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Historic Data Inventory of the Shasta County Interlakes Special Recreation Management Area

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Historic Data Inventory of the Shasta County Interlakes Special Recreation Management Area BLM - ~DA-Al (:L)Py Bureau of Land Management · Forest ·Service , California Pacific Southwest Region Histo. \ r ic. ' Data Inventory o f the · Shasta County · Int ·erl akes, ·pecial.Recreation. Ma:nagemeri.~Area By Dottie Smith . ,. .. ~ultural resources pubt icatioh s. ·history . .. Circa late -1890s men's baseball game in progress at Mammoth Mine on Iron Mountain. Note the player,.s uniforms, ·.the bleachers, · ·and the dead trees (probably killed by toxic smelter fumes). Historic Data Inventory of the Shasta County Interlakes Special Recreation Management Area By Dottie Smith Post Office Box 1147 Cottonwood, CA 96022 Report prepared for: Bureau of Land Management 355 Hemsted Drive Redding, CA 96002 Eric W. Ritter, Ph.D General Editor 1995 ii EDITOR'S FOREWORD There is little doubt that northern California generally and Shasta county more specifically have a rich history. Historians have not ignored this fruitful record as the written accounts are plentiful. Yet these chronicles are not without their shortcomings and earlier works are often forgotten or difficult to obtain. Furthermore, it is well-known that some historic texts, especially those written in the 19th and early 20th centuries, are sometimes biased toward more prominent members of society, dramatic events and undertakings, and certain places and periods of time. The ordinary and mundane, the lower classes and non-Euroamericans' history was often ignored or the writings partial. All historic compilations are biased to some extent, and the information inventory offered here is no exception. Subjectivity and a focused perspective do not necessarily diminish a history­ oriented work's merit, and certainly in this regard the document as presented is a valuable and serviceable effort. Various federal agencies are often called upon in their land managing actions to make decisions that may have an effect on historic locations and resources. There is a certain level of difficulty in evaluating the relative importance of historic events and places, especially when the historic record is incomplete, scattered, and preferential as mentioned above. Such difficulties in 1994 faced a consortium of federal agencies (under the lead of the Department of Interior's Bureau of Land Management) in planning for the use of a geographically delineated region within Shasta County, the Interlakes Special Recreation Management Area (ISRMA) lying roughly between Shasta Lake City and Clear Creek and Highway 299 and Wild cow Mountain. Here, through a series of historic events and political and environment-related decisions connected to land ownership and use, general planning for various activities was envisioned. The ultimate goal of this document and accompanying planning is to minimize damage to significant historic places and to provide educationally-driven, on-the-ground interpretation to certain locations. For these reasons, local historian Dottie Smith was contracted in 1994 to complete a historic information compilation of the ISRMA emphasizing current federal lands and locations of possible acquisition. The intention of this contract was the I obtainment of an information inventory document more factual and I . descriptive than interpretive or theoretical. These latter approaches we leave for other scholars and times. Some of the site specific data presented by Smith has been omitted from the public document for purposes of sensitivity and confidentiality. Unfortunately, the region still experiences looting and collecting for personal rather than public gain. Because of federal regulations, the historic period is considered iii to be pre-1945, with a few exceptions. Furthermore, this work has additional preferences, based primarily on time and funding constraints. For instance, the rich history of hydroelectric development and later mining in the region is only glossed over as much of this information is available in other readily available publications. The history of various ethnic groups in the region, especially Native American Indian and Chinese, has been little explored, in part owing to the difficulties in obtaining scarce information and the focus on non-ethnic history. Detailed archival studies were not part of this contract, as much of the information was derived by intent and practical necessity from secondary sources. An in-depth exploration of the history of land-ownership changes is not a component of this work. It is well-known that not only has this ownership changed from Native American Indian to Spanish, Mexican and then American, but that various laws dating from the American Period have influenced the dynamic ownership pattern that exists today. Federal decisions alone have resulted in railroad grants (originally resulting in checkerboard pattern Central Pacific Railroad lands), homesteads, mining claim patents, Indian allotments, etc. The formation of the Forest Service in 1905 from select General Land Office administered lands resulted in land transfers in several episodes. The designation of Bureau of Reclamation lands followed on the heels of the Reclamation Law of 1902 and hydroelectric developments. The Whiskeytown Unit of the Whiskeytown-Shasta­ Trinity National Recreation Area has been administered by the National Park Service since 1963, largely from Bureau of Land Management lands. This compilation should enhance the management of cultural resources within the Interlakes region, especially those on federal lands. It should also serve as a historic reference suitable for educational, interpretive, and research purposes. The author has provided a valuable service in this regard. Eric W. Ritter, Ph.D. General Editor iv ABSTRACT In 1994, the author was contracted by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to complete a historical (pre-1945) assessment of the Interlakes Special Recreation Management Area of western Shasta county, California. This rugged mountainous zone is located between the communities of French Gulch on the west and Shasta Lake City (Central Valley - Summit City) on the east. The Sacramento River and Clear Creek are the principal drainages and the Klamath Mountain ranges in the locality have had both a constraining and influential effect on past activities. This study area comprises approximately 74,845 acres, or about 117 square miles, and includes within its boundaries both private lands and public lands managed by the Forest Service (Department of Agriculture}, the Bureau of Land Management (Department of the Interior), the Bureau of Reclamation (Department of the Interior), and the National Park Service (Department of the Interior). Rich mineral resources, in addition to hydroelectric development, have heavily influenced historical events and are discussed at length in this report. Also of importance has been the development of transportation routes such as roads and railroads and the establishment of settlements alongside them including French Gulch, Keswick, Shasta, Redding, and Shasta Lake City. Early entries by Euroamerican trappers and explorers in northern California had little effect in the study area. Historic Native American uses were quickly curtailed by the miners and aside from a few Indian allotments, cemeteries, and noted places, their presence was soon centered elsewhere in the county. The post-contact history of the Native American Indians is not a focus of this report. This history deals with people and places, as well as gold and copper mining and hydroelectric power development, the two major industries undertaken within the study area. Mining can be divided into three distinct episodes. The first, the Gold Rush, erupted in 1849, peaked in the 1850s, and faded by the late 1850s. Soon thereafter, government surveyors began laying out township, ranges, sections, and mining properties. Early placer mining efforts during the Gold Rush were gradually, but not totally, supplanted by later hydraulic, lode, and dredge techniques. The second major mining type was copper mining which became a major industry in the 1880s and replaced gold in 1896 as the number one mineral produced in Shasta County. copper mining was a tremendous economic stimulus to Shasta County as was gold mining previously. Copper was mined until 1969 with peak productions years occurring from 1897 to 1919 and during 1924 and 1925. Gold production peaked again from 1908 to 1915, and once more from 1936 to 1941 during The Depression when the price of V gold rose from $20.67 to $35.00 an ounce. This price increase sparked renewed interest in gold mining and attracted thousands of hungry and homeless people into California who engaged in mining as a new way of life. An aftermath of copper smelting was severe regional environmental damage; reclamation efforts began soon thereafter and continue to this day. The second major industry was large-scale water control, and resulting hydroelectric power development, which commenced in 1938 when construction began on Shasta Dam, the key structure of the Central Valley Project and one of the nation's major water development projects. This vitally important dam and all of its downstream related structures are discussed briefly in this report. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) was very cooperative and helpful in pro~iding assistance for this report in the form of maps, photographs, book sources, draft review, and even manual labor. Charles Murphy, a BLM summer volunteer from the student Conservation Association, provided invaluable, time-consuming assistance by compiling pages of miscellaneous data
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