamp mill appears to date from around 1900.
CA-SHA-2145H (Mount Shasta Mine): The mine was deemed eligible by SHPO under Criteria A, B, C, and D (Abeyta 2000). It is located in the Shasta Divide II West Unit. The main mine shaft has collapsed and is filled with rubble; however, there are many associated adits, pits, trenches, roadbeds, earth platforms, and the foundation of the steam-powered stamp mill which are still discernable. Associated historic artifacts include a silver-plated decorative jar lid; vent hole cans; metal, glass and ceramic fragments; and wooden beam remains from the mine shaft. The Mount Shasta Mine operated from 1897 to 1927 and was the most successful of the Shasta Mining District, employing ninety men at its peak production in 1899 (Toogood 1978).
List of Classified Structures Listed Classified Structures are historic or prehistoric structures of historical, architectural or engineering significance in which the National Park Service has (or may in the future have) legal interest. The criteria for being listed as a classified structure is as follows: (1) the structure is individually listed or is eligible for listing in the National Register; (2) the structure is a contributing component to an historic site or district listed or eligible for listing in the National Register, or (3) the structure is managed as a cultural resource because of significance received over the last fifty years. The structure need display only one characteristic to be considered for listing. While the park ‐ 22 ‐
contains numerous Classified Structures, only one is associated with prescribed burn units surveyed during the course of this project.
Mill Creek Ditch (LCS #059660): The ditch has been recorded as an archeological site and given the trinomial CA-SHA-3046. The resource is a ditch constructed in 1852 by Charles Camden to provide water his sawmill located at the confluence of Mill Creek and Clear Creek (Bevill and Nilsson 2001). The headwaters of the ditch are at Mill Creek, just south of the El Dorado Mine stamp mill. The ditch runs approximately north and slightly northeast to the Camden Tenant House. The ditch is located in the Mill prescribed burn unit within the current project area.
Cultural Landscapes Inventory NPS (1997) defines a cultural landscape as “a geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.” There is one Cultural Landscape managed by the park that falls within the current project area.
Lower Clear Creek Archeological District (725220): See the above discussion of this historic district under the National Register of Historic Places.
Historic Resources GIS Evaluation The Historic Resources Database and Geographical Information System was compiled in order to aid in the planning of planned prescribed burns and to facilitate an effective response to protecting cultural resources from unplanned ignitions on park land. The project was completed through a cooperative agreement with the University of Nevada – Reno. The data included in the project was gathered through record searches at several different agencies, including federal, state, local, and privately run agencies. The majority of the data gathered relates to historic period mining and settlement activities, but also includes information about other types of land use such as logging and ranching. The first phase of the project, which included the initial gathering of information and creation of data layers and other electronic formats for the available information, was concluded in 2004. However, the data available is largely incomplete, mainly due to the expenses of conducting such record searches, particularly at private firms. As such, some information on land ownership may not have been available for the purpose of this project. In addition, some of the mining information was only accurate to the section, rather than quarters of sections. Therefore, the accuracy of identifying the owners of mining sites may be poor.
Prior to fieldwork, a cursory search of available records for the assigned prescribed burn units was completed using the Historic GIS. The record search mainly related to the distribution of known mining activities around the park, particularly as related to previously recorded sites in need of revisiting for ASMIS baseline assessments. After the completion of the fieldwork, a more extensive record search was completed relating to the new resources recorded. All the information gathered from the Historic Resources Database and GIS about land use and ownership for the newly recorded sites is included below under “Cultural Resources Recorded” and on the sites’ Archaeological Site Record form.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
In coordination with the park’s fire management plan, survey was conducted for Section 106 compliance of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in areas of proposed prescribed burns. In addition, baseline ASMIS assessments for previously recorded sites were established in order to facilitate management of these cultural resources. Both of these aspects of the project’s methodology are designed to calculate and avoid potential damages to cultural resources from fire impacts. Below is a brief discussion of the potential impacts that fire, both prescribed and wild, can have on cultural resources. Following this discussion is a summary of the survey strategy employed in each prescribed burn unit.
Fire Impacts Wildland fires have been a natural ecological process in the Whiskeytown area for recordable history. In addition, prescribed burns have become routine fuel management practice during more recent history to mitigate future affects of natural wildfires on park resources, both natural and cultural. Cultural resources, however, are vulnerable to the destructive forces of both fire and fire management actions. The impact a fire may have on a cultural resource, which could be an archeological site, cultural landscape, historic structure, or ethnographic resource, depends on a number of factors. These factors include the type of fuel, fuel load/distribution, moisture content of fuels, soil type, weather, and terrain, among others. The possible impacts on cultural resources of all types must be considered in any fire situation, particularly those impacts that may destroy or diminish characteristics necessary for eligibility on the National Register of Historic Places. Fire impacts are oftentimes divided into the following categories: direct, indirect, operational, and cumulative impacts.
Fire, both planned and unplanned ignitions, will affect cultural resources through Direct Impacts. Organics are at the greatest risk of fire damage. For example, above ground historic structures, particularly wooden structures and buildings, are particularly vulnerable. Inorganics, such as glass, ceramics, chert, or obsidian, have varied temperature thresholds above which they can be damaged or destroyed by fire. For example, obsidian is particularly susceptible to damage or breakage from high temperatures and long duration burns (Loyd et al. 2002). Depending on the intensity and the severity of the burn, even buried archeological resources may be affected. In general, well-buried archeological resources are protected, but surface smoldering and/or stump burning has the potential to affect subsurface material. This subsurface material may be affected in ways that may diminish their future information giving potential. This may include new carbon contamination of older archeological organic materials, which is of particular importance to prehistoric sites, or cracking of obsidian artifacts.
The Indirect Impacts of fire normally are delayed effects, consequences of the environmental destruction of cultural landscapes. Erosion is a major environmental concern in burnt landscapes. The loss of vegetation, the formation of hydrophobic soil layers, and increased human traffic through fire affected areas contribute to increased erosion and the potential loss of archeological information. The decimation of plant communities during wildland fires and fire suppression actions (e.g. fireline construction) greatly affects the underlying soil. The loss of root systems and wind coverage exponentially increases soil displacement, which has the potential to shift, expose or devastate archeological artifacts and even whole sites. Vegetative loss also increases the visibility and accessibility of archeological sites and artifacts. This may lead to greater human impacts on cultural
‐ 24 ‐ resources, either unintentional (e.g. trampling) or intentional (e.g. looting). Erosive soil conditions can also be created from the direct effects of fire on soil composition. The formation of hydrophobic soil layers during wildland fires reduces water infiltration, therefore increasing the volume of surface water and the amount of runoff. Fire management decisions and actions can also have a profound effect on post-burn soil displacement. Fire suppression and post-fire restoration activities increase traffic through wildland areas, increasing erosion and potentially trampling, displacing, or destroying archeological resources. Of particular concern is human and vehicle traffic on unstable ground in burnt environments.
Fire suppression activities can also prove disastrous for archeological resources, which are known as Operational Impacts. New infrastructure such as helicopter pads or overnight camps can be constructed quickly in fire emergencies and may disturb archeological sites or artifacts. The construction of firelines, either hand or machine constructed, can expose, displace, or destroy archeological materials as well. The use of chemical fire retardant products on cultural resources may affect their appearance or integrity and should be used only after consultation with an archeologist.
The last form of impacts related to fire and fire suppression are Cumulative Impacts. These are impacts that are caused by the interplay between all the other types of impacts and usually occur over time. Therefore, they are usually only identified by park personnel after the fire has been managed.
A more detailed account of the potential impacts on previously and newly recorded archeological sites within the burn units and proposed fuel management treatment areas falling within the bounds of this project will be presented in depth in the discussion section of this report. For further information on planning for fire impacts on cultural resources within Whiskeytown, see the park’s Fire Management Plan (NPS 2003), particularly pages 176 through 187.
The 2008 Motion Fire and Whiskeytown Complex The types of impacts discussed above were observed firsthand over the summer of 2008 and in the passing months. Lightning strikes in the park on June 21, 2008 ignited a series of seven fires in the park. Four of these fires burned together to form the Whiskeytown Complex Fire. In July, the Moon fire which originated to the south of the park boundary joined the Whiskeytown Complex creating a large complex that proved difficult to contain and manage. In addition, the Motion fire moved in from the north to burn areas of the park located north of CA Highway 299. In total, over 8,000 acres or approximately 20% of the park burned during the 2008 fire season. Figure 5 is a map of the area affected by these summer wildfires.
A number of the ASMIS site assessments occurred before the Whiskeytown and Motion Complexes burned and therefore may not be current. Also, several previously recorded sites were scheduled to be assessed during the course of this project, but instead were assessed during the wildfires and are therefore not included in this report. Additionally, Cody Mee, Archeological Intern, spearheaded a project supported by Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) funding to assess historic mines affected by the Motion fire in the northeastern section of the park (Mee et al. 2009). The following previously recorded sites scheduled for ASMIS assessments during the course of this project were reassessed after the fire: CA-SHA-2700H, CA-SHA-2708H, CA-SHA-3275H, CA-SHA-3276H, CA- SHA-3277/3278H, CA-SHA-3279, CA-SHA-4371H.
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Figure 5: Area affected by the 2008 summer wildfires.
The summer fires greatly affected the fieldwork schedule. The first week that the fires were burning, June 23 through June 27, the field crew was working at Lava Beds with the Klamath Network Fire Archeologist, Joe Svinarich. Upon returning to the park, the field crew was assigned to fire related work, including constructing handlines around cultural resources, supervising the laying of a sprinkler system in the Tower House Historic District, and excavating CA-SHA-2004 after a fire management bulldozer drove through the site. The field crew did not return to the Fuel Treatment Survey project until August 26, 2008. The units scheduled for survey also altered slightly due to the summer fires. Some units, particularly those areas which are commonly covered by dense chaparral, were surveyed after the fire removed vegetation due to greater accessibility and better visibility. These units are discussed individually below.
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Survey Strategy and Coverage Pedestrian survey was carried out over the course of 242 person days during the 2008 field season. In addition, 32 person days were spent in 2009 completing the recording of 17 sites (WHIS-2008-31 through WHIS-2008-45, Whiskey 107, and Whiskey 117). The 2008 survey crew was led by Anna Yoder with a rotating team of interns, which included Kim Watson, Cody Mee, Christine Martin, Kelly McCauley, and Katherine McCullough.
There were three different survey strategies used over the course of the project. Which strategy was employed was based mainly on past survey coverage of each individual unit. The first strategy was Block Survey with 20 meter transect spacing and 100% coverage depending on the terrain. This strategy was used in burn units which did not have recent and/or complete survey coverage from past projects. The second strategy can be described as “Spot-checking.” In this strategy, a much more concentrated effort was focused only on specific areas that have not been covered in previous surveys. For example, if a drainage was not covered in previous surveys of a burn unit, then the 2008 field crew would have surveyed that drainage, but no other portion of the unit. The third strategy was related to the ASMIS assessment portion of the task agreement. In this strategy, survey coverage was completed as part of an attempt to relocate a previously recorded archeological site for ASMIS assessments. This may have included 20 meter transect spaced pedestrian reconnaissance survey en route to a previously recorded site or more closely spaced block survey in the direct vicinity of a site in an attempt to identify features or artifacts as part of the assessment. Proposed fuel treatment activities also influenced survey strategy. Specifically, the boundaries of the prescribed burn units were surveyed where possible, as these are usual subject to mechanical fuel treatments. Where unit boundaries were surveyed, the survey team would buffer off of the boundary towards the interior of the unit, usually in transect spacing of 10 to 20 meters, and consequently complete a linear survey of variable width depending on the number of members in the crew.
All three survey strategies used pedestrian reconnaissance survey with 10 to 20 meter transect spacing, except in areas where the terrain restricted such spacing. Where the terrain was deemed unsafe, the transect spacing was variable and was determined by the safest route. For example, where slopes exceeded 30 degrees, oftentimes the survey crew would split up between the ridgeline and the drainage and spot check the side of the slope from a distance. Additionally, the decomposing granite soils of Shasta Bally presented unstable terrain that also affected the ability of the field crew to safely maintain 10 to 20 meter transect spacing. Burn units affected by these unstable soil conditions include Coggins Park III and IV, Countyline, and Upper Crystal prescribed burn units. Thick vegetation, especially in chaparral and montane chaparral communities, also affected survey results both by reducing visibility and by affecting the field crew’s ability to maintain 10 to 20 meter transect spacing.
All survey coverage detailed below is conveyed exactly as reported by field crew leader Anna Yoder. Unless otherwise stated, the survey completed was 100% coverage with 10 to 20 meter spaced transects:
Aqueduct: (130 acres) The Aqueduct unit was block surveyed in its entirety. This unit was previously surveyed by SWCA in 2003 (Brunzell 2004). However, the density of sites in the unit, the history of mining in the vicinity, and the presence of a dense chaparral community in the unit all contributed to the decision to resurvey the unit during the 2008 field season. See Figure 6 for a map of the Aqueduct unit.
‐ 27 ‐
Brandy Creek I: (35 acres) Nearly all of the Brandy Creek I unit was block surveyed with the exception of the eastern boundary. The eastern boundary of the unit was last surveyed in 1993 (Griffin et al. 1994). Figure 7 is a map of the Brandy Creek I unit.
Brandy Creek II: (59 acres) The unit was block surveyed in its entirety. See Figure 8 for a map of the unit location.
Coggins Park III: (97 acres) The majority of the unit was block surveyed with 100% coverage at 5 to 40 meter transect spacing, depending on the terrain. The central portion of the unit was not surveyed due to restricted access based on the topography and vegetation. However, survey of the entire boundary of the unit was completed. The central portion of the unit was last surveyed in 1996 (Griffin 1996). See Figure 9 for a map of the area surveyed.
Coggins Park IV: (197 acres) The majority of the unit was block surveyed with 100% coverage at 5 to 40 meter transect spacing, depending on the terrain. The entire western half of the unit was surveyed, but the eastern half was not completely covered due to difficult access because of the steep terrain and thick vegetation. The entire northern boundary of the unit was surveyed along with a major drainage to the eastern boundary in the south-central portion of the unit. The eastern half of Coggins IV was last surveyed in 1993 (Griffin et al. 1994). Figure 10 provides a map of the survey coverage for the Coggins Park IV unit.
Countyline: (424 acres) The majority of the unit was block surveyed with 100% coverage at 5 to 40 meter transect spacing, depending on the terrain. The area surveyed followed the SWCA survey coverage completed in 2003 (Brunzell 2004). The same area was resurveyed due to the thick vegetation present in the unit and the possibility therefore that poor visibility may obscure archeological material. See Figure 11 for a map of the area surveyed.
East Boundary: (27 acres) Haggar (2006) surveyed the majority of the East Boundary unit. The 2008 survey coverage was restricted to a portion of the eastern park boundary and an association drainage that were not covered by Haggar. Transect spacing was 20 meters between each member of the field crew. The crew buffered off of the eastern boundary and buffered off either side of the drainage. The northern portion of the 2008 survey area had been burned during the 2008 summer wildfire. Therefore, visibility was high in these areas. Figure 12 is a map of the area surveyed in 2008.
Kanaka: (14 acres) The majority of the unit was surveyed by Haggar in 2006. A small portion in the northeastern corner of the unit on the west bank of Clear Creek was surveyed in 2008 during ASMIS assessments in the vicinity. Figure 13 shows the area surveyed.
Lake: (6 acres) The banks of Boulder Creek that fall within the Lake unit were surveyed from the western boundary of the unit to the western banks of Whiskeytown Lake. The crew buffered off of either side of the creek in 20 meter spaced transects. This area was surveyed in an attempt to relocate the previously recorded site CA-SHA-560 in order to complete an ASMIS assessment. The majority of the Lake unit had been previously surveyed by SWCA (Brunzell 2004). Figure 14 is a map of the area surveyed.
‐ 28 ‐
Mill: (91 acres) A small portion of the southwestern corner of the Mill prescribed burn unit was surveyed in 2008. A short distance of the western and southern boundary was surveyed in 20 meter spaced transects. In addition, the banks of the southwestern fork of Mill Creek were surveyed as well as either side of Mill Creek Road. 80 meters to the north of Mill Creek was surveyed, as was all of the area south of the road up to the southern boundary of the Mill unit. Figure 15 below is a map of the area surveyed in 2008.
Monarch Mountain: (28 acres) A small portion of the eastern boundary of the Monarch Mountain unit was surveyed along the western bank of Clear Creek in 2008. See Figure 16 for a map of the area surveyed in 2008.
Mule: (16 acres) The southwest corner of the Mule unit was surveyed in 2008. A block survey was completed in an attempt to relocate CA-SHA-3695H to check the length of the site’s ditch reported on the site form. There is no record that the site was in fact relocated. Figure 17 is a map of the area surveyed.
Paige Bar: (27 acres) The entirety of the Paige Bar unit was surveyed by Caputo in 1997 (Caputo 1998), but the field crew in 2008 surveyed a drainage west of NEED Camp and ridge that were determined to be highly sensitive areas that had a likelihood of containing cultural resources. The drainage surveyed runs directly through the middle of the unit, just downslope form the Logging Camp Trail and Ladybug Lane trail. The ridge surveyed is located just to the north of the drainage. See Figure 18 for a map of the location surveyed.
Panther: (80 acres) The southern and western boundaries of the burn unit were surveyed in 2008. The field crew buffered off of the boundary in 20 meter transects. The area surveyed was chosen for two reasons. The first reason was to relocate and established baseline ASMIS assessments for three previously recorded archeological sites along the southern boundary of the unit (CA-SHA-517, CA-SHA-518H, and CA-SHA-519H). The second reason was that previous survey coverage (Siefkin 1999b) did not complete coverage of the unit boundaries. Figure 19 illustrates the survey coverage completed in 2008.
Pope-Ericson: (27 acres) The area surveyed in the Pope-Ericson unit was covered en route to three separate previously recorded sites that needed to be revisited for the purpose of establishing ASMIS baseline assessments. In addition, some additional block survey coverage was completed in the vicinity of the sites for the purpose of relocating all associated features and artifacts. These sites were CA-SHA-2706H, CA-SHA-2001H, and CA-SHA-2144. The last site is in fact in the Shasta Divide II West unit, but the field crew surveyed through the Pope-Ericson unit from Paige Bar Road to reach this site. The survey coverage is mapped in Figure 20
Power Tower: (38 acres) The survey completed in the Power Tower unit was accomplished en route to previously recorded sites that required ASMIS assessments. The entire southern boundary of the unit was surveyed on the way to CA-SHA-3789H. In addition, a block survey was completed around the sites CA-SHA-3790H, CA-SHA-3791H, and CA-SHA- 3792H. Figure 21 is a map of the area surveyed.
Salt Creek: (270 acres) The entirety of the Salt Creek unit was block surveyed in 2008 with 100% coverage with 10 to 20 meter spaced transects. The unit had been previously surveyed ‐ 29 ‐
by Siefkin (1998d), but has since been burned, thereby opening up the unit in terms of accessibility and visibility. In addition, a number of cultural resources were identified during the fire event that required recording. Figure 22 is a map of the burn unit.
Shasta Divide II East: (58 acres) The survey completed in the Shasta Divide II East unit was accomplished en route from the Mount Shasta Mine Loop Trail to previously recorded sites that required ASMIS assessments. These included the sites CA-SHA-2002H, CA-SHA- 2139H, CA-SHA-2140H, CA-SHA-2142H, CA-SHA-2143H, CA-SHA-2705H, and CA- SHA-2706H. Figure 23 is a map of the area surveyed in this burn unit.
Shasta Divide II West: (74 acres) The entire northern boundary of the unit, also a portion of the Mount Shasta Mine Loop Trail, was surveyed. In addition, the portion of the Mount Shasta Mine Loop Trail that runs through the center of the site was also surveyed, and along this portion of the trail a wider block survey was completed around the ASMIS sites CA- SHA-2704H and CA-SHA-2145H. Finally, a block survey was completed around the ASMIS site CA-SHA-2144H. Figure 24 maps the area surveyed.
Sunshine: (90 acres) A large amount of the Sunshine unit had been previously surveyed by Trudy Vaughan (2001), but there was also a significant amount of the central portion of the unit that had not been surveyed, according to Vaughan, because of the density of vegetation. Three major drainages were surveyed in the fall of 2008, after the summer wildfires had burned over the unit. Dense vegetation was no longer a significant factor influencing access and visibility was relatively high post-fire. In addition, an area of block survey was completed in the center of the unit off of CA Highway 299 to relocate and assessment CA-SHA-3275H (Sunshine Mine). Finally, South Fork Mountain Lookout Road (WHIS-2008-44) also runs through a portion of the Sunshine unit and was surveyed and recorded in 2009. See Figure 25 for map of the survey coverage.
Upper Crystal: (1780 acres) The majority of the Upper Crystal unit was block surveyed with 100% coverage at 5 to 40 meter transect spacing, depending on the slope and stability of the terrain. The entire boundary of the unit was surveyed. In addition, large areas of block survey were completed in drainages and on ridges where possible. The largest of these areas is found in the southwestern corner of the unit. The central portion of the unit could not be surveyed due to problems with accessibility. The combination of steep, unstable slopes and thick toyon growth makes the Upper Crystal unit very difficult to progress through. Therefore, the central areas could not be safely reached and surveyed within one day. The area surveyed in 2008 is shown in Figure 26.
White Rock: (58 acres) The major drainage in White Rock Gulch was resurveyed in the fall of 2008 after the summer wildfires had burned over the area. The unit boundary and a large portion of the gulch were surveyed by SWCA in 2004, but the wildfires had removed a great deal of vegetation and increased thereby increased visibility in the unit. The White Rock survey coverage can be seen in Figure 27.
‐ 30 ‐
Figure 6: Aqueduct burn unit survey coverage
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Figure 7: Brandy Creek I burn unit survey coverage
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Figure 8: Brandy Creek II burn unit survey coverage
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D PROJECT AREA N 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY SHASTA BALLY, CALIF., PARK BOUNDARY ~iiiiiiill A 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 9: Coggins III burn unit survey coverage
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D PROJECT AREA N 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY SHASTA BALLY, CALIF., PARK BOUNDARY ~iiiiiiiiill A 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 10: Coggins IV burn unit survey coverage
‐ 35 ‐
Figure 11: Countyline burn unit survey coverage
‐ 36 ‐
Figure 12: East Boundary burn unit survey coverage
‐ 37 ‐
Figure 13: Kanaka burn unit survey coverage
‐ 38 ‐
Figure 14: Lake burn unit survey coverage
‐ 39 ‐
Figure 15: Mill burn unit survey coverage
‐ 40 ‐
N Feet PROJECT AREA D 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO CALIF., 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE ' Figure 16: Monarch Mountain burn unit survey coverage
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N Feet PROJECT AREA D 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 17: Mule burn unit survey coverage
‐ 42 ‐
- \ ~ 1 623
N Feet PROJECT AREA D 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 18: Paige Bar burn unit survey coverage
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N Feet PROJECT AREA D 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5 ' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 19: Panther burn unit survey coverage
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N Feet PROJECT AREA D 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5 ' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 20: Pope-Ericson burn unit survey coverage
‐ 45 ‐
( J ,..,
N Feet PROJECT AREA D 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5 ' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 21: Power Tower burn unit survey coverage
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N Feet PROJECT AREA D 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5 ' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 22: Salt Creek burn unit survey coverage
‐ 47 ‐
- '-!._, I ' I I
D PROJECT AREA N Feet D 2008 SURVEY 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 PARK BOUNDARY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 23: Shasta Divide II East burn unit survey coverage
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N Feet D PROJECT AREA 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 D 2008 SURVEY A IGO, CALIF., 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 24: Shasta Divide II West burn unit survey coverage
‐ 49 ‐
Figure 25: Sunshine burn unit survey coverage
‐ 50 ‐
!\i A T I 0 :li A I
N D PROJECT AREA Feet D 2008 SURVEY A 0 2,000 4,000 8,000 FRENCH GULCH & SHASTA BALLY, CALIF., 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 26: Upper Crystal burn unit survey coverage
‐ 51 ‐
PROJECT AREA Feet D N D 2008 SURVEY 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 PARK BOUNDARY A WHISKEYTOWN, CALIF., 7.5' TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLE
Figure 27: White Rock burn unit survey coverage
‐ 52 ‐
CULTURAL RESOURCES RECORDED
The field crew at Whiskeytown NRA conducted pedestrian reconnaissance surveys from April 1, 2008 to December 9, 2008, with a 9 week hiatus during the summer wildfires. Forty-three previously recorded archeological sites were relocated and baseline assessments were completed for inclusion in the ASMIS database. Ten sites were updated during the course of these assessments. Attempts were made to relocate a further 11 sites for ASMIS assessments with no success. In addition, 18 sites were newly recorded during the course of this project and will be submitted to SHPO for Trinomial assignment. Three sites (WHIS-2007-01, Whiskey 107, and Whiskey 117) were initially recorded in past years, but during the 2008 field season they were revisited and their site forms completed and updated for submission to SHPO. The remaining 15 sites were identified in 2008 and completely recorded in 2009.
Previously Recorded Sites The Archeological Sites Management Information System (ASMIS) is a database maintained by the National Park Service in order to organize information on the cultural resources it manages. This database holds management information for sites, including potential threats identified and a schedule for necessary future assessments. This project established baseline assessments for 44 ASMIS sites during the course of the survey season in order that a monitoring and inspection schedule could be instituted for previously recorded sites to ensure preservation of fragile park archeological resources.2 A separate report has been prepared to detail the methodology and results of these ASMIS baseline assessments (Martin et al. 2009). However, at some previously recorded sites, new features were recorded or some other change to the original site recording was made or noted. These updated sites are here:
CA-SHA-177/H: Resource contains prehistoric and historic components. The prehistoric component is the remains of a native village, including midden soil, projectile points, other lithic tools, and shell beads. The historic component of the site includes metal and ceramic Euro-American artifacts. The site was originally recorded by Treganza (1958) and was excavated in 1970 and 1971 (Johnson and Skjelstad 1974). The site is on the National Register of Historic Places as contributing to the Lower Clear Creek Archeological District (NRHP #79003812).
A disturbance was identified during the 2008 field season, namely the presence of a fire pit in the middle of the site. This fire pit was constructed by members of the Wintu Tribe who gather yearly at NEED Camp. The area was surveyed and compliance was completed by NPS prior to the construction of the fire pit (Siefkin 2001). As the disturbance was already documented by Siefkin, no further update to the site forms was deemed necessary.
CA-SHA-518/H: Resource has both prehistoric and historic components, which are a lithic scatter and remains of a cattle and logging camp respectively. Approximately 50 flakes have been identified at the site, including obsidian, chert, chalcedony, metasedimentary, and basalt flakes. Fire cracked rock is also present as evidence of prehistoric occupation of the site. The
2 In addition to the ASMIS fieldwork associated with this project, further sites were revisited in association with the summer wildfires. Those ASMIS forms were completed by Joe Svinarich, Eric Shaffer, and/or Dave Larson and are on file at Whiskeytown.
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historic camp is the remains of the Peltier Summer Camp, used by Clinton Peltier in the 1940’s for the purpose of raising cattle and logging. Features present include a building foundation and associated drain pit, a corral area and associated collapsed shed, and a water ditch.
The site was noted to be in the same condition as recorded in a 1999 site visit. The 2008 field crew placed a new rebar, steel capped datum at the site. The sketch map has also been revised to include the new site datum.
CA-SHA-519/H: Resource includes both prehistoric and historic components, which are a light lithic scatter and orchard respectively. When the site was visited in 1999, archeologists located seven total lithics. Three obsidian projectile points were collected from the field, including one obsidian arrow point and two fragments of Gunther Series points. Four further obsidian flakes were observed in the field, but not collected. Historic artifacts were also identified at the site, including one square cut nail and several wire nails.
The site was noted to be in the same condition as recorded in a 1999 site visit. The 2008 field crew placed a new rebar, steel capped datum at the site. The sketch map has also been revised to include the new site datum.
CA-SHA-1701H: Resource is a historic hard rock mining site. Previously recorded features include two shafts, prospect pits, and a small rock pile. It is unclear whether the small rock pile is tailings or whether it was a mining claim. The site is located on a steep slope above Salt Creek.
During the ASMIS assessment, a fourth feature was identified at the site. This feature, a small shaft measuring approximately 3 yards by 2 yards, is located on the south side of Salt Creek, directly across from Feature 2. The shaft was full of water at the time of the visit and therefore its depth could not be ascertained. In addition, a new rebar, steel capped datum was placed at the site. The sketch map has been revised to include Feature 4 and the new site datum.
Additionally, this mining site is associated with the Clear Creek Ditch, which runs directly east of the site. The Clear Creek Ditch, although not formally nominated, has been determined eligible for the National Register. This site could be evaluated for significance given its association with the Clear Creek Ditch, particularly if archival research produces any significant information about the land use or human occupation of the site.
CA-SHA-2006: Resource is a prehistoric site consisting of a sparse lithic scatter, including basalt and obsidian flakes, cobble spall tools and a fragment of groundstone. The 2008 field crew was unable to relocate the original site datum during their assessment, and therefore, a new steel rebar and aluminum capped datum was placed. However, there is no record of where in the site the new datum is located. This author was unable to return to the site to gather this necessary information due to winter closures of the necessary roads. Once the necessary road maintenance is completed, the site should be revisited and the site sketch map updated to reflect the location of the new site datum.
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CA-SHA-2701H: Resource is a historic hard rock mining site, commonly known as the Phoenix Mine. Features identified include two surface mining pits and two adits. Also identified is an old road which appears to have originally led upslope to the site. The resource was recorded as part of the 18 Mines Report (Hamusek et al. 1999).
The 2008 field crew placed a new rebar, steel capped datum at the site. The sketch map was not revised, however, as the new datum was placed directly next to a cadastral survey marker that was used as the original site datum. See below Figure 28 which illustrates the position of the new datum next to the old.
Figure 28: An overhead view of the new site datum at CA-SHA-2701 next to the original site datum, a cadastral survey marker. Photograph is listed in photo log as 05-02-2008-08.
CA-SHA-2746: The resource is a historic era site, including a collapsed structure, two trenches, the remains of a dirt road, and an associated scatter of historic artifacts. The site is located between Clear Creek and Mule Town Road in an area known for historic mining activities. The date of occupation is unknown, although the artifacts present suggest early to mid 1900’s.
The field crew identified a new feature, a rock alignment, located directly southeast from the main part of the site. Large rocks, ranging in size from 6 inches to 2 feet across, are arranged in a circular fashion approximately 15 feet in diameter. The original purpose and function of this rock alignment is unknown. The sketch map has been updated to include this new feature.
CA-SHA-3275: Resource is a historic era mine, commonly known as the Sunshine Mine. The features are all located within a drainage, terraced on its slopes. Remaining features include tailings, roads, adits, concrete foundations, wooden beam structures, and a large concrete structure. There is also a scatter of historic artifacts, including but not limited to cooking gear, food containers, cut timbers, and a metal hopper.
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During the 2008 fieldwork season, a new rebar, steel capped datum was placed at the site. The sketch map has been revised to include the new site datum.
CA-SHA-3278: Resource is a historic mining tunnel with associated tailings, commonly referred to as the Two Track Mine. The tunnel is cut into a steep south-facing slope of South Fork Mountain. There is an associated track leading into the tunnel. In addition, there is a large tailings pile.
A new rebar, steel capped datum was placed at the site and the sketch map was revised to reflect this addition.
CA-SHA-3701: Resource is a historic bailey-style bridge constructed of steel, wood, and concrete that spans Clear Creek. The bridge in its current form dates to 1955, although the concrete supports date to an earlier bridge. The bridge is named after the Peltier family who homesteaded the parcel. The resource was originally recorded by Brunzell (2004).
The 2008 field crew observed that the bridge has been vandalized, with graffiti carved into the steel trusses. These carvings have since rusted and are therefore even more distinct. The bridge is used by park visitors on a regular basis to access the Peltier Valley Campground. Unfortunately, it would be quite difficult to protect the resource from further graffiti due to the public’s use of the structure.
CA-SHA-3705: The resource is a historic archeological site directly south of Boulder Creek with one concrete foundation, several dry masonry standing walls, a historic trash scatter, and assorted steel pipes. The site was originally recorded in 2003 by Brunzell of SWCA. At the time it was recorded, no interpretations were made concerning the original function of the site. The date of occupation was estimated between 1915 and 1929 based on the identification of a vent hole filler evaporated milk can which was produced during that time period. Figure 29 is an overview picture of some of the standing walls at CA-SHA-3705.
Figure 29: View of Locus 4 in CA-SHA-3705H. Photograph taken from site’s Primary Record (Brunzell 2004).
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Longtime resident of Shasta County and Wintu Tribal Monitor Bob Burns provided further information on the function and history of the resource in a conversation with Pacific Regional Archeologist Nelson Siefkin and the Klamath Network Fire Archeologist Joe Svinarich in July of 2008. Burns stated that the resource was originally a saw mill operated by Fred Horr. The mill, where Horr also lived with his family, was in operation until the 1960’s. The mill may not have in fact been operational that late, as according to a 1959 Metsker Atlas of Township 32 North, Range 7 West, C. Vergnes owned the parcel by 1959. This author could not locate any record of a Horr ever owning the land in question. However, Burns’s account of the historical use of the resource fits the available archeological information and is the most likely function for the buildings recorded as CA-SHA-3705.
During the 2008 fieldwork season, attempts were made to relocate an additional 11 sites with no success. The following sites could not be relocated despite efforts by the field crew: SHA-11, SHA- 12, CA-SHA-173, CA-SHA-196, CA-SHA-220, CA-SHA-512, CA-SHA-513, CA-SHA-559, CA- SHA-560, CA-SHA-2743, and CA-SHA-3711.
In addition to the site visits to establish ASMIS baseline assessments, subsurface testing was performed at CA-SHA-272 in advance of construction for the Oak Bottom Campground extension. Subsurface testing was undertaken on three separate occasions. In the first instance, the shovel test pits were placed in error about 100 meters from the actual site. The second round of testing occurred in the center of the site. The third round of testing involved an intense survey of the trails around the site and the digging of several more test pits. The third round of testing resulted in the identification of seven obsidian flakes, one of which was located in a test pit. The complete results of the subsurface testing are included in the separate ASMIS report (Martin et al. 2009).
Newly Recorded Sites There are eighteen newly recorded sites included in this report. Whiskey 107 and 117 originally were recorded, although not completely, as part of the 18 Mines Report (Hamusek-McGann et al. 1999); however, they were not submitted to SHPO and never assigned Trinomials. The site forms were therefore updated, completed, and sketch maps were produced for submission to SHPO. One site, WHIS-2007-01 was identified and recorded by Joe Svinarich in 2007, but also was not submitted to SHPO for Trinomial assignment. This site was revisited during 2008 survey and it was determined that the site forms completed in 2007 needed no further update. All of the WHIS-2008 sites were identified during the 2008 survey season, and were fully recorded in 2009. The information for the below site descriptions was taken and adapted from the Primary and Archeological Site Records.
Whiskey 107: This resource contains the remains of an isolated adit associated with hard- rock mining. The adit is located on the west side of Salt Creek drainage near the confluence with Buck Hollow drainage. The adit was originally recorded as part of the Evaluation of 18 Historic Mines project (Hamusek-McGann, et al. 1999). There is extensive evidence of placer mining activity in the adjacent drainage, including 2 large concentrations of tailings piles located between Salt Creek Road and Mule Town Road. The placer mining features were originally recorded as part of the Salt Prescribed Burn Survey (Siefkin 1998d). The adit shaft was filled in with foam due to safety concerns in 1998.
Whiskey 117: Site is a filled in mine shaft adjacent to the Guardian Rock trail. The mine shaft was filled in due to safety concerns in 1998. The dimensions of the shaft are no longer clear. However, the shaft was originally recorded as part of the Evaluation of 18 Historic ‐ 57 ‐
Mines project (Hamusek-McGann et al. 1999) and it is stated in the Continuation Sheet (Confidential Appendices) prepared before the shaft was filled in that the shaft measured 11 ft. by 10 ft. and was 11 ft. deep.
WHIS-2007-01: This site consists of a historic-period trash scatter consisting primarily of cast-iron wood stove fragments situated on a small stream-side terrace with a rock outcrop located at the northeast end of the site. One rusted metal shovel head, a broken olive- colored wine bottle, and one small sun-colored amethyst medicinal bottle were also noted at this site. The site is located in an area that historically was subject to much mining activity and there is a clearing just to the east of the site that is covered with broken quartz rock and gravel. The stream is unnamed, but is a perennial water source for the site location.
WHIS-2008-31: Resource was a major focus of historic mining-related activities and some additional evidence for prehistoric activity. The historic features present at the site include the remains of a stacked rock structure, several mining trenches, prospect pits, mining cuts of unclear purpose, a berm, historic two-track roads, concrete anchors of unclear purpose, waste rock, a large depression with associated stacked rock walls, and a long ditch running along the entire southern side of the site that was originally provided with water from a rock dam on a intermittent stream. Historic trash was also identified at the site. Two prehistoric artifacts, a projectile point and a net weight were located just downslope from the mining features, suggesting prehistoric activity in the same location. A secondary trail used by hikers and horses runs through the middle of the site. The site datum is located in Feature 19.
WHIS-2008-32: The resource is a historic era mining site with evidence of domestic occupation. The evidence for historic mining activity at the site includes eight prospect pits of various sizes, two prospect trenches, and two large waste rock piles. A timber construction, probably originally a sluice construction, was also identified at the bottom of one of the prospect pits. Several cut timbers with round nails overlying a possibly stone structure foundation suggest that there was a wooden building at the site. The proximity of the building remains to a stone hearth and historic trash indicate that the site may have also served a domestic function.
WHIS-2008-33: Resource is a historic lode mining site consisting of a number of prospect pits and trenches, a vertical mine shaft, and a large concentration of waste rock. A trail or cart road was identified running from the site and extending to Mule Town Road. Also noted at the site was a rusted upright tobacco tin. The site is located on a slope (approximately 50°), at the base of which is Salt Creek.
WHIS-2008-34: Resource is a historic mining site consisting of a series of mining trenches and associated waste rock. Feature 1 is broken up into three subfeatures, which are all mining trenches. Feature 2 is a large prospect trench located to the east of Feature 1. Feature 3 is another prospect trench running parallel to and east of Feature 2. Feature 3 is also not as large as Feature 2. All of the prospect trenches, besides Feature 1a, run downslope on a 40°, southwest facing slope. The site datum is located in Feature 1a. There are no artifacts associated with this site. The site is likely associated with mining activities at the nearby sites WHIS-2008-35 and WHIS-2008-37.
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WHIS-2008-35: Resource is associated with historic mining activities. The site consists of two prospect pits, a can dump, and a cut timber board. The can dump of approximately 100- 150 cans is located on the west side of Feature 2 (Prospect Pit), although some of the cans overly the feature. The cut timber board lies on the west side on Feature 1 (Prospect Pit). The site is situated at the southern end of a drainage through which a seasonal stream runs and continues through the site. The site is likely associated with the mining activities at the nearby sites WHIS-2008-34 and WHIS-2008-37.
WHIS-2008-36: Resource is a historic era site, likely associated with mining activities and transportation. Feature 1 is a historic road of variable width that runs from an undetermined point beyond the park boundary. This feature contours with the hill and is briefly interrupted by Feature 3, a large area that has been blasted open, before continuing south. A more recently cut ditch, Feature 2, which is cut into the historic road, runs from a seasonal waterfall. There is running water in the ditch seasonally, which finally flows into Feature 3. The ditch is cut increasingly deeper and farther into the road until it finally terminates at Feature 3. No artifacts were identified at the site. The site datum is located five meters from the seasonal waterfall that is the source of the water in Feature 2.
WHIS-2008-37: Resource is a historic mining site consisting of a number of waste rock piles, mining trenches, and associated historic trash. Feature 2 is a connecting system of three mining trenches, one contouring with the slope and the other two running down the slope. Feature 3 is a trench running downslope, directly west of Feature 4. One of the mining trenches widens out into a prospect pit downslope. Some of the artifacts present may have been associated with structures on site, including large cement block fragments. The remaining artifacts are metal scraps, ceramic fragments, and also sanitary cans associated with the mining features. The site is located across Lower Clear Creek from the NEED Camp and is adjacent to Paige Bar Road.
WHIS-2008-38: Resource is a historic road, approximately 10 feet wide and running approximately north/south. The length of the road recorded is 250 yards. There are clear wheel tracks identifiable at segments of the road, although heavy duff cover (mainly fallen oak leaves) may have obscured further tracks. No artifacts were identified associated with the road. The road is visible in the 1962 aerial photographs of the park.
WHIS-2008-39: Resource is a historic period site of undetermined function. The most prominent features at the site are three stone circles. Other features recorded include a historic road and a wooden plank nailed into an oak tree. All of the cultural constituents identified can be categorized as historic trash, including a metal cable, oil can, a metal shovel head, and three separate tin can scatters. The combination of the historic road and the metal cable could support the interpretation that the site served a logging function.
WHIS-2008-40: The resource is a historic water diversion site that consists of the remains of a concrete dam, two metal water diversion pipes, historic cut timbers, a ditch, and a metal cable twisted around a log. The first metal pipe flanks the concrete dam that spans Crystal Creek. The dam outlet appears more recent, likely to halt the water diversion. A second metal pipe, similar to the first, was found just downstream of the waterfall coming off the dam. The remains of a number of cut timbers were also present at the site. These timbers
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appear to be part of a flume construction associated with the ditch running from the diversion pipe leading from the dam.
WHIS-2008-41: Resource consists of tailings piles, rock walls, and an historic road related to mining activities. The site runs along both sides of a creek bed. There is a large concentration of several tailings piles running along the western side of the creek. At the southern edge of the site where the creek splits there is a large can nailed into an oak tree (Feature 5), likely a mining claim. The site may have been partially destroyed by the road constructed to the Brandy Creek Marina and the inundation of Whiskeytown Lake.
WHIS-2008-42: The resource is a historic water diversion site with some evidence for limited mining located on the northeast side of an unnamed tributary of Crystal Creek. The site is located directly southwest of the Mill Creek Trail. The site contains a riveted steel diversion dam in the stream, two wire enclosures of unknown purpose, a historic road, a trench, and a berm. Additionally, there are waste rock piles located in the creek, possibly evidence for dredging or some prospecting in the vicinity. The artifacts present at the site are all historic and include a riveted steel pipe, riveted steel box, concrete fragments, and an assortment of other discarded construction material. There is a large drainage or dry creek bed running through the middle of the site, possibly filled by the diverted stream water when the diversion dam spanned the creek. The site datum is located in the historic road on the eastern side of the site.
WHIS-2008-43: Resource is a historic site on the northern bank of Boulder Creek. Resource consists of a historic building foundation (Feature 1), trench (Feature 3), the intersection of two historic roads (Features 4 and 5), and a possible rock staircase (Feature 2). The building foundation lies at the southern edge of the trench which proceeds for 30 feet to the northwest. There are few remains of the building; however, overlying the potential foundation are decomposing cut timbers. To the northeast of the foundation approximately 15 meters away there is an intersection of two historic roads. The roads lead away from the foundation to the northwest and northeast. The northeastern road generally follows Boulder Creek. Approximately 275 feet from the intersection of the two roads, there are four strands of barbed wire (Feature 6) suspended across this northeastern leading historic roads (Feature 5). There is also a possible rock staircase leading down to Boulder Creek, directly south of the building foundation. While the stones may be positioned naturally, their utility as stairs and their proximity to the foundation suggests that they were used by the occupants for easy access to the creek.
WHIS-2008-44: The resource is a historic road that is still maintained by the National Park Service. The road runs in and out of the eastern park boundary. There are associated retaining walls and three different styles of culverts. The retaining walls are metal gabions and wire mesh fences with telephone pole style posts. All of the 46 culverts – a total that includes culverts inside and outside of the park boundary – contain corrugated metal pipes of varying sizes. Thirteen of these culverts, mainly on the northern portion of the road, are naked corrugated metal pipes. Twenty-eight of the culverts, mainly located in the central and southern two-thirds of the road, have mortared rock facings on either side of the road that partially conceal the corrugated metal pipe. The last style of culvert is presented in 5 culverts that are interspersed between the stone faced culverts. This last style has a concrete facing, but there are no stones in the facing. ‐ 60 ‐
WHIS-2008-45:3 Resource is an abandoned historic vertical mine shaft. The shaft is located on the north side of an unmaintained road in Dog Gulch which serves as the boundary and fuel break between Dog and Monarch Mountain prescribed burn units. There is evidence for further mining activities in the vicinity of the shaft, including the probability of several prospect pits; however, the site was covered in snow during the visit and therefore all features could not be readily identified.
3 This resource is located in the Dog burn unit, outside of the project location. However, this previously unrecorded site was visited and assessed during this project season due to a planned ignition that occurred in the fall of 2008. As no other survey was conducted in the unit, it was not considered to be included in the overall project research design. ‐ 61 ‐
DISCUSSION
Over the course of the 2008 field season, 3,626 acres were surveyed by pedestrian reconnaissance methodology in 22 prescribed burn units in Whiskeytown NRA. Forty-three previously recorded sites were revisited for reassessment and of those sites, 10 required updates to their site forms. Table 1 lists the sites revisited, their location, and the status of their assessment or update. In addition, 18 sites were newly recorded and their paperwork will be submitted to SHPO for trinomial assignment. This section will also provide recommendations for their eligibility on several lists, management in terms of fire management activities, and for safety reasons.
Table 1: Results of the reassessments of previously recorded sites for ASMIS. Site Trinomial Prescribed Burn Unit Assessment Status SHA-011 Salt Creek (?) Not Relocated SHA-012 Salt Creek Not Relocated CA-SHA-173 Aqueduct/Shasta Divide II West Not Relocated CA-SHA-174 Shasta Divide II West Relocated, no update CA-SHA-177 Paige Bar Disturbance noted, documented in Siefkin (2001) CA-SHA-196 Mill Not Relocated CA-SHA-220 Lake Not Relocated CA-SHA-505 Salt Creek Relocated, no update CA-SHA-507/508 Salt Creek Relocated, no update CA-SHA-509 No Burn Unit Relocated, no update CA-SHA-512 Upper Crystal Not Relocated CA-SHA-513 Queen Mary II Not Relocated CA-SHA-517 No Burn Unit Relocated, no update CA-SHA-518 Panther Updated, new datum placed CA-SHA-519 Panther Updated, new datum placed CA-SHA-559 Lake Not Relocated CA-SHA-560 Lake Not Relocated CA-SHA-1700 Salt Creek Relocated, no update CA-SHA-1701 Salt Creek Updated, new datum placed, new feature recorded CA-SHA-1994 Mill Relocated, no update CA-SHA-1996 No Burn Unit Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2001 Pope-Ericson Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2002 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2006 Upper Crystal New datum placed, still requires update CA-SHA-2137 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2138 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2139 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2140 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2141 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2142 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2143 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2144 Shasta Divide II West Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2145 Shasta Divide II West Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2585 Crystal Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2690 Crystal Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2691 Crystal Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2701 No Burn Unit Updated, new datum placed CA-SHA-2704 Shasta Divide II West Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2705 Shasta Divide II East Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2706 Shasta Divide II East/Pope-Ericson Relocated, no update ‐ 62 ‐
CA-SHA-2743 Mill Not Relocated CA-SHA-2744 Mill Relocated, no update CA-SHA-2746 Salt Creek Updated, new feature recorded CA-SHA-3046 El Dorado I/Mill Relocated, no update CA-SHA-3275 Sunshine Updated, new datum placed CA-SHA-3278 Sunshine Updated, new datum placed CA-SHA-3701 Aqueduct Updated, significant site disturbance CA-SHA-3705 No Burn Unit Updated with new historical information CA-SHA-3711 Lake Not Relocated CA-SHA-3789 Power Tower Relocated, no update CA-SHA-3790 Power Tower Relocated, no update CA-SHA-3791 Power Tower Relocated, no update CA-SHA-3792 Power Tower/Shasta Divide II West Relocated, no update CA-SHA-4368 Aqueduct Relocated, no update
Of the 18 sites newly recorded during this field season, all are historic sites, most related to gold mining within the park. Table 2 provides a breakdown of the sites, the burn unit in which they are located, and a general description of the types of features present.
Table 2: Breakdown of newly recorded sites Resource Name Prescribed Burn Unit Resource Description WHIS-2007-01 Sunshine Historic trash scatter WHIS-2008-31 Aqueduct Multi-period historic mining WHIS-2008-32 Salt Creek Historic mining; possible domestic occupation WHIS-2008-33 Salt Creek Historic lode mining WHIS-2008-34 Aqueduct Historic mining WHIS-2008-35 Aqueduct Historic mining; historic can dump WHIS-2008-36 East Boundary Historic mining WHIS-2008-37 Aqueduct Historic mining WHIS-2008-38 Brandy Creek II Historic road WHIS-2008-39 Crystal Historic road, historic trash, possible logging function WHIS-2008-40 Upper Crystal Historic water diversion WHIS-2008-41 Brandy Creek I Historic mining WHIS-2008-42 Upper Crystal Historic mining diversion WHIS-2008-43 Lake Historic roads, possible domestic occupation WHIS-2008-44 White Rock; Sunshine Historic road WHIS-2008-45 Dog Historic lode mining Whiskey 107 Salt Creek Historic lode mining Whiskey 117 Salt Creek Historic lode mining
Fire Impacts Recommendations As discussed above, archeological resources can be adversely impacted by fire and fire management activities. The Whiskeytown Fire Management Plan details possible impacts as well as methods and alternatives that are available to protect valuable cultural resources (NPS 2003, especially pages 183 to 188). A number of new cultural resources were identified during the course of survey in 2008 and recorded in 2009. Several sites contain features or artifacts that could be adversely impacted by a fire event or by fuels management activities. This section will discuss the newly recorded sites with vulnerable resources or artifacts individually and provide recommendations for fire management staff.
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WHIS-2007-01: No features were recorded at this site, but there are a number of historic artifacts present. There are several glass artifacts present which can crack depending on the temperature and intensity of the fire event. Also, fire management personnel should avoid disturbing the artifacts recorded at the site during fire and fuel management activities.
WHIS-2008-31: All fire and fuels management activities should avoid the standing structure (Feature 1) that is visible from the secondary trail running through the site. No other features require special attention. In addition, one obsidian projectile point was collected from the field. It was located in the middle of a trail, which suggests that it was not found in situ and no further obsidian flakes or tools were found at the site; however, if further obsidian flakes are identified during fuel treatment projects, then all effort should be made to avoid and protect them and a cultural resources trained employee should be informed.
WHIS-2008-32: The cut timbers associated with Feature 1 will likely be lost in a fire event. In addition, the ceramics which are identified as Artifact 5 could be affected by a fire event. Fire management personnel should attempt to avoid the site, if possible, but the loss of information would be minimal.
WHIS-2008-33: The mining features and single artifact at the site will not be negatively affected by fuel treatment or fire management activities or by a fire event.
WHIS-2008-34: The mining trenches identified at the site will not be negatively affected by fuel treatment or fire management activities or by a fire event.
WHIS-2008-35: There is a cut timber board lying against the western side of one of the prospect pits that would be lost in the event of a fire, although the loss of information would be minimal. Additionally, there is a large can scatter in the second prospect pit that could be disturbed by fire or fuel management activities. Therefore, the site should be avoided by fire personnel if at all possible.
WHIS-2008-36: None of the features recorded at the site would be negatively affected by a fuel treatment or fire management activities or by a fire event. In fact, the site may serve as a short fuel break due to the lack of vegetation in the features (ditch, historic road, and large blasted area).
WHIS-2008-37: None of the features or artifacts identified should be negatively impacted by fire or fuel management activities or by a fire event. There are ceramics present at the site, but they are imbedded in the ground in a trail and therefore would not be subjected to high temperature or intensity fires for any duration.
WHIS-2008-38: The resource is a historic road that will not be damaged by fire or fire management activities. Fuel thinning has already been completed in the vicinity of the road and piles of cut wood have been burned within the boundaries of the road; however, fire personnel should avoid further pile burning within the historic road if possible.
WHIS-2008-39: One feature, a wooden plank nailed into a tree, could be destroyed by fire. If possible, this tree should be protected; however, the loss of information would be
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minimal. The artifacts scattered on the ground should be avoided by fire management personnel, but would not be negatively affected by fuel management activities or a fire event.
WHIS-2008-40: The resource contains the wooden remains of a flume constructed for water diversion off of a dam on Crystal Creek. The remainder of the site is so close to Crystal Creek and on a steep slope so that it is would not be used for any sort of staging ground. Besides the wooden flume remains, no other features and artifacts would not be affected by a fire event or fuels management.
WHIS-2008-41: There is one feature, a large tin can mounted in an oak tree (Feature 5) that may be damaged in a fire, but only a fire event that has the intensity or duration to damage the tree itself. The loss of information would also be minimal in this instance. Therefore, there are no recommendations for fire management personnel.
WHIS-2008-42: The large, dry creekbed running through the middle of the site will serve as a natural fuel break. There are two glass bottles that could be damaged in a fire, although the loss of information would be minimal. The site should be avoided for staging fire management activities, but none of the other features or artifacts should be affected in a fire.
WHIS-2008-43: None of the features or artifacts would be damaged by fire or fuel management activities or by a fire event.
WHIS-2008-44: Resource is still in use as a major road in the park and would therefore be expected to be used in the event of a fire emergency, as it was during the Motion Fire Complex in the summer of 2008. The road is a useful fuel break and therefore there should be no adverse effects to the resource in a fire event or during mechanical fuel treatments.
WHIS-2008-45: The mine shaft in this resource is located directly south of an unmaintained road that is also a fuel break. As currently recorded, the site would not be affected by fuel treatment, fire, or fire management activities. However, as noted on the site forms, the site was visited in February 2009 when snow was on the ground. It is highly likely that there are further features and possibly artifacts present at the site. Further survey in the vicinity of the shaft is recommended.
Whiskey 107: The adit, which has already been filled with safety foam in 1998, and the associated tailings would not be adversely affected by fuel treatment or fire management activities or by a fire event.
Whiskey 117: The mine shaft, which has already been filled in for safety reasons in 1998, would not be affected by fuel treatment, fire, or fire management activities.
Listing Recommendations There are a number of different categories under which the National Park Service may classify cultural resources or to nominate for consideration under such classifications. Available categories include Cultural Landscapes, Listed Classified Structures, and inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. The qualifications necessary for inclusion on these lists has been discussed above under the Records Search section of this report. Two newly recorded sites are recommended for further research into whether they may qualify under one or more of these available classifications. ‐ 65 ‐
WHIS-2008-31: Feature 1 and Artifact 4 recorded at this historic mining site may be evidence for Chinese-American mining activities. Feature 1 is a comparable structure to other Chinese-American kiln structures (Davis-King person. comm.). In addition, the rice bowl identified at the northern end of the site is likely an example of celadon ware which is highly suggestive of Chinese-American occupation at the site. If substantiated, an association of the site with Chinese-American mining history in the park could fit criteria B, C, or D for inclusion on the National Register.
WHIS-2008-44: Barbara Woodrum and Eric Ritter (2006) suggested that the South Fork Mountain Lookout Road (WHIS-2008-44) culverts may be CCC-era. This claim is quite plausible after looking at comparative structures in Northern California. Figure 30 and 31 compare the Whiskeytown culverts with the verified CCC-era culverts from the Lassen Park Highway in Lassen Volcanic National Park. The structures are quite similar. The Lassen culverts are Listed Classified Structures (#056786) and are contributing structures to the National Register Listed Lassen Volcanic National Park Highway (NRHP #06000527). It is recommended that further archival work is conducted to determine whether there is further evidence for CCC constructions within the park, particularly on South Fork Mountain Lookout Road. The culverts should be evaluated for inclusion as Listed Classified Structures and even potential eligibility for the National Register, particularly if they are the best example of CCC-era construction within the park boundaries.
Figure 30: South Fork Mountain Lookout Road Figure 31: Lassen Park Highway culvert. Photograph culvert. Listed in Photo Log as 10-27-2008-01. taken from the Listed Classified Structure Record (LCS #056786).
Safety Recommendations The abandoned mining resources of Whiskeytown NRA pose unique safety hazards to park employees and visitors. A delicate balance must be determined between protecting cultural resources in the park for the enjoyment and education of future generations and protecting the health and safety of all individuals utilizing park resources for recreation. Of particular concern are those resources that are in areas that are highly accessible, such as near roads or maintained trails. The park has in the past filled in mine adits and shafts determined to be unsafe. Two examples of such mines are Whiskey 107 (Buck Hollow Shaft) and Whiskey 117 (Guardian Rock Trail Shaft), both filled in 1998. Two newly recorded historic mining sites, WHIS-2008-33 and WHIS-2008-45 should also be evaluated for safety concerns. ‐ 66 ‐
WHIS-2008-33: The only safety warning currently near the shaft is a stretch of tape on the north side of the shaft, which is the side closest to the Clear Creek Water Ditch Trail. Due to the site’s proximity to Mule Town Road and the Clear Creek Water Ditch Trail, both used consistently by park visitors, the deep mine shaft should be fully evaluated to determine whether it may be back filled or whether a safety gate should be installed.
WHIS-2008-45: There is a cautionary sign installed just south of the adit; however, it is located on the opposite side of the adit from the unmaintained road. It is recommended that the park fully evaluate the mine and potential surrounding features for the purpose of determining whether a safety gate could be installed and retain the general integrity of the archeological site.
Conclusions: One further recommendation is that native tribes continue to inform park discussions concerning cultural resources. Representative bodies of the Wintu have expressed to the park that they would like to be more involved in park policymaking decisions, particularly those that have the potential to affect (1) native groups’ access to resources, (2) gathering policy, (3) disposition of Wintu sites, (4) the Pe’ Lane Bos educational camp, (5) cultural sensitivity training for park personnel, and (6) the maintenance of Wintu culture through education (Emberson 2000). Aspects of each of these issues relate to either fire management policy or cultural resource policy within the park and should be considered with each decision. Continued effort should be made to include the Wintu in resource management policy decisions, including those relating to fire management decisions.
In summary, this project was completed to accomplish survey in advance of fire management activities in prescribed burn areas pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. During the survey of 3,626 acres by pedestrian reconnaissance, 43 sites were revisited to establish a baseline assessment for the ASMIS database, 10 of these previously recorded sites were updated, and 18 new sites were identified and recorded. The sketch map for CA-SHA-2006 remains to be updated with the location of the new datum and should be completed at the park’s earliest opportunity. In addition, recommendations were made to avoid and mitigate the impacts of fire and fire management activities on newly recorded resources. In addition, two sites, WHIS-2008-31 and WHIS-2008-44, need to be fully evaluated for possible eligibility on the National Register. The final recommendation is that two sites with abandoned mining features (WHIS-2008-33 and WHIS-2008- 45) should be evaluated for closure due to safety concerns for park personnel and visitors.
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REFERENCES
Abeyto, Daniel 2000 “National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Evaluation, Historic Mining Sites, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Shasta County.” Letter dated March 14, 2000. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
Alzueta, Carlos 1988 Clear Creek Ditch Was the Name, Gold Was the Game. The Covered Wagon. Shasta Historical Society, Redding, pp. 60-66.
Aubury, Lewis E. 1902 Register of Mines and Minerals, Shasta County, California. Report issued by the State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, California.
Averill, Charles Volney 1933 Gold Deposits, Redding and Weaverville Quadrangles. California Journal of Mines and Geology. State Mineralogist’s Report 29. California State Printing Office, San Francisco, California, pp. 2-73.
Baker, Suzanne 1990 Archeological Investigations at CA-SHA-479 and CA-SHA-195, Whiskeytown Unit, Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California. Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
Bassett, Everett 2004 Cultural Resources Inventory Report for the Grant of Right-of-Way on the Whiskeytown-Shasta- Trinity National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown Unit. Report prepared for Pacific Gas & Electric Company. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
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Brunzell, David 2004 A Phase I Cultural Resources Inventory of the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area Fuel Treatment Units in Shasta County, California. SWCA Cultural Resources Report No. 2004-54. Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
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Davis-King, Shelly 2009 Email conversation with Heidi Ogle. January 23, 2009.
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Emberson, Geri D. 2000 Ethnographic Overview and Traditional Use Study of American Indian Affiliations within the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, California. Theodoratus Cultural Research, Fair Oaks. Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
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Hamusek-McGann, Blossom, Sandra S. Flint, Melinda Peak, and Barry A. Price. 1999 Evaluation of 18 Historic Mines in the Whiskeytown Unit of the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California. Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
Johnson, Keith L. 1970 Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Proposed Whiskeytown, Igo, and Saeltzer Afterbays in Shasta County, California. Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
1977 Final Report on the Archaeological Reconnaissance of Selected Backcountry Areas Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California. Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
Johnson, Keith L. and Locy S. Skelstad 1974 The Salvage Archaeology of Site 4-SHA-177, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Shasta County, California. Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
King Smith, Ann 1986 Memorandum – Report of Lower Clear Creek Archeological District Fieldwork, Whiskeytown. Submitted September 19, 1986 to Archeologist, National Park Service Western Region Office. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
Kroeber, A.L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C.
Lapena, Frank R. 1978 Wintu. In Robert F. Heizer (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 324-340.
Loyd, Janine M., Origer, Thomas M., and David A. Fredrickson (eds.) 2002 The Effects of Fire and Head on Obsidian. Bureau of Land Management, Cultural Resources Publication, Bishop Field Office, California.
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Mee, Cody, Svinarich, Joe, and Brian Rasmussen 2009 2008 Motion Fire, Mine Safety and Cultural Resources Assessment. Addendum – Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Burned Area Emergency Response Plan.
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Report prepared for National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
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1999 General Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement, Whiskeytown Unit, Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area, California. USDI, National Park Service, Pacific West Region. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
2003 Whiskeytown Fire Management Plan – Environmental Impact Statement. USDI, National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
NPS – See National Park Service
Quint, California B. 1960 Jedediah Strong Smith. The Covered Wagon 1960. Shasta County Historical Society, Redding, California, pp. 14-18.
Rock, Jim 1987 A Brief Commentary on Cans. Coyote Press. Salinas, California.
Ross, Albert F. 1963 A History of Whiskeytown. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
1982 Whiskeytown. The Covered Wagon 1982. Shasta Historical Society, Redding, California, pp. 36-56.
Siefkin, Nelson 1998a Brandy II Prescribed Burn (Revised), Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, California. Archeological Clearance Survey Form prepared for National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
1998b Mill Prescribed Burn, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, California. Archeological Clearance Survey Form prepared for National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
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1998c Monarch III Prescribed Burn, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, California. Archeological Clearance Survey Form prepared for National Park Service. On file, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, Whiskeytown, California.
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