SCA Membership Society for Check One ___Student ...... $25.00 ___Senior ...... $25.00 ___Spouse ...... $25.00 CaliforniaCalifornia ArchaeologyArchaeology ___Regular ...... $60.00 ___Institutional ...... $75.00 Newsletter ___Contributing ...... $100.00 ___Corporate...... $250.00 Founded 1966 Volume 36, Number 3 September 2002 Education ___Life ...... $600.00

Research New Member___/___Renewal Preservation Please Complete Meetings Name...... Publications Address ...... Publications ...... Mail this membership form and address changes to: City/State/Zip ...... Phone ( ) ...... Society for California Archaeology Business Office FAX ( ) ...... Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico e-mail ...... Chico, CA 95929-0401 Membership good for one year on receipt of application.

Society for California Archaeology Business Office Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico Chico, CA 95929-0401 Time Sensitive Material

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New Research Society for California Archaeology Newsletter Volume 36, No. 3 ♦ Francis A. Riddell, 1921-2002: 20-22.

SCA Newsletter 36(3) 2 473 Advertisements Society for California Archaeology Newsletter Volume 36, Number 3, September 2002 Take Your Pick! Regular Features

From the President A quarterly newsletter of articles and information Dana McGowan ...... 3 essential to California archaeology. Contributions are welcome. Lead articles should be 1,500-2,000 words. Longer articles may appear in installments. Send SCA Business and Activities submissions as hard copy or on diskette to: SCA OHP Liaison Report ...... 4 Newsletter, Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico, Legislative Liaison Report ...... 5 Chico CA 95929-0400 or as email or attachments to: Site Stewardship Committee ...... 8 Native American Programs...... 9 Avocational Committee ...... 9 The SCA Executive Board encourages publication of a wide range of opinions on issues pertinent to California Candidate Position Statements ...... 10 archaeology. Opinions, commentary, and editorials 2003 Annual Meeting ...... 12 appearing in the Newsletter represent the views of the Abstract, Symposium, Poster Form ...... 13 authors, and not necessarily those of the Board or Editor. Lead article authors should be aware that their articles may appear on the SCA web site, unless they request Reports and Announcements otherwise. Omtepe Archaeological Project ...... 14

Editorial Staff Fire Effects Publication ...... 14 Managing Editor ...... Greg White (530) 898-4360 NAHC Requests Your Support ...... 14 Editorial Assistance . . . . . Rose White (530) 898-5554 CalPoly Field School Update ...... 14 Advertising ...... (530) 898-5554 New 106 Seminar ...... 15 Contributing Editors Northern Data-Sharing ...... 16 THE INGALLS ARCHAEOLOGICAL Avocational News . . . Myra Herrmann (916) 653-1655 Southern Data-Sharing ...... 17 Federal Agency News Russ Kaldenberg (916) 978-4635 HANDPICK/PATICHE Historical Archaeology ...... open New Publications ...... 18 New Publications . . . . Newsletter Staff (530) 898-5554 4 SIZES AVAILABLE—$32.98 EACH State Agency News . . Thad Van Buren (916) 653-1427 Articles (NO CALIFORNIA SALES TAX; $4.50 MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING) Newsletter Deadlines For Issue ...... Deadline Francis A. Riddell, 1921-2002 THE DETAILER: 36 mm hoe width THE SURYVEYOR: 40 mm hoe width March ...... February 20 June ...... May 20 William Olsen ...... 20 THE EXPEDITION: 45 mm hoe width THE EARTHMOVER: 55 mm hoe width September ...... August 20 December ...... November 20 Aboriginal Land Use of the Owens Lake Playa Mike Avina ...... 22 Heat-treated alloy steel with 15° beveled sides and digging radius on a Calendar Submissions 12-inch hickory handle. position open: ...... temporarily send submissions Artifact Size and Chemical Sourcing: Studying the to [email protected] Potential Biases of Selecting Large Artifacts for Analysis To order your pick today, Advertising Rates Jelmer W. Eerkens, Jay King, or to request a free color catalog, call us at: 1/4 page ...... $70 and Michael D. Glascock ...... 25 1/2 page ...... $100 1-800-532-3386 Full page ...... $175 Don’t Keep Everything: Historic Artifact Discard Policy Adrian Praetzellis Visa and Mastercard accepted or send check or money order to: Ads that run three or more consecutive issues receive a and Julia G. Costello ...... 30 15% discount. INGALLS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUPPLY Nomlaki Archaeological Project 1402 Orchard Ct., Lafayette, CO 80026 USA Greg Greenway ...... 33 www.patiche.com Basalt Distribution Findings on the Tahoe National Forest Donna Day ...... 39

SCA Newsletter 36(3) SCA Newsletter 36(3) 46 3 Advertisements From the President

will have papers from members of both the program chair and the local organizations. arrangements chair are making sure National that there will lots of great papers and In helping to get next year’s events. Now go out there and make meeting arranged, I have been taking some hotel reservations! Preservation questions and comments regarding past meetings and I thought I would - Dana McGowan Institute share the gist of these discussions with the membership. The number one question is why do the meetings, Seminars in Historic Preservation & hotels, and banquet cost so much? Cultural Resource Management in 2002 -2003 With a membership that is over 1000 SCA Executive Board 2002-2003 souls and over 500 people often President: Dana McGowan, Jones&Stokes Associates, Professional training for the management, development, attending the meetings, we are limited 2600 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95818; and preservation of historic, cultural, and environmental to cities and hotels that can support W: (916) 739-3095; email: [email protected] resources. Field Conservation for Archaeologists (Mount t long last, we can report that this number of attendees. We also Vernon) Ÿ Historic Structures Reports; Historic Building the transition between the must select hotels that have adequate Immediate Past President: Sannie K. Osborn, Presidio Trust Building, 230 Gorgas Avenue, P.O. Box 29052, San Materials; Long-Term Care of Historic Buildings (San Aformer Business Office in conference space to accommodate a Francisco) Ÿ Protecting Ancestral Sites (Seattle) Ÿ Section Francisco, CA 94129-0052; W: (415) 561-5090. Fresno and the new Business Office at large number of concurrent sessions. email: [email protected] 106: Introduction; Section 106: Review (Denver, San Diego) CSU Chico is complete. Again, many As a result, we are restricted to more Ÿ Section 106: Agreements (Denver) Ÿ Stewardship of the thanks to Kristina Roper for her years expensive cities and conference President-Elect: Elena Nilsson, URS Corporation, 1550 Historic House Museum (San Simeon) Ÿ Traditional Cultural of service as the SCA’s Business Office facilities. Humboldt Road, Suite #2, Chico, CA 95928; Places (Sacramento, San Diego) Ÿ plus more. Please Manager, and to Greg White and his W: (530) 893-9675. email: [email protected] contact us for a seminar schedule. I also wanted to address the staff for taking on the extra commonly held belief that no harm Southern Vice-President: Thomas L. Wheeler, Caltrans responsibilities. results from staying at a hotel other the SLO, 50 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401; 703.765.0100 [email protected] www.npi.org W (805) 549-3777; H (805) 547-0763; If it seems like the SCA has been conference hotel, since some P.O. Box 1702. Alexandria. Virginia 22313 Fax: (805) 549-3233; email: [email protected] undergoing many changes in the last members might not know how the year, it’s true. About the time I joined economics of the annual meetings Northern Vice-President: Richard Fitzgerald, Caltrans, New Two-Day Seminar! the Board, a number of new initiatives relates to the SCA’s overall budget. In District 04, 111 Grand Ave., Oakland , CA; 94623-0660 were proposed, among them an arranging for the annual meetings, the (W) 510 622-1747; (H) 925 335-2454; email: Section 106 - National Historic Preservation upgrade of the Newsletter, the Business conference committee enters into a [email protected] contract with the hotel, and in Act: Federal Law at the Local Level Office move, and an overhaul of the Secretary: Vicki Beard, Tom Origer And Associates, exchange for our promise of a certain Geospatial Technologies SCA website. With the first two items P.O. Box 1531, Rohnert Park, CA; 94927; Thursday & Friday, December 5 & 6, 2002 number of reservations (called a room Universal City, Universal CityWalk æ under control, its time to turn our (W) (707)792-2797; email: [email protected] for Arch ology attention to the Website which Kristina block), we get the conference facilities for free. If we do not make our room Treasurer: Trish Fernandez, Jones&Stokes Associates, Many local development projects involving federal funding, permits Roper has agreed to continue to • Geographic information block, we must pay for the conference 2600 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95818; W (916) 737-3000; or approvals are subject to Section 106. This new seminar outlines Archæological manage and update. She and I will be systems facilities on a sliding scale based on Cell (916) 801-5695; email: [email protected] the Section 106 compliance process, including how to recognize Mapping Specialists working to revise the website which Satellite, aerial, & the difference between how many when it is triggered, the roles and responsibilities of various provides its clients with • we hope to have complete by the end SCA Business Office: Greg White, Department of subsurface remote rooms we promised to book compared agencies, and steps for complying with the law while maintaining sensing of the year. Anthropology, CSU Chico, Chico, CA 95929-001; advanced geospatial with how many rooms we actually project efficiency. It discusses consultation requirements, (530) 898-4360; email: [email protected] services to solve • Photogrammetry The other activity that is picking booked. For example, if we do not Memoranda of Agreement and other required documents, and how up steam is the 2003 Annual Meeting. make our room block for the 2003 to assess and resolve adverse affects on historic resources. The substantial cultural • Computer cartography Scott Williams, Caltrans District 3 meetings in Sacramento the SCA course is geared specifically to local, state and federal projects in resource research and • Virtual visualization archaeologist, has agreed to be local would have to pay from between California, but is also pertinent to other Western states. Important management arrangements chair, thereby saving my $6,000 to $18,000. Such an expense linkages with both CEQA (California Environmental Quality Act) • Spatial analyses problems proverbial you-know-what. Thanks, would wipe out a major portion of the and NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) are addressed, Scott . . . I owe you. We have also SCA’s operating income for the year. SCA Business Office and recent changes to Section 106 regulations. Department of Anthropology Christopher D. Dore, Ph.D., R.P.A. agreed to have the 2003 meetings be This would mean the programs that we California State University, Chico Chico, CA 95929-0401 Seminar Instructors: Susan E. Lassell, Senior Historic Presevation LuAnn Wandsnider, Ph.D. jointly held with the Professional Soil sponsor might not be funded. Planner, Jones & Stokes, Trish Fernandez, Archeologist, Jones & Principals Scientists Association of California. Although we have not had this happen Ph (530) 898-5733 Stokes The members of this nonprofit before, the risk gets higher every year Fx (530) 898-4722 www.archymap.com organization have expertise in the and I wanted the membership to be M/F 8:00-5:00 *12.0 MCLE & CPDP Credit Hours, Fee $435.00 identification of soil properties and in aware of the problem. W 12:00-5:00 2430 5th Street, Suite K, Berkeley, CA 94710.2410 the interpretation of soil behavior. 510.540.0791 [email protected] For more information, please call the UCLA Extension Public Randy Milliken has agreed to On a more positive note, the Policy Program at (310) 825-7885 or veiw our website at coordinate a one-day joint session that program is shaping up nicely and both www.uclaextension.org/publicpolicy.

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program, and conducts the fiscal SCA Committees 2002-2003 Committee Reports administration of the OHP. New from... Archaeology Month Representative Mark Hylkema (415) 330-6328; [email protected] Hans Kreutzberg, Supervisor of Cultural Resources Programs, Annual Meeting Planning, 2003 OHP Liaison Report supervises the above units and directly CENTER FOR John Holson (510) 524-3991; [email protected] manages the Project Review Unit, Michael D. McGuirt, RPA ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT DAVIS which conducts consultation with Associate State Archaeologist Annual Meeting Workshop Coordinator federal agencies under Sections 106 PUBLICATIONS Amy Ramsay (510) 643-2271; [email protected] Project Review Unit and 110 of the National Historic State Office of Historic Preservation Avocational Society Representative Preservation Act, and with state Myra Herrmann (619) 446-5372; [email protected] As it has been awhile since the last agencies under Sections 5024 and Jerry Dudley (831) 663-2036; [email protected] State Office of Historic Preservation 5024.5 of the Public Resources Code (OHP) Liaison Report, I thought that I and Executive Order W-26-92. List price: Bennyhoff Memorial Award would start out with an update on the $40.00 + Richard Hughes (415) 851-1410; [email protected] And finally, Dr. Knox Mellon, the shipping and organization of the OHP. The OHP State Historic Preservation Officer handling. Curation Representative has undergone a number of staff (SHPO), and Stephen Mikesell, the Contact UCD Cindy Stankowski (619) 239-1868; [email protected] Bookstore changes and reorganizations over the Deputy SHPO, oversee the operation course of the last year or so. for details. Education Committee of the entire OHP, develop OHP #13 Mary Gorden (209) 597-2373; [email protected] Lucinda Woodward supervises the policy, and facilitate the operation of Anne Duffield-Stoll (909) 621-7521; [email protected] Local Government and Information the State Historical Resources Unit, which administers the National Commission. Information Center Liaison To Order CARD Publications... Lynn Compas (916) 739-8356; Park Service’s Certified Local Check the OHP’s website at http:// [email protected] Government program, provides ohp.parks.ca.gov/ for breaking news on UCD Bookstore Section 106 review to local agencies historic preservation in California, Legislative Liaison for HUD-assisted projects and One Shields Ave. Stephen Bryne (415) 458-5803; [email protected] announcements on OHP programs, CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND CULTURE CHANGE University of California, Davis technical advice on the preparation of online access to state and federal historical resource surveys and historic IN PREHISTORIC CLEAR LAKE BASIN: Davis, CA 95616 Membership technical literature, and information on FINAL REPORT OF THE ANDERSON FLAT PROJECT Attn: Trades Stacy Schneyder Case (916) 737-3000; [email protected] preservation ordinances, and operates CHRIS. If I can help you find key components of the California information that is not on the website, White, Fredrickson, Hager, Meyer, Phone orders: 530-752-2944 Native American Programs Historical Resources Information please do not hesitate to contact me at Rosenthal, Waters, West, and Wohlgemuth Janet Eidsness (530) 629-3153; [email protected] System (CHRIS). either 916.653.8920 or FAX orders: 530-752-4791 OHP Liaison Timothy Brandt supervises the [email protected]. Michael McGuirt (916) 653-8920; [email protected] Architectural Review Unit, which Future OHP Liaison Reports will On-line: www.ucdavisbookstore.booksense.com administers the National Park Proceedings provide SCA membership with news Donna Day (530) 478-6214; [email protected] Service’s Federal Historic from the OHP that relates both to Preservation Tax Incentives program California archaeology and to broader Publications Available, Center for Archaeological Research at Davis: Professional Standards and Guidelines and provides architectural review issues of historic preservation around 3. Papers on Nisenan Environment and Subsistence Lynn Gamble (760) 371-1320; [email protected] support for the grants, registration, and the state. I would also like the reports E.W. Ritter and P.D. Schulz (eds.) (1972) ...... Available project review programs in the OHP’s to provide a forum where information Publicity other units. 6. Ezra’s Retreat: a Rockshelter/Cave Occupation Site in the Northern Central Great Basin Breck Parkman; [email protected] about OHP operations can be shared J.C. Bard, C.I. Busby, and L.S. Kobori (1979) ...... Available and where archaeological and historic Eugene Itogawa supervises the 7. California Range Land: An Historico-Ecological Study of the Range Resource of California SCA Webmaster preservation topics as they relate to Kristina Roper (559) 561-6011; [email protected] Registration and Fiscal Unit, which L.T. Burcham (1982)...... Available administers federal and state OHP policy, procedure, and guidance can be discussed.. Please feel free to 9. Prehistory of the Sacramento River Canyon, Shasta County, California Site Stewardship Committee registration programs (National M.E. Basgall, and W.R. Hildebrandt (1989) ...... Available Chris Padon; [email protected] Register of Historic Places, California email me topics that you think would Beth Padon; [email protected] Register of Historical Resources, be useful to the membership. 10. Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California T. L. Jones (ed.) (1992) ...... Available California Historical Landmarks, and Tom King Award California Points of Historical 11. There Grows a Green Tree: Papers In Honor of David A. Fredrickson Russ Kaldenberg (916) 978-4635; [email protected] Interest), serves as staff to the State G. White, P. Mikkelsen, W.R. Hildebrandt, and M.E. Basgall (eds.) (1993)...... Available Soon SCA Business Office Historical Resources Commission, Visit our web site: 12. Prehistoric Use of a Marginal Environment: Continuity and Change administers California Heritage Fund in Occupation of the Volcanic Tablelands, Mono and Inyo Counties, California Melinda Pacheco grant programs, administers and www.scanet.org M.E. Basgall and M. Giambastiani (1995) ...... Available ph (530) 898-5377; fax (530) 898-4722 provides technical advice on the state [email protected] 13. Cultural Diversity and Culture Change in Prehistoric Clear Lake Basin: Mills Act Property Tax Incentive Final Report of the Anderson Flat Project G. White (ed.) (2002)...... Available

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ratified by Congress within two years. maximum jail terms for trafficking in Legislative Liaison Report The move to abridge the President’s Native American human and cultural Stephen Bryne power under the Antiquities Act has remains would be increased to 10 been a favorite cause of some House years. This bill would complement Republicans since 1995. the new, tougher sentencing Current Federal Legislation guidelines that are to go into effect H.R. 5155 later this year. Note: The following are summarized Native American Sacred Lands Act from the July 2002 Monthly Hearings: Sacred Sites Washington, D.C. Update of the Sponsor: Nick Rahall, D-WV Society for American Archaeology On July 17, the Senate Indian Affairs Government Affairs Program. Current status: Introduced July 18, Committee (Chairman, Daniel Inouye, 2002; referred to House Resources D-HI) continued its series of hearings SCA Business Office P. L . 1 0 7 - 1 7 1 Committee into federal agencies’ activities and Farm Security and Rural Investment Act how they impact Native American Department of Anthropology Summary: This bill codifies of 2002 sacred sites. Barbara Boxer’s (D-CA) California State University, Chico The SCA Executive Order 13007, which testimony was a strong statement required federal agencies to grant Chico, CA 95929-0401 On May 13, 2002, President Bush against the planned Glamis Gold, Inc. signed the $190 billion Farm Security Native Americans access to sacred mine at Quechan Indian Pass in and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. lands for religious purposes. It also Imperial Valley, California. In 2000, increases protection for Native ATTN: Melinda Pacheco 107-171). Included in this legislation the Department of the Interior turned Business is a bill originally introduced by American sacred sites by establishing a down Glamis’ application, which Phone: (530) 898-5733 Senator James Jeffords (I-VT) as the petition process by which Native would place a large surface mine on FAX: (530) 898-4722 “National Historic Barn Preservation American or Native Hawaiian lands the Quechan consider sacred. Act of 2001.” The Jeffords bill is organizations can request that lands Secretary Norton had the e-Mail: [email protected] designed to enable the Secretary of under jurisdiction of federal agencies Department’s new solicitor reevaluate Office Agriculture to make grants and to enter be declared “unsuitable” for “any or that action, and then reversed the into contracts or cooperative certain types of undertakings.” Department of the Interior’s previous Office Hours: 8:00-5:00 M/F agreements with eligible applicants Undertaking in the bill has the same ruling. 12:00-5:00 W (e.g., a state department of agriculture, meaning as it does in NHPA. House is open for a national or state nonprofit Resources Committee Democrats organization, or a state historic have grown increasingly concerned Current State Legislation preservation office) to preserve, about the vulnerability of Native SB 1247 rehabilitate, or repair historic barns. American sacred sites to commercial business... The law also calls on the Secretary to development, especially exploration. California Trust for Historic identify, document, and conduct Specifically, the cases of the Valley of Preservation Chiefs in Montana and the “Dream research on historic barns to develop Co-introduced by State Senators John and evaluate appropriate techniques or Trails” land in Indian Pass, California have attracted considerable attention. Burton (Democrat, San Francisco, best practices for protecting historic District 03), Wesley Chesbro barns. S. 2598 (Democrat, Arcata, District 02) and A nsw e rs t o H.R. 2114 Enhanced Protection of Our Cultural Tom Torlakson (Democrat, Antioch, A nsw e rs t o District 07). National Monuments Fairness Act Heritage Act Current status: Last amended in Senate y o ur q u e stio ns: Sponsor: Mike Simpson, R-ID Sponsor: Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-VT August 13, 2002. Current status: Currently pending Current status: Introduced June 6, Summary: SB 1247 would create a Membership status! before the full House 2002; pending before Senate Committee on Energy and Natural California Trust for Cultural and Membership options! Summary: This bill would amend the Resources Historic Preservation and will place it Antiquities Act of 1906. Under the and the Office of Historic Preservation bill, the creation of monuments of over Summary: This bill will increase the (OHP), now located in the Department Meeting schedules! 50,000 acres, or additions of more than maximum prison and monetary of Parks and Recreation, under the 50,000 acres to an existing monument, penalties for violations of ARPA and auspices of the State Library. would require Presidential notification NAGPRA, and also for embezzlement Comments: This bill passed out of the Publications in stock! of the Governor of the concerned state and theft from Indian tribal Senate on May 30 and was more than 30 days prior to the issuance organizations. Maximum penalties for substantially rewritten. Changes of the proclamation, and would make violations of ARPA would increase to included a name change from the any proclamation null and void unless $100,000 and/or 10 years in prison;

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California Trust for Historic Introduced by State Senator Wesley private land in accordance with Preservation to the California Trust for Chesbro (Democrat, Arcata, District otherwise applicable law Cultural and Historic Preservation. 02) on February 22, 2002. Coauthored

Removed from the bill are references by Assembly Member Virginia Strom- SB 1828 E V O L U T I O N Historical Resources: Affected Native to Trust appointment and to the Trust Martin (Democrat, Eureka, District For a quarter of a century the Obsidian Laboratory at Sonoma taking on the duties specified in the 01). American Sites: California State University conducted research into the phenomenon of Public Resources Code for the State Environmental Quality Act Office of Historic Preservation and the Current status: Last amended in Senate obsidian hydration. But the time as come for a change. The State Historical Resources August 16, 2002. Co-introduced by State Senators John Obsidian Laboratory at Sonoma State University has shut its doors. Commission. Burton (Democrat, San Francisco, Summary: This bill would establish District 03) and Wesley Chesbro The bill states that, “California’s the Native American Historic (Democrat, Arcata, District 02) However, Tom Origer continues to engage in obsidian hydration research and commercial hydration band Resource Protection Act, which would retained past certainly includes sites measurement as Origer’s Obsidian Laboratory (OOL). The staff includes technicians who prepare and measure important to its prehistoric and later “provide that any person who Current status: Passed out of the bands on thin sections, manage data, and engage in induced hydration and other experiments. Currently, we have Native American people, and the unlawfully and maliciously excavates Senate. Awaiting a hearing in the remaining structures of the 19th upon, removes, destroys, injures, or Assembly appropriations committee four microscopes dedicated to obsidian research and two pressure reactors inducing hydration. Research is century. But the state also needs to defaces a Native American historic, on August 21, 2002 guided in part by a focus group consisting of Dave Fredrickson, Tom Origer, Janine Loyd, Ted Jones, SueAnn cultural, or sacred site that is listed or Schroder, and others who meet on an occasional basis. consciously preserve selected Comments: This bill, as amended, remnants of the 1930s, of California’s may be listed in the California Register of Historic Resources, would require a lead agency to provide great role in World War II, as well as to any affected tribe and the Native representative structures and sites that including any historic or prehistoric ruins is guilty of a misdemeanor.” American Heritage Commission a were culturally or economically copy of the lead agency’s initial study important during the 1950s, 1960s, Comments: This bill has been or notice of preparation for any and, in some cases, even more substantially rewritten and now applies proposed project that is within 20 Origer’s recently.” specifically to sites that are, “listed or miles of the exterior boundary of a The bill states that, “It is the intent of may be listed in the California Native American reservation or sacred the Legislature to enact legislation to Register of Historic Resources.” Also, site. The bill would also require a lead Obsidian establish a California Trust for Cultural the law will not apply to landowners agency to consult with the affected and Historic Preservation.” The Trust but to “a person other than the tribe, the project proponent, and if the would be required to: landowner.” The present bill states, lead agency determines necessary, the “Legislation is needed to provide commission, to seek mutually Laboratory •Develop programs to protect, additional legal protection for Native agreeable methods of avoiding or preserve, and interpret California’s American historical and cultural sites, substantially lessening the potential cultural and historic resources, art, and other cultural artifacts found at adverse effects, and would make any (OOL) including museums, and to make those sites, if that protection for Native agreement reached during the them available to the public American cultural resources found on consultation meetings binding on the private lands is consistent with affected tribe and the project • Develop programs including, but constitutionally protected property rights proponent. The bill defines “sacred not limited to, protecting and of the persons who own the land on which site” as having one of the following interpreting California historical they are found.” Also, amendments conditions: life-styles; California military, clarify that the legislation does not The purpose of this notification is to inform all who are interested in obsidian that we are alive, well, and actively pursuing industrial, and commercial history; apply to: • The site is included in an obsidian related research. Commercial rates are as follows for thin section preparation and hydration band measurement. and unique and identifiable inventory of sacred sites California communities. •Any act taken in accordance with maintained by the Native the California Environmental American Heritage Commission $17.50 each for batches of 1- 24 specimens •Allocate proceeds of bonds as Quality Act (CEQA) $15.00 each for batches of 25 - 99 specimens well as general funds or other •A federally recognized Indian tribe $13.00 each for batches over 100 specimens funds, for the purposes described in •Any act taken in accordance with submits substantial evidence to the this subdivision. lead agency that identifies the site the National Environmental Policy We do negotiate rates for very large projects and for those related strictly to limited or non-funded research. Finally, we will Act of 1969 (NEPA) as sacred. That evidence may •Develop a master plan for cultural include, but is not required to continue to support the Society for California Archaeology’s James A. Bennyhoff Memorial Fund Award through donation of and historic preservation for the •Research conducted under the include, or be, limited to, previous hydration services, and we will continue to offer hydration services as a Silent Auction item at future Annual Meetings of the State of California. auspices of an accredited site designations, ethnohistoric Society for California Archaeology. postsecondary educational literature, oral histories, cultural SB 1816 institution or other legitimate resource reports, museum Native American Historic Resource To contact Origer’s Obsidian Laboratory, please write to us at P.O. Box 1531, Rohnert Park, CA 94927, call (707) 792-2797, research institution on public land inventories, and archaeological fax (707) 792-2798, or visit our website at origer.com. Protection Act in accordance with applicable research. permitting requirements or on

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To address these issues the Forest will be continuing to Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis The measure would change the Department of Parks and Recreation Introduced by Tim Leslie (R-4th) collect basalt source information at all sites being evaluated 1997b X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Obsidian and environmental review process that is for the purpose of developing a within the Forest and at all newly located sources within Basalt from 05-17-57-255 and 05-17-57-256, Tahoe required for all building projects. If California Indian Museum and Current status: The bill passed out of inventories. Since several of the source groups, Dogwood, National Forest, California. Northwest Research the bill becomes law, the tribes would Cultural Center. the Assembly and was read for the Emigrant Ridge, Incline, North Dry Lake, Siegfried Ridge Obsidian Studies Laboratory Report 97-57, Corvallis, probably win a growing number of second time in the Senate on August Canyon, Steamboat/Lagomarsino, and Watson Creek, are Oregon. disputes across the state between Comments: The amended bill states 14, 2002. situated outside the Forest boundaries, we encourage others tribes and builders of major projects. that “the existing California Indian Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis Comments: Under existing law, there working across the Northern Sierra to collect geochemical Museum is too small for effective 1998 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Basalt from CA- is no official state ghost town. This source sample for basalt outcrops and source basalt during The bill was purportedly designed to interpretation of the diverse PLA-5 and CA-PLA-6, Placer County, California. bill would designate the town of Bodie inventory and excavation so that the spatial patterning of kill the Glamis Imperial Project gold populations of California Indians or to Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory as the official state Gold Rush ghost prehistoric source use for specific basalt sources can be better mine in Imperial County. Glamis adequately display the tens of Report 98-17, Corvallis, Oregon. town. defined. Gold, Ltd. has spent $14.7 million to thousands of artifacts currently in Skinner, Craig E., M. Kathleen Davis, and Tad E. Allred try to build an open pit gold mine on storage” and states that there is an 1995 X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from federal land 20 miles from the urgent need for the creation of “a AB 2115 References Site MTHP-1, Tahoe National Forest, Placer County, Quechan tribe’s reservation in the modern and expanded California Athletic Team Names and Mascots California. Report BO-95-69 prepared by BioSystems Imperial Valley. Indian Pass, near Indian Cultural Center and Museum.” Day, Donna A., William W. Bloomer, M. Kathleen Davis, and Introduced by Assemblywoman Jackie Thomas L. Jackson Analysis, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon. where the mine would be built, The amended bill defines the Goldberg (Democrat, Los Angeles, 1996 Basalt Distribution as a Reflection of Procurement and Skinner, Craig E., M. Kathleen Davis, and Thomas M. Origer contains prayer circles, petroglyphs composition and duties of the Task District 45) on February 19, 2002. Mobility Across the North-Central Sierra. Paper 1995 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Obsidian Hydration Rim and ceremonial places and is part of a Force. presented at the 25th Great Basin Anthropological “Trail of Dreams.” This bill could Current status: Passage of this bill was Measurements of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from the SB 2084 Association Meeting, Lake Tahoe, California. Cottonwood Fire Mitigation Project, Tahoe National also affect a $120 million geothermal refused in the Assembly (Ayes 29. California Mission Preservation Fund Forest, California. Report BO-95-58 prepared by plant near the Oregon border being Noes 35) Jackson, Robert J., Thomas L. Jackson, Charles Miksicek, built by Calpine. The Pit River tribe Kristina Roper, and Dwight Simons Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Introduced by State Senator Bruce Corvallis, Oregon. has gone to court to block the project. Comments: This bill would have 1994 Framework for Archaeological Research and The Pechangas are fighting a power McPherson (Republican, Santa Cruz, prohibited public schools, community Management, National Forests of the North-Central Skinner, Craig E., M. Kathleen Davis, and Jennifer J. line that Sempra Energy wants to build District 15). colleges, the California State Sierra Nevada. Unit III. Vol. B. MS on file Tahoe Thatcher University, and the University of from Temecula to Riverside. Current status: Last amended in the National Forest. Nevada City, CA. 1996 X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from California from using any school or Senate May 14, 2002 Latham, Thomas., Paula A. Sutton and Kenneth Verosub Several Sites in the Tahoe National Forest, California. Opponents of the bill include a long athletic team name, mascot, or Report BO-96-07 prepared by Northwest Research 1992 Non-destructive XRF Characterization of Basaltic list of mine operators, utilities, oil Summary: This bill would create the nickname that is derogatory or Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. Artifacts from Truckee California. Geoarchaeology companies, real estate agents, builders, California Mission Preservation Fund discriminatory against any race, 7:81-101. Skinner, Craig E., Jennifer J. Thatcher, and M. Kathleen and other business groups. The state’s in the State Treasury and would ethnicity, nationality, or tribal group. Davis construction industry contends that Any American Indian tribal name Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis require that the moneys in the fund, 1998 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Obsidian Hydration Rim “sacred site” is defined too broadly would have been prohibited. 1995 X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Basalt from CA-PLA-394 upon appropriation by the Legislature, Measurement of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from Several while the California Chamber of and CA-PLA-395, Tahoe National Forest, California. be used by the Department of Parks Sites in the Lake Tahoe Region, California. Northwest Commerce claims that the bill would Report 95-69 prepared by BioSystems Analysis, Inc., and Recreation, in consultation with References Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory Report 98-07, inhibit economic growth and is a “job the California Missions Foundation, Corvallis, Oregon. killer” because of its broad impact, Corvallis, Oregon. for specified purposes relating to the Lindsay, David Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis including the delays and costs it will Skinner, Craig E. and Jennifer J. Thatcher preservation, restoration, and 1996a X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Basalt from the Tahoe and add to public works such as highways, 2001 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Obsidian Hydration protection of California’s historical 2002 SAA Government Affairs Eldorado National Forests, California: The Oakland schools, and utility lines. Measurement of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from the missions. Program: Monthly Washington, D.C. Pond Quarry Project. Report 95-41 prepared by Tahoe National Forest, California. Report 2001-64 Update, July 2002. Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, SB 2063 prepared by Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Comments: State Parks owns and Corvallis, Oregon. California Indian Museum and Cultural manages some of the missions, but The Sacramento Bee, August 5, 2002 Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. Center Commission Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis many are still owned by religious Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory (NWROSL) institutions. Although maintenance San Francisco Chronicle, July 29 & 1996b X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Basalt from the Introduced by State Senator James 2002 Basics of Basalt Characterization. http:// and restoration of the missions is a August 5, 2002 Wornmill and Sagehen Analysis Areas, Tahoe National Brulte (Republican, Rancho www.obsidianlab.com worthwhile project, the Forest, California. Report 96-35 prepared for the Tahoe Cucamonga, District 31). California History Action 20(2), National Forest, California, by Northwest Research Weisler, Marshall I. appropriateness (and constitutionality) Summer 2002. Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. 1993 Chemical Characterization and Provenance of Manu’a Current status: This bill passed in the of using public moneys to fund Adz Material Using a Non-Destructive X-Ray Assembly on August 12, 2002 and improvement of property owned by http://www.leginfo.ca.gov Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis Fluorescence Technique. In The To’aga Site: Three passed in the Senate on August 14, religious institutions remains a 1997a X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Basalt from Millenia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manu’a Islands, 2002. question. http://www.calchamber.com Several Sites in the Tahoe National Forest, California. American Samoa, edited by P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory http://www.calmining.org/may02.html pp. 167-187. Contributions of the University of Summary: This bill would establish AB 1247 Report 97-43, Corvallis, Oregon. the California Indian Museum and Official State Gold Rush Ghost Town: California Archaeological Research Facility No. 51, If members would like to contact their Cultural Center Task Force within the Bodie Berkeley, California. representatives regarding any of the

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above legislation, e-mail contacts for Some of the new volunteers at coverage. At a later date the obsidian sourcing the legislators are listed below: CASSP: Hollister are members of BETA information will be added. The existing source locations Training Workshops for (Bicycle/Equestrian Trail Assistance), are being mapped and will also be added to the GIS State Senator James Brulte, R-31st, which is a volunteer group that coverage. The site record information for the used source [email protected] Archaeology Site Stewards regularly patrols hiking, biking, and locations and sites where sourcing studies were conducted equestrian trails at the Fort Ord Public are being entered into the Regional Heritage Resources State Senator John Burton, D-3rd, Chris and Beth Padon Lands. As BETA members, these Information System (Baxter). Once these tasks are [email protected] The California Archaeological Site volunteers bring valuable experience completed the Forest will be able to link both the spatial State Senator Wesley Chesbro, D-2nd, Stewardship Program (CASSP) in handling emergencies to Erik’s data stored in ArcInfo with the tabular data, stored in [email protected] recently offered two training CASSP team. Access. Future data will then be collected in a workshops for volunteers. In June, standardized format, complying with the National Some of the Hollister workshop State Senator Bruce McPherson, R- eight new volunteers attended a two- standard for Heritage Resources spatial data, thus, participants will volunteer in other 15th, [email protected] day workshop for the BLM Hollister facilitating future research within the Forest. areas. Each CASSP training workshop Field Office. BLM archaeologist Erik State Senator Tom Torlakson, D-7th, has parts that focus on local cultural Zaborsky participated in the training, Future Research [email protected] resources, especially during the field and will serve as the group’s trip portion of the training. But each coordinating archaeologist. Erik has Assembly Member Jackie Goldberg, workshop also explains CASSP The research has suggested that ubiquity of basalt in identified sites at Clear Creek D-45th, procedures and organization, discusses the northern Sierra Nevada does not necessarily Management Area, Call Mountain- [email protected] safety procedures and legal guidelines, correspond with a randomized collecting behavior. Initial Hernandez Valley, Fort Ord Public Figure 2: Stronontium/zirconium ratios differentiate and provides general references, so sourcing studies concentrated on chemically Lands, Panoche Hills Management characterizing known outcrops and basalt quarries as a the Tahoe Region basalt sources Assembly Member Virginia Strom- that participants can volunteer with st Area, Panoche-Silver Creek Martin, D-1 , CASSP teams in areas different from starting point for defining primary sources of tool stone. Confluence, and Pinnacles National Assemblymember.Strom- where they receive their training. The results of this study suggest that future studies need gWhat and where are the source groups where no [email protected] Monument. Jerry Dudley, cochair of to address the following issues: basalt procurement takes place? What is their the SCA Avocational Society The next training workshop for relationship to the source groups where basalt is If SCA members have comments or committee, attended the classroom new site stewards will be held in El 1. Secondary and Tertiary Deposit Identification. being mined? issues regarding the above legislation training segment of the workshop on Centro on September 21-22. BLM Geoarchaeological survey and sampling of new basalt sources and previously identified quarry sites to identify or have information regarding other Saturday. BLM Ranger Eric Keefer archaeologist Margaret Hangan will 3. Alder Hill Problem. More geologic material is needed primary source outcrops and define the boundaries of current legislation that may be of briefed us on Sunday, before we began serve as the coordinating from Alder Hill area including the Watson Creek, Boca interest, please feel free to contact the field trip part of the training at the archaeologists for this new team. On secondary deposits (deposits of materials transported by Ridge, and Carnelian Canyon areas to further refine the [email protected]. Fort Ord Public Lands. October 26-27, a training workshop glacial, fluvial and other natural processes). Given the source locations within the Alder Hill group. will be held for Adopt-a-Cabin importance of the Alder Hill and Gold Lake Source Groups, primary consideration should be given to these 4. Emigrant Ridge Problem. This geochemical source group CASSP volunteers practice using a compass during the advanced workshop in Bishop. volunteers for the Ridgecrest Field has the most extensive geographic distribution, the source Office. Additional training workshops geochemical sources. At each source location 20 fist sized cobbles will be collected for geochemical source locations (Emigrant Ridge, Fowler Lake, Little Grass for 2002 will be announced as soon as identification. Valley, Walker Plain) are spread across the southern part of arrangements are finalized. The initial the Plumas National Forest. Samples originally training workshops last two days over a 2. Focused Research. Artifacts selected for study should be collected at the source locations was minimal. Additional weekend, and cost $25 per person. guided by explicit research questions, such as: source sample collections should be made at these locations. In July, CASSP held a special, aIs there spatial patterning of prehistoric source use advanced training session for current for specific basalt sources. 5. Martis “Type Site.” Since the CA-PLA-5, the Martis “type site stewards in Bishop. Thirteen site” located at the Martis geochemical source, this CASSP volunteers attended, along bIs the material for source groups geographically geochemical source needs to be mapped and additional with SCA northern vice-president confined? geochemical samples and basalt artifacts should be Richard Fitzgerald. This one-day class analyzed. A better understanding of this site, how the taught map-making skills. Steve cInvestigation of source use and distance to source relationships and temporal variability in source use. landscape surrounding it was used, and the intra-site Horne and Janine McFarland activity will provide researchers a better understanding of developed the curriculum, which was dInvestigation of source use and distance to source how the Sierra Nevada landscape was affected. well organized and clearly presented. relationships of differing classes of artifacts. Steve did a great job teaching for the 6. Unknown Source Locations. Given the high number of whole day; Janine unfortunately was eWhat is the frequency distribution of the various unknowns it is recommended that locations in and called in for duty because of a wild basalt sources? Is it evenly spread suggesting that the adjacent to the Sierra Valley and within the Nevada City fire. material is transported as the population moves? and Foresthill Ranger Districts areas where Teritary and Paleozoic metavolcanic rocks are located will be given CASSP plans to offer more of these fWhat is the distribution of the isolated occurrences of survey priority. special one-day classes for current site the basalt sources? stewards. The goal is to help existing

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 8 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 40 9 USFS California SCA Business and Activities from Sawtooth Ridge location over 40 miles volunteers do a better job—by consultation with several Native developed by other California Indian north. teaching new skills and by providing Americans and archaeologists for a Tribes, organizations and individuals. an event where volunteers can gather recent workshop where Native Taken out of context, I can understand Some source locations have a very limited and share experiences with each other. Americans were being invited to why some readers felt that the distribution of artifacts. Artifacts that have participate in archaeological surveys language was condescending and been sourced to the Davies Creek, Boca For more information about the and test excavations for a Section 106 overly simplistic. What I find truly Spring, Independence Lake, and the Martis CASSP initial training workshops, or compliance project in their ancestral marvelous is that as time goes by, source locations have only been found in sites about the CASSP advanced workshops, territory. When developing the course more and more Native Americans and no further than five miles from the source. visit www.cassp.org on the Internet, or curriculum and training manual, I archaeologists work together on Dogwood and Emigrant Ridge (located on the call Beth Padon at (562) 492-6770. learned that the Native American heritage resources management Plumas National Forest), both have Also, use these contacts to apply for a attendees had little or no prior projects in California—and there are archaeological components, but material from one-year subscription to the free experience working as monitors or many who have been doing so for those sources have not been identified on the CASSP newsletter, available quarterly. with archaeologists, and the decades, enriching us all by helping us Tahoe National Forest. The source locations archaeologists were to include recent understand and respect the different Boca Ridge, Fillmore Hill, show no signs of college graduates who had little or no perspectives. being used prehistorically and no artifacts Native American Programs experience working with Native have been sourced to either of these locations. Americans. The question had came Committee Update up in a recent field context, “just what Sites along the edge of the Sierra Valley Avocational Committee is our role or job and relationship to have formed tools from one source (Gold Janet P. Eidsness, Chairperson each other?” The suggestions I Lake and debitage from another (Alder Hill). Jerry Dudley drafted for the novice archaeologists Research on the Forest has now been My sincere apologies to those who and Native American Monitors were in We hope everyone had a great expanded to include other formed tools, large may have been offended by the response to this question, in this summer and were able to participate in biface thinning flakes and utilized flakes. “Guidelines for Archaeologists Who Work With Native American contextual setting. In addition, I felt it some activity involving avocational was important to offer suggestions for archaeology. Our societies were busy Table 1: List of Tahoe Region geochemical sources. Monitors” printed in the June 2002 SCA Newsletter 36(2):13. These archaeologists, as a counterpoint to the with field trips, presentations and other Figure 1: Location of Tahoe Region geochemical sources Native American Heritage projects that have benefited both the Snource Group Source Locatio Guidelines are not the product of the (adapted from NWROSL 2002). Native American Programs Commission’s Guidelines for Monitors/ community and the profession. Allder Hill Alder Hil Consultants of Native American Cultural, Committee, nor are they officially We are looking ahead to the SCA The early work suggested that there were a large number sanctioned by the SCA. Rather, I Religious, and Burial Sites adopted in Beoca Ridge Boca Ridg meeting in Sacramento in March and of unknowns found within the Nevada City and Foresthill developed these “suggestions” in 1989, among other useful guidance our annual round tablet luncheon, time Bgoca Spring Boca Sprin Rangers Districts. These were single artifacts, each from a different source. These findings suggest that there are sources and date to be announced. This year The new CASSP team at Hollister during their field trip. Dkavies Creek Davies Cree of limited use, possibly expedient finds, but surveys for the avocational societies will be source locations should be conducted to map and collect raw sponsoring a poster session and would Ddogwood Dogwoo material for geochemical sourcing. like many societies and avocational organizations to join in the fun. The E,migrant Ridge Emigrant Ridge, Fowler Lake Recent work at Mount Ida Coolbirth, in the Sierra Valley, posters will be involved with some Little Grass Valley, Walker Plain by Sean Lenihan and Perry Fox, resulted in the collection of aspects of the early days and history of Flillmore Hill Fillmore Hil 12 basalt samples. This small sample yielded three samples our societies, so look for those old

Geold Lake Gold Lak sourced to the Siegfried Source Group, one to the Gold Lake photos etc. to make up a great poster. Source Group, and eight new unknowns. More information will follow at a Iencline Ridge Incline Ridg future date on the content for the Studies have been able to separate the Alder Hill Source posters. I,ndependence Lake Gooseneck Flat, Kate’s Quarry Group and Watson Creek source based on the stronontium/ Wanna Be zirconium ratios, but sometimes these sources are Want to remind everyone that the Mkartis Creek Martis Cree indistinguishable (Figure 2). Additional non-artifactual Data Sharing meetings in Santa Cruz material needs to be collected at these locations to address (October) and Santa Barbara Nyorth Dry Valley North Dry Valle this problem. (November ) will be a great S,awtooth Carnelian Bay, Sawtooth Ridge opportunity for educational Truckee River Outlet presentations and camaraderie. Current Season’s Research and Data Collection Swecret Meadow Secret Meado

Seiegfried Canyon Ridge Siegfried Canyon Ridg The basalt sourcing data from the 12 geochemical Squaw Valley Drainage sourcing projects done by BioSystems Analysis and Ssteamboat Hills/ Lagomarsino Lagomarsino, Steamboat Hill Northwestern Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory has been entered into an Excel spreadsheet and linked to the Wnatson Creek Carnelian Bay, Carnelia Forest’s site location coverage to create a new sourcing Canyon, Watson Creek

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1993), therefore, nondestructive methods are being used in Basalt Distribution Findings these studies. on the Tahoe National Forest Biographical Information and Position Statements A number of basalt samples have been submitted for Donna Day analysis of a suite of trace- and minor element concentrations, Tahoe National Forest including a series from gallium through niobium, and iron and Candidates for the Executive Board manganese. When barium concentrations are measured, Society For California Archaeology, 2002 Election he spatial distribution of artifacts is influenced by a specimens can be analyzed with an Americium 241 source, variety of cultural and environmental factors. Any rather than irradiating the sample with x-rays. Adequate Tinterpretations of patterns that can be identified segregation of chemical groups that has been defined thus far For President For Southern Vice-President For Secretary provide valuable information about both cultural preferences is achieved using strontium to zirconium ratios. Initial Amy Gilreath Margaret Hangan Stacy Schneyder Case and environmental opportunities for procurement. Since concerns that sample surface effects could skew XRF Tim Gross Te r r y J o n e s basalt is the dominant tool stone found in sites across the concentration measurements, seems to be less of an issue Northern Sierra and even though basalt outcrops appear to be than originally believed, and appears to be no more of a more geographically widespread than obsidian, the ability to concern than in obsidian studies. However, weathering of For President source tools manufactured from basalt is still considered to be basalt samples does appear to be a potential problem, the a key to help in the understanding of land use patterns. effects of weathering and the resultant chemical changes is an • Tim Gross Additionally, the geological maps for the Tahoe National area that bears further investigation (Day et al. 1996). Forest area indicate that the outcrops of basalt are actually Education: I have been involved in California Archaeology since I was a high school student. My BA is from San Diego limited in extent, suggesting high potential for geochemical State University (1976), and my MA (1980) and PhD (1987) are from Washington State University. I have worked in characterization studies. Basalt XRF analysis, though still in Results most of the western states, but the majority of my archaeological experience is in California, Colorado, and its infancy, is developing as another tool for researchers in the Washington State. My Masters research was conducted in the Siwa Oasis Region of Northwestern Egypt. Northern Sierra as well as the Eastern Sierra Front, Nevada, Since it became apparent that chemical identification of Oregon, and the Pacific Islands (NWROSL 2002). basalt sources was a viable analytical tool, an additional 11 Professional Background: I am currently a consultant, though I also make part of my living through grant-funded research, geochemical studies have been conducted within the Tahoe and I teach from time to time. I have worked for Affinis for 14 years, and prior to that I worked for other firms part- National Forest. For these studies, the Forest has been time. I have worked as an independent contractor, performing lithic and shell analyses. Notable past employment Characterization of Basalt sourcing basalt artifacts collected from both surface deposits includes the Dolores Archaeological Program in southwestern Colorado, where I served as a field supervisor and as and excavated archaeological sites to further refine our Editorial Coordinator and Publication Manager. I am a founding board member for the San Diego Archaeological In the early 1990s researchers conducted the first basalt understanding of the spatial patterning of prehistoric source Center. sourcing study for this region in the Truckee area, by Latham, use for specific basalt sources. These geochemical studies Sutton and Verosub (1992). This pioneering study was able to have demonstrated even though basalt source locations have Position Statement: I am generally pleased with the directions the SCA has taken in recent years, particularly with regard to demonstrate that basalt from various volcanic series could be a relatively homogeneous trace element composition, that public education, Native American outreach, and interaction with avocational societies. The issues about which I am differentiated. About the same time, under a Forest Service there is sufficient inter-source variability to allow for the currently passionate include increased interaction with Native Americans and the development of mutual contract, Tom Jackson and Kathy Davis, then of BioSystems identification of a variety of raw material sources. understandings and respect between archaeologists and Native Americans; the curation crisis and its solutions; coping Analysis, began working with archaeologists from the Tahoe, with the vast gray literature; and encouraging dialog between the consulting community and the academic Eldorado, and Stanislaus National Forests and Lake Tahoe The first major assessment of basalt distribution (Day et community. These are some of the areas I would like to help the SCA address if I am elected. It is also important for Basin Management Unit to identify sources of basalt and al. 1996) suggested that the Gold Lake Source group and the Society to remain vigilant. We must continue to monitor proposed legislation and regulations to make sure geochemical characterize basalt artifacts. Alder Hill Source Group are the most significant sources for protection of our past is not sacrificed in the name of affordable housing, national defense, or dwindling budgets. I basalt toolstone for the Northern Sierra. Additionally the appreciate having been nominated and would be proud to serve the diverse SCA membership. In the early years, the sampling began by collecting at study concluded that there is a nonrandom distribution of least ten fist-sized chunks of non-artifactual basalt from material from these sources. known basalt outcrops and quarries and the geochemical footprints for each outcrop could be identified. Samples were •Amy Gilreath, Vice President, Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis, CA Over 90% of artifacts manufactured from Gold Lake basalt then taken from existing collections. This latter sample is found northwest of the Middle Yuba River and Alder Hill is Education: M.A. 1983 Washington State University consisted primarily of temporally diagnostic basalt artifacts found east and south of the Middle Yuba River. The Gold and bifaces. These early efforts were aimed at determining if Lake basalt shows a predominately east/west movement from Position Statement: In contrast to some previous intervals of upheaval and change, this is a time of healthy stability for the all sources of basalt were exploited and if there was any the quarry locations downslope. The Alder and Sawtooth SCA. The Newsletter is as good as it has ever been. Each issue reports on the status of different formal and informal spatial patterning of artifacts by source in an effort to identify basalt moves in nearly a north/south direction following the committees within the organization and emerging issues of particular concern to us. It presents diverse perspectives prehistoric use of specific basalt sources. eastern side of the Sierran Crest. from within our membership, ranging from our elders to students, from avocational, to contractual to collegial archaeologists, and from Native Americans to ethnographers and historians. Our Annual Meetings, now approaching The subsequent eight years of research have resulted in Methods of Analysis their 36th year, run like clockwork and participation has never been higher. And, the organization operates (nearly) in the identification of 17 geochemical source groups and 28 the black – a certain sign of a mature, nonprofit organization. Basalt artifacts are prepared and analyzed in the same source locations within the Northern Sierran Region (Figure 1, Table 1). It is sound advice to appreciate a good thing when we have it. If chosen to serve as president, my abiding objective is manner as obsidian artifacts are prepared for energy- to maintain this stability. The best way to achieve this is by implementing decisions that reflect membership’s dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis. Studies have shown Distribution of sources such as Watson Creek and positions, while promoting membership growth so that we gain new personalities and fresh perspectives. I intend to that geochemical foot-printing of powdered basalt samples Sawtooth Ridge appear to be confined to the Lake Tahoe work hard at expanding our membership, while at the same time doing what I can — within reason — to see that those and intact flakes indicate that nondestructive analyses of Basin and south of the North Fork of the American River. basalt yield similar results to those generated by destructive Over one third of the basalt on one site is the vicinity of the techniques (Jackson et al. 1994; Latham et al. 1992; Weisler Hell Hole Reservoir, Eldorado National Forest, originated

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 10 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 38 11 USFS California Candidate Position Statements population stress indicators in the faunal assemblage at CA- Goldschmidt, Walter Teh-1722; increasing conflicts between the Nomlaki and 1951 Nomlaki Ethnography. University of California who volunteer and serve the Society are rewarded and acknowledged for their efforts. Beyond that, I fully intend to neighboring Yuki near the crest of the North Coast Ranges Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. stay the course that has been serving us so well. (Goldschmidt 1951), and; resource intensification strategies, 42, No. 4. Berkeley. increasing sociocultural complexity, and attendant population Hill, Christine A. and Christopher O’Brien For Southern Vice-President aggregation centered at lowland residential sites. Thus, the 2002 Zooarchaeology at CA-Teh-984. Paper presented at upland expansion by the Nomlaki may have been short-lived the Society for California Annual Meeting, San Diego, • Te r r y L . J o n e s , Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Department of Social Sciences, California Polytechnic State (ca. 1090 – 350 years B.P.), and then followed by a retraction April 4, 2002. University, San Luis Obispo to lower elevation settlements and less intensive occupation and use of the uplands. Only additional research will help Johnson, Jerald J. Education: Ph.D. Anthropology, University of California, Davis, 1995; M.A. Anthropology, University of California Davis, clarify these issues. 1990 Excavations at Archeological Site CA-Teh-10, 1989; M. A. Cultural Resources Management, Sonoma State University, 1982; B.A. Anthropology (with honors) and Cemetery 2: Black Butte Lake, Glenn and Tehama Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1978. Counties, California. United States Army Corps of References Cited Engineers, Sacramento District. Sacramento. Professional Background: Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Cal Poly since 1998; Associate Environmental Planner/ Cultural Resources Specialist, California Department of Transportation 1986-1998; Member, Registry of Professional Johnson, Jerald J. and Steven B. Dondero Basgall, Mark E. and William R. Hildebrandt Archaeologists, certified in field research since 1986. Over 20 years experience in cultural resources management and 1990 Black Butte Lake: Excavations at Archeological Site 1989 Prehistory of the Sacramento River Canyon, Shasta California archaeology. County, California. Center for Archaeological Research at CA-Teh-10, Cemetery 1. United States Army Corps of Davis, Publication Number 9. University of California. Engineers, Sacramento District. Sacramento Research Interests: California prehistory, hunter-gatherer ecology, maritime adaptations. Davis Johnson, Jerald J. and Dorothea J. Theodoratus Position Statement: Over the last several decades, the SCA has grown into a large, diverse, and fabulously successful 1984 Cottonwood Creek Project, Dutch Gulch Lake, Shasta Bennyhoff, James A. organization devoted to the study and conservation of California’s unique archaeological record. The multitude of and Tehama Counties, California: Intensive Cultural 1994 Central California Augustine: Implications for activities coordinated by the society including publication of a professional-quality Newsletter, and organization of Resources Survey. United States Army Corps of Northern California Archaeology. Toward a New well-attended, informative annual meetings is nothing less than remarkable for an all-volunteer enterprise. The Engineers, Sacramento, District. Sacramento. Taxonomic Framework for Central California primary role of vice presidents is to organize the northern and southern data sharing meetings. These annual get- Archaeology: Essays by James A. Bennyhoff and King, Ronald togethers play a crucial role in advancing archaeological research at the local and regional level and in maintaining David A. Fredrickson. Richard E. Hughes (ed.). 1989 Archaeological Assemblages and Environmental camaraderie within our discipline. I would like to insure that these meetings continue to provide a forum for Contributions of the University of California Conditions of the Upper Trinity River, California: A presentation of key research findings in relaxed, informal and interesting settings. Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley. No. 52:65-74. Case Study of the “Shasta Complex” Problem. M.A. Bennyhoff, James A. and Richard E. Hughes Thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento. 1987 Shell Bead and Ornament Exchange Networks • Margaret Hangan, Bureau of Land Management, El Centro Between California and the Western Great Basin. Likins, Patricia Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural 2002 Processing Bones on Thomes Creek. Paper presented Education: I received my BA in 1989 from Pitzer College in my home town of Claremont, California. Currently enrolled History, Vol. 64, Part 2. New York. at the Society for California Archaeology Annual in the Masters program at CSU, Bakersfield and am very close to completing my master’s degree. Meeting, San Diego, April 4, 2002. Dondero, Steven B. and Jerald J. Johnson Professional Background: I worked for seven years as a seasonal in CRM starting out in the Great Basin then returning to 1988 Dutch Gulch Lake Excavations at Six Prehistoric Sites. Meighan, Clement W. California. I am presently working for the Bureau of Land Management in El Centro, California United States Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento 1955 Archaeology of the North Coast Ranges, California. District. Sacramento University of California Archaeological Survey Reports Position Statement: Over the last year or so, I have made a conscious effort to get involved with the SCA. I have come to Dwyer, Erin 30:1-39. Berkeley. realize that if I am going to be an effective manager of cultural resources, then I must look beyond my own borders. I 2002 Charred Plant Macrofossils from CA-The-984. Report believe that the SCA will help me to achieve that goal. I am honored to be asked to run for Southern Vice Chair for Moratto, Michael the SCA. Should I be elected, I will do my best to benefit the SCA and the archaeology of California. on file Mendocino National Forest. Willows. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Edwards, Robert Sundahl, Elaine M. For Treasurer 1969 Prehistory of the Pui’mak Wintun, Thomes Creek, 1982 The Shasta Complex in the Redding Area, California. Tehama County, California, Including a Suggested Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of • Stacy Schneyder Case, Staff Historical Archaeologist, Jones & Stokes, Sacramento Chronological Model of the Northern Sacramento Anthropology, California State University, Chico. Valley Region Prehistory. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Education: M.A. Cultural Resources Management, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park 2001; B.S. Anthropology, Thomas, Denise Department of Anthropology, University of California, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1998. Davis. 2002 Taphonomy and Teeth: Evaluation of Cementum Preservation and Degradation in Archaeofaunal Professional Background: Staff Historical Archaeologist and cultural resources specialist for Jones & Stokes, Sacramento Fredrickson, David A. Assemblages. Paper presented at the Society for (2000-present); Historical Archaeology Field Director and Instructor for the Washington College Archaeological 1973 Early Cultures of the North Coast Ranges, California. California Annual Meeting, San Diego, April 4, 2002. Field School, Maryland (Summer 2002); Archaeological Technician for the Anthropological Studies Center, Rohnert Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Park (1998-2000); Archaeologist for the Willamette National Forest, Oregon (1997-1998); Archaeologist and University of California, Davis. Whistler, Kenneth W. Laboratory Manager for Oregon State University (1994-1998). Society for Historical Archaeology Membership 1974 Cultural Diversity in Early Central California: A View 1977 Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation Based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Committee Member (2001-present), SCA Membership Committee Chair (2002). Register of Professional from the North Coast Ranges. Journal of California Archaeologists (2001-present). Over 7 years experience in historical archaeology and cultural resources management Anthropology 1(1):41-53. Nomenclature. Paper presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, in the western United States. University of California, Berkeley.

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at the site is problematic, but caution that additional study is Conclusions Research Interests: Ethnic communities and labor camps in the West, Western migration, urban archaeology, African needed. American Archaeology, and public education. This research has clearly identified substantial Late Thomas’ (2002) dental increment study of Odocoileus sp. Period occupation at the two mid-elevation sites in the Position Statement: Continued financial responsibility and funding is vital to the continued growth and success of the SCA. teeth from CA-Teh-984 contributes some important seasonality Thomes Creek watershed. Settlement was probably of a It is my goal to assist the SCA with managing their finances and to become further involved in this organization. My data to our studies in the Thomes Creek watershed. Sixteen of seasonal nature, but the duration of site use is unknown. experience working within CRM over the past several years has involved managing multiple project budgets (large the 19 teeth sampled from different animals yielded season These sites may have been used for prolonged periods of and small), invoicing and collecting, and working with other archaeologists as well as planners, Native Americans, and and age-at-death data. Thomas determined that 50% of the time by a single group, or repeatedly students often on complicated projects. The result of this varied experience is that I am excellent at managing animals were killed during the visited between spring and fall by one budgets and tackling difficult accounting issues, work well with people and enjoy working as a team, and I am September – November months, or more groups. The variety of exceptionally well organized. The office of SCA Treasurer is very important and I am highly motivated and am eager while another 31% were killed Figure 4: Shaped artifact types and representative to tackle the responsibility of the position and I feel like I could bring a great deal of enthusiasm, perseverance, and during the months of February – pestle from Teh-1722. activities, midden depth, and the skills to the SCA Board. April and February – May. The presence of various features and September – November months interments may favor extended correspond well with current Yolla residential periods. Bolly deer herd migratory Society for California Archaeology patterns, reflecting the return from Returning to the timing of th 37 Annual Meeting, high elevation summer habitats to Nomlaki settlement in the lowland winter habitats. The uplands of the North Coast 27-30 March, 2003, Sacramento latter parts of the February – April Ranges, initial proto-Nomlaki or and February – May intervals Nomlaki occupation at the also correspond to current animal First Call for Papers Thomes Creek sites appears to migration from winter lowland be marked by two radiocarbon Proposals for the 37th Annual Society for California Archaeology Meeting symposia, to summer high elevation dates, 1070 ± 80 B.P. at CA-Teh- workshops, papers and posters are being requested. The meetings will be held in Sacramento habitats. Thomas (2002) 984 and 1090 ± 40 B.P. at CA- on March 27 through 30, 2003. The symposia and workshop proposal deadline is November concludes that CA-Teh-984 was Teh-1722. Absent from Late 29, 2002. Proposed symposia should be submitted as a package with abstracts and forms for all well situated along what was Period contexts at CA-Teh-1722 papers. Contributed papers and poster deadline is December 23, 2002. This years theme is likely a long established deer and CA-Teh-984 are Phase 2 “Discovering our Roots” and the Program Chair would like to encourage academic institutions, migration corridor in order to Late Period markers more avocational societies or agencies to submit poster abstracts regarding the history of their take advantage of these annual commonly found in the north- respective archaeology programs. We would like to encourage pictorial posters around this population movements. central Sacramento Valley theme. The maximum length for organized symposia and contributed papers is 15 minutes. Flotation was used to between A.D. 1500 – 1800, Please contact the Program Chair if you have any questions about proposed sessions or other process soil samples (11.99 including Desert Side-notched presentations. liters) taken from five features projectile points, clamshell disk at CA-Teh-984, consisting of beads, Haliotis ornaments, Participants are limited to being senior author on only one presentation, but they may be one occupational surface/floor flanged pipes, magnesite beads, junior authors on additional papers. Please note that participants must supply their own and four hearths (Dwyer Glycymeris pendants, and other equipment for audiovisual needs other than slide or overhead projectors. Please use the 2002). Preservation was poor, temporally sensitive artifacts proposal form found on the facing page, or proposals can be submitted electronically via but minor amounts of the (Johnson 1990; Johnson and www.SCAnet.org. Direct mail or e-mail attachments to the Program Chair are also welcome. following were identified: Dondero 1990; King 1989; Proposals may include the hard copy form included in this issue of the Newsletter, but acorn nutshells (likely Quercus Moratto 1984; Sundahl 1982). submitters are required to submit an electronic copy of their abstract (PC format). Abstracts sp.), bay laurel nutshells The absence of these artifact should be no larger than 100 words. (Umbellularia sp.), wild grape types, together with another (Vitis sp.), pine nuts (Pinus sp.), radiocarbon date of 440 ± 60 For further information or assistance, please contact the Program Chair: manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.), B.P. from the 20-30 cm level at hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), CA-Teh-984, suggest that both John Holson goosefoot (Chenopodium sp.), of these sites were likely Pacific Legacy, Inc. sunflower (Asteraceae), abandoned by A.D. 1600. 1027 San Pablo Avenue Brodiaea, and bedstraw. Whether these data reflect a Albany, CA 94706 Acorn, bay laurel, pine nuts, broader pattern, such as a [email protected] and hazelnut ripen in the change in mid-elevation Fall, while grape, manzanita, settlement and use, or perhaps goosefoot, and sunflower abandonment of the uplands, ripen in the late summer/ cannot be addressed yet. Some of early fall months. the possible explanations for site abandonment include: a change in P.D. Schmidt the economic productivity of the area, suggested by possible

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 12 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 36 13 USFS California Society for California Archaeology 2003 Annual Meeting, March 27-30, 2003 interment burning practices have been reported for the Nomlaki (Goldschmidt Paper Abstracts, Symposia Proposals, and Poster Concepts 1951), and both practices have been identified archaeologically at Nomlaki • Symposia Proposal Deadline: November 29, 2002 cemeteries (Johnson 1990:77-79; Johnson and • Paper/Poster Abstract Deadline: December 23, 2002 Dondero 1990:51-52).

CA-Teh-984 is a dark midden Please use this form to submit proposals for Meeting Sessions and Paper/Poster Abstracts approximately 30 x 40 meters in size located on a bench adjacent to a spring at Submit completed form to: John Holson approximately 3100 feet in elevation. About Pacific Legacy, Inc. ten cubic meters of deposit were excavated in 1027 San Pablo Avenue 1999 and 2000. The deep midden (130 cm) Albany, CA 94706 contains numerous artifacts, good bone [email protected] preservation, and several features, such as fire hearths, possible house floors, and human Type of Session (circle one): Symposium Poster Workshop Round Table interments. Late Period artifacts include hopper mortars, flat-ended pestles, bone awls, spire-lopped Olivella shell beads, Gunther Title: Barbed projectile points, Rattlesnake Series projectile points (few), obsidian and chert winged drills and bifaces, and chert scrapers. Uncorrected radiocarbon dates of 1070 ± 80 Type of Paper (circle one): Contributed Paper Organized Symposium Paper B.P. (A.D. 880) (Beta 159540) (charcoal) from Figure 2: (above) Thomes Creek canyon near Teh-1722. a depth of 80-90 cm and 440 ± 60 B.P. (A.D. 1510) (Beta 159541) (charcoal) from a 20-30 cm Figure 2: (below) Incised slate from Teh-1722. level confirm Late Period deposits. Temporal Title of Paper: comparisons were also provided by obsidian hydration remains were analyzed readings. Obsidian hydration readings (GF/LIW) (n=63), from about a third of the from alternating levels from two units and scattered tools, excavated deposit. Of the exhibit relative consistency throughout the deposit, ranging 4086 specimens analyzed, only 141 were Author(s) or Symposium Chair: from X =2.81 microns for the 10-20 cm level to X =3.78 microns for the 110-120 cm level. These results coupled identifiable to order or P.D. Schmidt with radiocarbon dates clearly suggest that the principal species, and most of Affiliation (identify affiliation by last name for each): occupation of the site occurred during the Late Period. these appear to be deer (Odocoileus). Likins X-ray fluorescence analysis of 89 specimens including suggests that bone tools and debitage provided the following distribution of fragmentation, and the percentage of burned or calcined sources: GF/LIW (55%), Borax Lake (43%), and Tuscan (2%). bones (46%), not only suggests marrow extraction, but also Address (of senior author or Symposium Chair): The predominance of GF/LIW obsidian, whose source is extensive processing to extract bone grease, a good source of Telephone: nearly twice the distance as that of Borax Lake (ca. 125 versus fat. This pattern is particularly prevalent in the upper levels Fax: 65 miles), suggests greater social interaction to the north than of the site, and Likins (2002) suggests that this could be Email: to the south, at least with respect to obsidian exchange. Of evidence of a period of economic stress. interest is the poor representation of Tuscan obsidian, a close source located in the Redding area. These results are Hill and O’Brien (2002) and Thomas (2002) have also Audio-Visual Equipment Need (circle all that apply): puzzling because of its predominant use among Wintu completed preliminary studies of CA-Teh-984’s faunal populations to the north, and its importance among collection. Hill and O’Brien (2002) analyzed about 3400 neighboring lowland Nomlaki populations, particularly bones with only 5 percent identifiable to order, family or Blackboard Flip Chart Slide Projector Overhead Projector Other:______during Phase 2 of the Late Period (post A.D. 1500) (Dondero genus. Most were identified as Odocoileus (250+ skeletal and Johnson 1988; Johnson 1990; Johnson and Dondero elements). There is evidence for marrow extraction at the 1990). It may be that Tuscan obsidian becomes more site, but not the extensive fragmentation and calcined bone If a Workshop or Round Table, how many participants do you expect?: important than GF/LIW during the latter part of the Late evidence noted at CA-Teh-1722; only about 14% of the Period, a time not well represented in the sites investigated. identifiable specimens were burned. Hill and O’Brien (2002) note that the almost exclusive location of cut marks on the Abstract of Paper, Poster, or Symposium (maximum 100 words): Settlement and Subsistence ends of long bones and within limb joints suggests disarticulation rather than meat stripping was the primary Likins’ (2002) analysis of the faunal assemblage from CA- processing goal. Coupled with the low incidence of burned Teh-1722 has provided some provocative results. Faunal bone, they contend that the consumption of meatier elements

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clamshell disk beads (ca. post-A.D. 1500), spire-lopped Period (ca. 1000 - 250 B.P.), radiocarbon dates, obsidian Olivella and Glycymeris shell pendants, pine nut beads, Haliotis hydration readings, and temporally sensitive artifacts suggest Omtepe Archaeological Project ornaments, arrow shaft smoothers, and a variety of other that this period of occupation started during the Middle-Late artifacts (Dondero and Johnson 1988; Johnson and Dondero Transition Period (ca. A.D. 700 – 900 [Bennyhoff and Hughes Suzanne Baker 1990; Johnson 1990; Moratto 1984; Sundahl 1982). Principal 1987:149]). Limited evidence of site use during the earlier The Ometepe Archaeological Project is seeking sites were located along major rivers, and fishing, acorn Middle Period also exists based on a few temporally sensitive volunteers for its survey and petroglyph recording project on gathering and storage, and hunting dominated the economy. projectile point styles and obsidian hydration readings, but Ometepe Island, Nicaragua. The field season will last from Extensive exchange networks and socio-cultural complexity Late Period occupation is clearly predominant. Two February 1 to March 1, 2003. For more information, please are also hallmarks of the Late Period. uncorrected AMS dates on charcoal mark early, Late Period contact Suzanne Baker at Culturelink, 609 Aileen St., occupation: 1090 ± 40 B.P. (A.D. 780 – 940, 2σ ) (Beta Oakland, CA 94609; e-mail: [email protected] web Nomlaki Research Program 159538) from the 40-50 cm level near sterile; and 940 ± 40 site: http://culturelink.info. B.P. (A.D. 930 – 1090, 2σ ) (Beta 159539) from another 40- Mendocino National Forest’s research interests in 50 cm level. ethnographic Nomlaki territory have focused on Late Period The Late Period assemblage at CA-Teh-1722 includes Suzanne Baker settlement and subsistence patterns, chronology, exchange New Fire Effects Publication numerous Gunther Barbed projectile point, M1a rectangular relations, and technology. One central research issue has Olivella sequin beads, hopper mortars, flat-ended pestles, a A new publication is available free of charge: centered on the timing of the Hill Nomlaki expansion into stone pipe fragment, bone awls, and perforated and incised Cal Poly Field School Update the uplands of the North Coast Ranges along the western slate ornaments (Figure 3). X-ray fluorescence data reveal a Janine M. Loyd, Thomas M. Origer and David A. edge of the northern Sacramento Valley, following the Fredickson (eds.) 2002 “The Effects of Fire and Heat on greater occurrence of the Grasshopper Flat/Lost Iron Wells Robert L. Hoover hypothesized initial Wintuan entry into north-central (GF/LIW) obsidian source, located about 125 miles distant, Obsidian,” Papers presented in Syposium 2, “The Effects of California sometime after A.D. 100 (Whistler 1977). The when compared to many other sites in the Mendocino Fire/Heat on Obsidian,” at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Wintuan entry has been of interest to archaeologists for some Society for California Archaeology, Sacramento, California. Excavations at Mission Santa Inés, 2002 National Forest where the Borax Lake source predominates. time, largely because it is often used to explain the At least 70 cm of the one-meter deep midden deposit appears Cultural Resources Publication, Anthropology-Fire History, displacement of earlier populations, technological changes Over the years, the authorities at Mission Santa Inés have to equate to the Late Period based on radiocarbon dating and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land noted in the archaeological record, and later influences on noted traces of a stone cobble footing in the field obsidian hydration readings. If one were to use age Management, Sacramento, California. sociocultural elaboration (Johnson and Theodoratus 1984; immediately north of the church cemetery, an area used today approximation rates developed in the Sacramento River Moratto 1984; Whistler 1977). Contact: Kirk Halford, Bishop Field Office archaeologist, at for the celebration of the annual fiesta. Crews placing Canyon to the north (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989:200), the 760-872-5030 or e-mail [email protected] underground water and power lines in the past have Alder Springs Site mean hydration value for Gunther Barbed projectile points at encountered this feature. In order to define the footing and CA-Teh-1722 (GF/LIW X = 2.26 microns, s.d.= 0.46, n=12) avoid future disturbance of it by construction, the Mission CA-Gle-177 offers a good contrast to the Thomes Creek would roughly equate to circa A.D. 800 – 900. While the NAHC Requests Your Support requested that I conduct limited excavations with a volunteer assemblages described below. Ethnohistoric information equivalency of hydration rates between the two localities has crew in the field to the northeast of the cemetery in Spring, identified Alder Springs as the western most limit of Nomlaki not been determined, this time period corresponds with Larry Myers, Executive Secretary 2002. Crew members were recruited from Mission La settlement in the Grindstone Creek watershed. Late Period radiocarbon dates from the site. Native American Heritage Commission Purisima’s Prelado, de los Tesoros, the Ventura County occupation at this midden site, situated at 4100 foot in Archaeological Society, and various individuals. We began to elevation, is based on Borax Lake source (about 50 air miles Although few in number, a variety of Olivella shell beads were recovered, including spire lopped, rectangular M1a, and Many of you are aware of the state’s current fiscal crisis. expose the tops of the cobble footings, trace the course of the southwest) obsidian hydration readings and a few stylistic F3a square saddle type beads. Several spire-lopped Olivella The Administration has announced plans for a 20% reduction wall, and map it for future planning purposes. Excavation was artifacts. Several small, side-notched projectile points A1c beads were recovered, but the temporal range of this in state budgets. A 20% reduction would be devastating to the by one meter squares, using hand tools and one-eighth inch (Rattlesnake Series), an uniconically drilled slate tablet, and type is too broad to be an effective temporal marker in central Commission. This means that approximately $65,000 would mesh screens. The project was not initiated to satisfy any several edge-modified, cobble spall tools appear to be California (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:118). Rectangular be eliminated from the budget. The Commission would be federal or state requirements, nor were any funds received associated with shallow Late Period deposits (less than 50 M1a sequin beads are considered a good temporal marker for forced to cancel all travel, eliminate commission meetings, from these sources. A Chumash monitor from the nearby cm). Nomlaki affiliation, however, remains problematic. If Phase 1 of the Late Period (ca. A.D. 900 – 1300), but they and would have to reduce staff. That means the office would Santa Ynez Reservation was present during the work and was ethnohistoric information is accurate, however, then Late also occur a little earlier during the Middle-Late Period then be reduced from four to three or possibly two staff. In the only paid member of the project. Period use at this site is more ephemeral than many other Transition (ca. A.D. 700 – 900) (Bennyhoff and Hughes effect, this would bring the operations of the commission to a sites and may signal a difference in land use patterns. 1987:140, 149). Type F3a square saddle beads, considered halt. The massive cobble footing was encountered almost Principal occupation at Alder Springs appears to be more than immediately at a depth of 50 cm and extended from north to 1500 years old. Most projectile point styles and ground stone good indicators of the Middle Period (ca. 1000 B.C.– A.D. These reductions are worse on the Commission and the south for at least 25 meters. So far, we have no evidence of implements, such as metates and manos, share similarities to 700), also occur during the Middle-Late Period Transition Indian people we assist because this office never did recover building corners or internal partition walls. Thus, neither earlier, pre-Wintuan assemblages, and are more likely (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:131, 149). Charcoal from a from the Wilson cuts. The commission was never made length nor width of the structure can yet be determined. affiliated with the Yuki who historically occupied the territory post-interment grave pit burning event (40-50 cm level), whole nor was it allowed to grow like other state agencies. However, such an enormously long continuous room is west of the crest. associated with an unexcavated infant interment whose burial somewhat unusual. Artifact yield was sparse and consisted of pit extended into underlying sterile soil at 80 cm, was AMS Your help is needed to convince the administration that objects consistent with the Mexican and American periods -- Thomes Creek Sites dated at 1090 ± 40 B.P. (A.D. 780 – 940, 2σ ) (Beta 159538). the Commission must be exempt from funding reductions. English and Chinese ceramics and iron building hardware, More than seven F3a square saddle beads were directly Send your comments to David Rosenberg, Office of the primarily hand-forged nails. These are mixed with recent Located in a glade north of Thomes Creek at 3200 feet in associated with this interment. Pre-interment and/or post- Governor, State Capitol, Sacramento, Ca 95814. debris from parish activities. elevation, about 10.3 cubic meters of deposit was excavated interment grave pit burning are a Late Period funerary at CA-Teh-1722 in 1996 and 1997. Although it appears that practice among some groups (Moratto 1984; Johnson 1990; The building is the presumed location of the 1825 primary occupation at the site occurred during the Late Johnson and Dondero 1990). Pre-interment and post- soldiers’ barracks of the Mexican period, rebuilt after the

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Chumash Revolt of the previous year. It later became the San Luis Obispo. Sarah Ginn (’98) served with distinction as Amat store in the American period. At this point, the Laboratory Director, while completing her Masters thesis on archaeological evidence seems to conflict with the historic the relationship between conversions and ecology at the site. graphic record of the site. Several drawings and photographs Veterans of past years at Mission San Antonio may be in the mission archive show a long rectangular adobe building surprised to learn that I am getting “soft’ in later years. This with a tile roof during the Mexican period, which was later year the class worked under the shade of two large canopies covered with wooden boards and shingles during the which I was constantly moving with the shifting sun to protect American period. The photos and drawings are in general tender shoulders from blistering. This caused the suggestion agreement with each other. However, the south end of the that our field school motto be “Sub umbra f1oreamus” (In the structure does not appear to end at the point shown in the shade we flourish). We even had an ice chest with bottled graphic record. We plan to continue to investigate this water and Gatorade next to the excavations! Two able EMTs problem, defining the dimensions of the building in Fall, in the class tended nosebleeds, sprained ankles, and sore 2002. muscles. A far cry from our early days. 0 tempore; 0 mores! (Oh, the times; oh, the customs). Next year, we will complete the At the end of the project, a report will be prepared. other half of our rooms for a complete picture of room dimensions and content. Excavations at Mission San Antonio, 2002 For the third year, California Polytechnic State University A Northern Invitation continued excavations of the married neophyte dormitory east of the church. We have moved progressively each year Rob Edwards since 2000 toward the east from the end of the building, systematically investigating this wing room-by-room. This This is an early “Welcome to Cabrillo College” for the year we had some surprises in store. Unlike last year’s room, Fall 2002 Data Sharing Meetings. In addition to the our two new rooms do not appear to have had ladrillo floors interesting presentations and discussion, I wanted you to or, if they did, they have been since removed. The two know about some other attractions in our wonderful newly-exposed rooms were also somewhat smaller than those vacationland, and I hope they will entice you to bring family of the 2000-2001 seasons. The back (north) wall of the rooms and friends. serves to enclose the mission orchard and seems to be a simple extension of the same wall encountered in earlier On Saturday mornings we have an exceptional Farmer’s years. It has the same massive cobble footing topped with Market at Cabrillo. It starts at 7:15 and runs until noon. The shale slabs. However, the front (south) wall is set back from Market offers an abundance of fresh (and mostly organic) the line of its counterpart in the rooms of the earlier years, produce, smoked sausage and nitrate free bacon , fresh fish, indicating shallower rooms this year. This clearly represents a flowers and potted plants and herbs, and live music. Many Figure 1: Nomlaki Project site locations. separate stage of construction when compared with the earlier stands offer tastes and samples. The weekend of the Data rooms. We have always had difficulty interpreting the Sharing the Santa Cruz Beach and Boardwalk goes to a winter throughout the Thomes Creek watershed suggest periods of researchers now limit its use to assemblages found in ambiguous annual building reports to determine exactly schedule, open 12-5:00. There’s a new roller coaster and a prolonged settlement and use, particularly late in time. Most ethnographic Wintu territory (Sundahl 1982; Dondero and which rooms were added to the wing in particular years. Now, carousel that is on the National Register. Lots of good, greasy, sites were likely used during the late spring to early fall by Johnson 1988). Recent debate about the “Shasta archaeology may provide the answer! Even the partition wall trash food, yum yum. Nisene Marks State Park is about one Nomlaki populations who dispersed from large, winter Complexes” taxonomic value (Sundahl 1982; Dondero and between our two new rooms abuts but does not bond with the mile from Cabrillo. Beautiful trails through the redwoods. You residential sites in the lowlands and moved into the Johnson 1988; King 1989), however, has led some to argue exterior wall. can even hike up to the epicenter of the Loma Prieta mountains to gather food and other resources (Goldschmidt that its use be either abandoned entirely (King 1989), or earthquake and see trees that were tossed about like 1951). incorporated into other integrative frameworks (e.g,. Redding As in past years, most artifacts from our rooms occur on or toothpicks. Roaring Camp Redwoods is up in Felton, and you Aspect of the Augustine Pattern (Bennyhoff [1994:73]). The just above Spanish floor level under the collapsed tejas. This can ride a steam train from downtown to the camp. Great Meighan (1955) was the first to propose a broad cultural- Thomes Creek assemblages described here will simply year, there was a high frequency of beads --- both tiny glass picnic place and tour of the redwood country. The best buys temporal sequence for the North Coast Ranges. Meighan’s reference their Late Period affinity, with taxonomic beads of several colors and Olivella shell disks or spire-ground on motels are along Ocean Street in Santa Cruz (about seven “Shasta Complex” (ca. A.D. 1600) was the taxonomic unit for refinements to follow later after all analysis is completed. beads. Square hand-forged nails were also abundant. Two iron miles from Cabrillo), or in Watsonville, about the same the Late Period in the northern part of the North Coast hoe blades were recovered near the corner of, one room. distance south on Highway 1. Ranges. Edwards (1969) later incorporated the “Shasta In the northern end of the Sacramento Valley and adjacent Ceramics were largely Hispanic in origin --- majolicas, Complex”, assigning it a date of ca. 1200 B.P. to historic, into uplands, the Late Period is predominant after A.D. 500/900. Galera-Ware, and locally-made Mission Ware. English and Don’t forget our beach picnic planned for Saturday his chronological sequence for the Thomes Creek locality in The Late Period in northern California may have begun as Chinese sherds were much less frequent than in the 1976-78 evening. While October can be the best time of year along western Tehama County. Fredrickson’s (1973; 1974) more early as A.D. 300-500 in some areas, or possibly as late as excavations. This fact would suggest an earlier date of the Monterey Bay, the evenings can be very cool. Bring integrative framework replaced Meighan’s, but it still A.D. 900-1000 (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:147, 149). The occupation for the 2002 rooms, certainly before 1805, when layers to put on. incorporated the “Shasta Complex” as its Late Period Late Period in the northern Sacramento Valley is generally trade patterns began to change. construct in the North Coast Ranges. Since these early marked by: the use of the bow and arrow, Gunther Barbed I can be reached at [email protected] or at 831 479 studies, the “Shasta Complex” has been widely used to projectile points, Desert Side-notched projectile points (post- Our wonderful class represented students from Berkeley, 6294 if you have questions. categorize Late Period assemblages in the northern A.D. 1600), hopper mortars, shaped pestles, bone awls, Vassar, Pennsylvania, Texas (Austin), Alabama, Colorado I’m looking forward to seeing you all. Sacramento Valley and adjacent regions, although many flanged tubular pipes, pre-interment burning, flexed burials, State, Washington, Arizona, Fullerton, Cuesta College, and

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 15 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 16 33 Data-Sharing Meetings USFS California Laboratory Discard Practices Nomlaki Important Features. Some types of materials from important Archaeological features are discarded after being analyzed, catalogued, counted, and weighed. Identification of these materials is Research Project Northern based on lack of long-term research values, excessive Greg Greenway NCDSM Information quantity, poor condition, and/or health and safety risks. The Mendocino National Forest discarded types can include the following: The Northern Data Sharing Meeting will be held at he Nomlaki Cabrillo College in Aptos on Saturday October 26, in the Data-Sharing • Window glass Archaeological Forum Room (Bldg. 450). Our hosts will be Rob TResearch Project Edwards of the Archaeological Technology Program and • Glass lamp chimney body fragments, undiagnostic bottle began in 1996 in response Albion Environmental Inc. In a slight departure from the fragments, undiagnostic glass fragments to a request from members past, this year’s meeting will be divided between a 2002 Northern California Nails (after being identified by type and given MNV of the Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians who approached the morning session of general papers from Northern • totals) Mendocino National Forest about opportunities to learn California, followed by a more focused session on Data-Sharing Meeting about their past. A similar program was also developed for current research of Northern California coastal • All leather and textiles (after being analyzed by a the Yuki of Round Valley in 1998. All research was archaeology. This afternoon session will have fewer October 26, 2002 specialist) (Leather requires treatment with potentially conducted under the Forest Service’s Passport in Time papers to allow for an open-ended discussion on issues hazardous and flammable material in order to be program (PIT), which affords the public an opportunity to raised during the session. Please send a brief abstract, Cabrillo College, Bldg 450 preserved. Only leather artifacts with clear interpretive participate in cultural resources studies. All work was done in title, author and author’s affiliation to Richard value are treated in this way; other leather items are partnership with Tribes and the Bureau of Land Management, Fitzgerald, Caltrans, District 04, 111 Office of Aptos, California catalogued, analyzed, described, and discarded.) and more recent work included CSU-Chico as a partner. Environmental Planning, 111 Grand Ave. Mail Station 6 D Oakland CA 94623-0660. FAX 510 286-6374. E-mail • Metal scraps, sheets, strips, and wire 8:00-8:30 ...... Coffee and Gayles Pastries Between 1995-2001, PIT-sponsored archaeological [email protected] Papers should be no 8:00-8:30 ...... Coffee and Gayles Pastries Corroded, non-temporally diagnostic ferrous items excavations were conducted at five mid-elevation sites longer then 10-15 minutes. Time allowances on papers 8:30-11:45 ...... General Papers • including wire, pipes, cans and lids, bolts, tubes, pans, and within the Thomes Creek and Grindstone Creek watersheds presented will be strictly enforced. 11:45-1:00 ...... Lunch straps on the eastern slope of the North Coast Ranges west of 1:00-3:30 ...... Coastal Papers Corning: Alder Springs (CA-Gle-177), Thomes Creek (CA- 3:30-4:30 ...... Open Discussion • Slag and amorphous metal and glass Teh-1722), Peterson Place (CA-Teh-926), Leroy’s Camp (CA- 4:30-8:00 ...... Beach Barley Pop Festival and Cookout Teh-984), and Poison Glade (CA-Teh-1952). These sites • Large items for which curation was a problem (for range in elevation between 3100 – 4300 feet, and are located example, the two porcelain toilets from Feature 431) within chaparral/oak woodland or mixed conifer/oak Other Features and Strata. During laboratory analysis, specific woodland plant communities. All are in proximity to open soil layers, and occasionally entire features, are frequently glades and springs. These sites were selected to expand our reevaluated as failing to meet research design criteria. knowledge of Late Period prehistory, and presumably that of Artifacts associated with these strata or features may be the Nomlaki, whose ancestral way of life is poorly known, Directions to Cabrillo College discarded. Prior to discard, individual items or classes or largely due to their forced relocation to reservations in the 1850-1860s and the lateness of ethnographic research http://www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/instruct/tlc/map/cabmap.html artifacts were retrieved if they exhibited educational potential. (Goldschmidt 1951). This article focuses on preliminary results from archaeological excavations conducted CA-Teh- 1722 and CA-Teh-984, with comparative data from CA-Gle- From the North, take Highway 17 south to References Cited 177. Highway 1. Continue south on Highway 1 to Capitola/Park Avenue exit. Turn left on Park Advisory Council on Historic Preservation All sites are within the ethnographic territory of the Hill Avenue (heading towards the mountains). Turn 1993 Treatment of Archaeological Properties, A Handbook. Wintun, also known as the Nomlaki (Goldschmidt 1951). right on Soquel Drive. Proceed approximately Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, The Yuki bordered the Nomlaki to the west, beginning at the 1 mile and Cabrillo will be on left. Washington. DC crest of the North Coast Ranges. The Central Wintun Indians, composed of both River Wintun and Hill Wintun From the South, take Highway 1 North to National Park Service subgroups, may have first settled in the western Sacramento Capitola/Park Avenue exit. Turn right on Park 1983 Archaeology and Historic Preservation: The Secretary Valley perhaps as early as 1200 to 1400 B.P. based on Avenue (heading towards the mountains). Turn of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines. Federal linguistic reconstructions (Whistler 1977). Early Wintuan right on Soquel Drive. Proceed approximately Register, 48FR44716-42. State of California populations may have first settled along the northern 1 mile and Cabrillo will be on left. 1993 Guidelines for the Curation of Archaeological Sacramento Valley riverine environments and adjacent Collections. State Historical Resources Commission, foohills, and then expanded into the uplands of the North Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento, California. Coast Ranges, an area thought to be previously occupied by State of Maryland non-Wintuan populations (e.g., proto-Yukian or proto-Pomoan 1994 Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological groups). Numerous mid-elevation prehistoric midden sites Investigations. Maryland Historic Trust, Office of Historic Preservation, Annapolis, Maryland.

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Clonsideration Fdedera Maarylan Californi Directions to SBMNH

Research Values Information important to Research value Importance for scientific research http://www.sbnature.org/visitors/index.htm history and prehistory Archaeological context Meets project’s research goalsToo recent Table 1: Summar y of From the North Take U.S. Hwy 101 south to the Mission Street exit. Practicality Tyrouble and expense Quantit Hazards to health and safety federal and state curation Manageability Irreversible deterioration policy guidelines. Turn left (towards the hills) at the offramp stop light. Education Potential Heritage importance - - From the South Take U.S. Hwy 101 north to the Mission Street exit. Education and interpretation Turn right (towards the hills) at the offramp stop light. refined during laboratory analysis, and historical Curation and Discard Practices Proceed on Mission to Santa Barbara Street Turn left on Santa Barbara documentation is correlated with archaeological findings. Street, proceed two blocks to the first stop sign at Los Olivos. Turn Guided by the above policies, the following discard Frequently specific soil layers, and occasionally entire right on Los Olivos, stay to the left at the "Y"--you will cross a stone practices are applied to all features evaluated as being legally features, are reevaluated as failing to meet research bridge. Turn left at the second street after the bridge; this is Las significant and therefore subjected to data recovery. These design criteria. Artifacts associated with these strata or Encinas. Turn left at the stop sign (Puesta del Sol Road) and practices are specifically designed to apply to historic-period features may be discarded. proceed to the first parking lot driveway and turn right. Cuesta urban sites of the industrial era; different types of sites with College may be reached by taking Highway 101 North or South to Practicality different research objectives will undoubtedly require San Luis Obispo. Take the Highway 1 North off ramp onto different practices. For those features and strata determined

This category recognizes that curation space and Highway 1 (AKA Santa Rosa Blvd.). The College lies 3.5 miles not to be important, both in the field or during laboratory y resources are limited and costly, and that curation decisions north of San Luis Obispo on the west side of Highway 1. analysis, their artifact contents are assessed for educational may be made for reasons other than research or educational potential. potential. Field Discard Practices SCDSM Information 3. Excessive quantity of materials . Where the quantity of a The Southern California Data Sharing meetings will be class of artifacts is such that its values can be represented Important Features. Certain types of materials are recorded in held between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on November 2 in a sample, the entire collection does not have to be feature notes, but not retained for cataloguing or laboratory Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Fleischmann curated. analysis. Materials lacking research value or manageability Hall No. 18, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara. include: 4. Manageability problems. The volume, weight, redundant The Museum is situated on 11 acres shaded by coast live character, or quality of material is so great as to be •construction materials such as brick, lumber, and concrete. oak woodland and bisected by Mission Creek. Creek side excessively costly to curate. While construction materials are useful in determining the paths, a nature trail, picnic tables and an outdoor nature of historic buildings and structures, the focus of amphitheater make this one of the most beautiful 2002 Southern California 5. Poor condition. The physical condition of the material is museum settings anywhere. such that it is not feasible to conserve it. most urban projects is recovery of primary deposits related Data-Sharing Meeting to domestic and commercial use by the buildings’ Informal presentations of fieldwork, incipient theories, or occupants. 6. Health and safety risks. The retention of the material poses interpretation are requested. Please send a title and brief November 2, 2002 a health and safety risk, either because of the nature of the •non-cultural items such as rocks, stones, and tree parts. description of your presentation to Thomas Wheeler, material itself or as a result of conservation treatment. 2563 Lawton, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Education Potential • amorphous lumps of metal not potentially identifiable. ([email protected]). The emphasis of these meetings will be on an informal exchange of information regarding Fleischmann Hall, No. 18 •non-diagnostic tin-can parts (seams, openings, and other This consideration encompasses the potential of the current research, fieldwork, or ongoing programs in identifying portions were collected, portions sufficient to Santa Barabara artifacts to contribute toward public education and/or archaeology. The informality of this get together is analyze types and quantities) interpretive programs such as museum displays and hands-on stressed to provide a relaxed and interactive exchange teaching aids. Also included are heritage values, such the •artifact fragments smaller than a dime. among participants and to encourage the participation of 9:00-5:00 ...... Papers Presented symbolic importance of artifacts or archaeological features to students. Recent trends in Data Sharing meetings have 10:00/3:30...... Breaks existing cultural groups. Other Artifacts. Some types of artifacts, not from features that tended to greater formality with staid presentations of were evaluated as important, may be collected in the field papers. This form of presentation is best reserved for the 7. Lack of Public Educational or Interpretive Value. The based on their educational potential: Annual Meetings. Data sharing meetings here will be material’s potential for interpreting California’s past to a presented in a relaxed atmosphere, amenable to the lay audience is small because of the mundane, • Whole bottles informal sharing of recent work by students and fragmentary, and/or unrepresentative nature of the professionals. artifacts. • distinctive examples of ceramic types (European, English, Asian, and low-fire earthenwares) An informal get together will take place after the 8. Lack of Heritage values. The archaeological materials do meetings in the museum gardens. Southern not have symbolic or cultural importance to any • easily identifiable items that demonstrate historic recognized group. lifeways (such as table wares, children’s toys, hardware, For information call: Thomas Wheeler, jewelry, health items, and horse tack). Wk. (805) 549-3777, Hm. (805) 547-0763, e-mail [email protected]. Data-Sharing These items may be cleaned in the field, but are generally not subjected to laboratory identification or cataloging.

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Hull, Kathleen archeological program or project. Archeological Decisions to eliminate material may have to consider 2001 Reasserting the Utility of Obsidian Hydration Dating: specimens and records that should be curated are those hazards to health and safety, deterioration of material A Temperature-Dependent Empirical Approach to that embody the information important to history and beyond its ability to be preserved, importance for Practical Temporal Resolution with Archaeological prehistory (48 FR 44734-37). scientific research, heritage appreciation or Obsidians. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:1025- educational value, or its age being too recent to qualify 1040. In short, the federal government’s position on curation seems as historical (SHRC 1993:3). to be that the same criterion used to determine the Prehistoric Archaeology Hull responds to emerging critiques concerning the importance of archaeological sites, their information In summary, the document describes that the application of practical use of obsidian hydration as an absolute dating potential, should be used to identify artifacts and records for these guidelines “should be based principally upon the value method in archaeological samples. The author addresses Denise Thomas curation. Furthermore, the Advisory Council on Historic of cultural materials for future research, heritage appreciation, these concerns by formulating and testing temperature- Preservation’s “Treatment of Archeological Properties: A [and] education and interpretation,” and governed by the This series offers an annotated bibliography of recent dependent rate formulas for Casa Diablo obsidian collected Handbook” emphasizes that project’s research goals (SHRC 1993:4). published and some unpublished literature pertinent to from archaeological sites within Yosemite National Park. current debates and methods in Californian archaeology. This study incorporates subsurface field temperature rather not all archeological values... are equally important... California reiterates the Federal government’s and the Prehistoric and historical archaeology will appear in alternate than laboratory-based data to develop hydration rates. Hull Something can be learned from every archeological State of Maryland’s considerations of research value and issues. If you have any news or ideas about how this section begins her discussion by reviewing the history of obsidian property, but what can be learned may not be worth the practicality, and additionally adds another variable for can better fit the needs of its audience feel free to email the hydration research as it relates to calibration and modeling. trouble and expense it takes to learn it (ACHP 1990:3). consideration: educational value, including both interpretive author: [email protected]. Please limit While methods for converting hydration rims to absolute potential and heritage importance. Although this statement relates to the significance of contributions to those that can be easily accessed by all dates appear to differ, the author noted that when formulas archeological sites, the same argument can be made members of the SCA and have appeared within the last five years. (California, Nevada, and Utah) were transposed to correspond Summary of Considerations to the diffusion equation developed by Friedman & Smith in regarding the research potential of some archeological Gamble, Lynn H. and Irma Carmen Zepeda 1960, the formulas vary only slightly around an ideal model. artifacts. The Federal government acknowledges that there The above topics, specified in Federal and State curation 2002 Social Differentiation and Exchange among the Hull looks at the possible reasons why some induced are practical limitations to the recovery (or curation) of data. policy guidelines are summarized in Table 1. These provide Kumeyaay Indians during the Historic Period in hydration rates do not comply with the diffusion model when the structure of the Curation Management Policy presented State of Maryland Discard Policy California. Historical Archaeology 36(2):71-91. the model itself is theoretically sound. below. Archaeological research in California has focused on The State of Maryland’s Office of Historic Preservation The study used calibrated radiocarbon dates from inferring trade relations and the routing of cultural and raw has adopted a specific policy on the selective discard of Project Curation and Discard Principles features, associated obsidian hydration rim measurements, materials between groups in prehistory. As Gamble and archaeological artifacts. Maryland’s “Standards and and provenience-specific temperature estimates from Zepeda point out, rarely are questions formulated about the Guidelines for Archeological Investigations” give an Following a project’s research design, all archaeological archaeological sites in Yosemite to determine the dynamics of exchange networks between traditional groups important rationale for discard: sites and features are evaluated for legal importance and only relationship between temperature, time, and hydration. Two following Euro-American contact. Since trade relations are those meeting appropriate criteria are recovered for hundred and sixteen obsidian hydration rim measurements rarely discussed in ethnographic texts or historic accounts, it Certain types of material may have questionable long laboratory analysis. These principles, therefore, apply to that matched the above criteria were analyzed. Based on this has been assumed that long distance trade was disrupted due term research value and thus may not warrant artifact collections that are already identified as potentially study, Hall suggests that the most secure application of this to foreign intrusion. permanent curation with the collection. These significant. They also address artifacts that, while not calibration equation for induced hydration rates would be materials may include: brick, mortar, slag, coal, shell, belonging to features deemed important for their research Based on data analysis of cultural material, most from samples located in the mid-to-upper elevation ranges in and recent 20th century debris (i.e., less than 50 years potential, are curated for educational reasons. specifically shell beads, from the Amat Inuk (C-144) site, Yosemite where effected hydration temperature (EHT) old)... Factors to consider in reaching the decision to Gamble and Zepeda suggest that trade still occurred between values that were used to construct the formula could be used selectively discard materials include: the Artifact curation and discard principles are organized traditional groups even after Spanish colonization. The Amat to establish specific EHT’s for chronometric calibration. In archaeological context of discovery, the items’ under three considerations: Research Values, Practicality, and Inuk site was occupied by the Kumeyaay Indians until 1870 conclusion, Hall emphasizes three main observations: 1) research potential, [and] the amount and manageability Education Potential. If one or more of the criteria listed under when a smallpox epidemic forced them to leave the area. provenience-specific sampling should be taken into of the materials (Maryland Historic Trust 1994). these headings are met, the Principal Investigator may chose Excavation at the site revealed a relatively large assemblage consideration for accurate hydration rate estimation; 2) to discard the material in question. Clearly, certain criteria of Olivella biplicata rough disk beads. The find is quite surface and subsurface EHT information should be collected In this statement, Maryland defines three principles by which will carry more weight than others in various circumstances. significant considering that shell beads or manufacturing and compiled on a regional scale; and 3) geomorphological the archaeologist determines if material may be discarded. Research Values debris have not been encountered at any other post-contact observations regarding paleosol development could be The first two of these reinforce the Secretary of the Interior’s important for discerning context specific hydration rates. concern that important data be preserved, as well as the Kumeyaay archaeological site in San Diego County. These values relate to the potential of a class, or ACHP’s position that we must make critical decisions collection, of artifacts to provide information important for Based on shell bead analysis, the authors propose that the Holliman, Sandra E. regarding what constitutes “important” data. The Maryland understanding the past as defined in the project’s research beads were most likely manufactured by the Chumash and 2000 Archaeology of the ‘Aqi: Gender and Sexuality in guidelines also support the Federal notion that there are design. Artifacts may be discarded if they meet any of the acquired by the Kumeyaay through a fairly complex Prehistoric Chumash Society. In Archaeologies of practical limits to data recovery and curation. following criteria: exchange system even eighty years after contact. Sexuality, edited by Robert A. Schmidt and Barbara L. Voss. New York: Routledge. Pp. 179-196. State of California Guidelines on Curation Additionally, it appears that the beads were unevenly 1. Lack of long-term research value. The research potential of a distributed in the Kumeyaay cemetery at Amat Inuk. This Holliman explores the probability that the guild of The State of California’s “Guidelines for the Curation of class of artifacts has been exhausted through cataloguing possibly implies an unequal distribution of wealth during the undertakers in Chumash society, known as the ‘aqi, Archaeological Collections” (State Historical Resources and analysis (i.e., as far as can be reasonably foreseen, historic period. In addition to discussing the results of their represented one of the first forms of labor organization in the Commission [SHRC] 1993) were issued to guide the there is no additional important information that might be analyses, Gamble and Zepeda briefly outline Kumeyaay Santa Barbara Channel area. The author argues that this treatment of archaeological remains recovered under the retrieved from the artifacts in the future). culture, studies on southern California exchange, and a survey professional association may have served as a model for craft authority of State laws and regulations. The Guidelines of the Amat Inuk site. guilds that were observed and documented at the time of 2. Poor archaeological or historical context. Stratigraphic provide a general statement concerning the retention of evaluations and feature associations made in the field are Euro-American contact. materials for permanent curation:

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 18 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 30 19 Articles New Publications useful for understanding the curation policy presented in Holliman surveys the connection between sexual identity, O’Brien performed dental increment analysis on two this document. gender roles, labor organization, and social structure in zebra populations (56 individuals) from Northern Tanzania association with Chumash undertakers. The ‘aqi not only and Southern Kenya using the petrographic thin-sectioning Curation, Past and Present represented an individual who performed ritual and functional technique. Results of this study produced expected ages for duties associated with the dead, but it also linked gender the majority of the sample. The author states that Since the rise of the New Archeology in the 1960s, it identification concepts with supernatural power. discordance in results from East Africa mammal populations has been general practice among North American Traditionally, male members or postmenopausal women lies with problems of methodology applied by biologists and archaeologists to curate most or all excavated performed this role. There is an apparent religious zoologists. O’Brien stresses the importance of considering archaeological remains. This practice has been justified connection between non-procreative sexual activity and methodology and understanding cementum histology in by the observation that the highly selective collection spiritual and cosmological recognition within the Chumash increment analysis. This study has confirmed the value of policies of earlier practitioners resulted in the discard of culture and other cultural groups in the region (Yokuts, Mono, this type of analysis and has shown that life history events for classes of artifacts that, considered worthless in the past, and Tubatulabal). both temperate and tropical species can be confidently established. are now known to contain important information. There The ‘antap society, the economic, political, and religious is no doubt that this conservative approach has been of elites, and the ‘aqi guild is thought to have been fully formed considerable benefit to the archaeological record. and recognized by the Early Period. Artifacts such as turtle shell rattles, wands, and quartz crystals have been However, a side effect of this practice has been that Web Sites of Interest: archaeological collections research and storage facilities, documented in Early, Middle, Transitional, and Later Period which maintain artifacts in perpetuity for future research, cemeteries on Santa Cruz Island suggesting that mortuary are filling up rapidly. Non-profit institutions such as practices were fully established. The archaeological Minnesota State University, Mankato, e-Museum Don’t Keep Everything: universities and museums that accepted these evidence for male ‘aqi practitioners is based on the discovery http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/archaeology/index.shtml collections in the past, have either stopped accepting of a relatively young male with a pathological condition Historic Artifacts archaeological remains altogether or accept collections located in the spine only previously seen in females. It has FHWA Tribal Consultation Q & A only from a limited region. Where facilities still accept been proposed that this condition could have developed from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/natvamrc/tcqa.htm Discard Policy the repeated stress from excavating graves. The challenge in artifact collections, they virtually all charge a fee, The Meteoritical Society ranging from $500 to $1000 per cubic foot. Curation fees identifying items associated with the ‘aqi is that the tool kit of Adrian Praetzellis, Ph.D. http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/metsoc/index1.htm are now a highly significant portion of every undertakers, digging stick and baskets, would look identical Anthropological Studies Center archaeological budget. to domestic items archaeologically. However, Holliman Sonoma State University maintains that it is possible to consider sexuality in Glossary of Shoe Types and Footwear Terminology Rohnert Park, CA 94928 Compounding this curation problem is the archaeological contexts if research objectives are in http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/ RESEARCH/GLOSSARY/define.htm and recognition that not all materials collected during an accordance with larger social systems such as kinship, archaeological excavation have equal curation value. For marriage, and division of labor. Julia G. Costello, Ph.D. example, those historic period sites which reflect the California Native Plant Photos Foothill Resources, Ltd. material wealth of the Industrial Revolution have the O’Brien, Christopher http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/flora/ Mokelumne Hill, CA 95245 potential to produce very large quantities of artifacts that, 2000 A Re-evaluation of Dental Increment Formation in 2002 Governor’s Historic Preservation Awards once analyzed, have little additional information to East African Mammals: Implications for Wildlife http://www.ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=22222 yield. To responsibly address the current curation crisis, Biology and Zooarchaeology. Archaeozoologia XI:43- 64. Introduction principal investigators must develop thoughtful policies Gordon Willey Obituary Cris Lowgren about which artifacts to retain and which to discard. Dental increment analysis has been used by http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-45- rchaeological research designs and treatment plans for archaeologists to further understand prehistoric mobility 283782,00.html Federal Curation Policies historic-period urban sites of the nineteenth and early patterns and prey selection. Although the method was Atwentieth centuries provide criteria for evaluating the initially developed and used by wildlife managers to age The treatment of federal archaeological collections is animals, archaeologists have found the technique to be useful New California Archaeology Web Site research value and legal importance of features. These plans specified in “Federally Owned and Administered in determining age and season of death in archaeofaunal generally do not, however, specify the conditions under Archeological Collections” (36 CFR 79). This and other http://www.californiaprehistory.com assemblages. To date, most dental increment research has which some materials recovered from these features are guidance, however, address mostly the technical, focused on temperate latitude mammalian species and has discarded following inventory, cataloging, or analysis. The museological aspects of artifact storage. Other aspects of proved to strongly correlate with increment interpretation and purpose of this document is to present a series of principles federally mandated archaeological projects are subject to the life history patterns. However, the mechanism of increment and practices that standardize the deaccessioning (and Department of the Interior’s “Archeology and Historic formation is yet to be fully understood. O’Brien states that potential discard) of artifacts. Preservation; Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and the appearance of double bands in tropical species has been Guidelines” (48 FR 44716-42). Here, the “Secretary of the The discussion that follows outlines the treatment of inappropriately taken as evidence for a causal relationship Interior’s Guidelines for Archeological Documentation” archaeological collections generated as a result of federal between ecological factors and increment formation. addresses curation specifically: mandates as well as under the guidelines of the states of Because of the inconsistency of study results, there has been Maryland and California. Many projects in California are not Archeological specimens and records are part of the skepticism about the reliability of study results from tropical Editor’s e-mail: bound by federal guidelines and policies, and certainly none documentary record of an archeological site. They mammals. If ecological variability explains this lack of [email protected] are obliged to adhere to principles adopted by other states. must be curated for future use in research... Curation of correspondence between age of animal and increment This information is provided as background to the principles important archaeological specimens and records representation, the application of the method in adopted by the State of California, adding specificity that is should be provided for in the development of any archaeological studies should be reassessed.

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students providing for some their first experience in field accomplished using the abbreviated INAA procedure in the Great Basin, edited by R. E. Hughes, pp. 135-172. Francis A. “Fritz” Riddell passed away on Friday, 8 March archaeology. outlined by Glascock et al. (1994). However, extended INAA Contributions of the University of California 2002. His close friend and professional associate William and ICP-MS (using laser ablation) are also available at the Archaeological Research Facility, 45. “Ole” Olsen agree to assemble the following tribute. The Fritz’s interests were not confined to prehistory. He had a same cost. This compares favorably with most XRF Bettinger, R.L. Society is indebted to Ole for his willingness to assume this lifelong interest in the Native Californians and carried out laboratories that charge between $25 and $35 per sample. As somber task. studies on the Honey Lake Paiute, the Concow Maidu and 1982 Aboriginal Exchange and Territoriality in Owens shown in Figure 3, the abbreviated INAA procedure is quite Valley, California. In Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange, Clear Lake Pomo. He thoroughly enjoyed meeting and capable of discriminating between all the major obsidian Before he passed away, Fritz completed three installments of getting to know California Indians as friends, a passion that he edited by J. E. Ericson and T. K. Earle, pp. 103-127. sources in Eastern California. The figure plots parts per Academic Press, New York. his memoirs published in this Newsletter under the title “As It never forgot. His experiences with Dr. Samuel Barrett and million (ppm) concentrations for manganese and barium for Was.” Readers are encouraged to read all three, which took several Maidu informants were long remembered and known source samples and items from the Sherwin Summit. Davis, M.K., T.L. Jackson, M.S. Shackley, T. Teague, and J.H. us to 1951. Ole’s account picks up the story in the mid-1950s. cherished. Fritz always enjoyed attending events such as the Unfortunately, the obsidian database at MURR for Casa Hampel Bear Dance in Lassen County. He had several important Diablo is small and does not contain data for different 1998 Factors affecting the energy-dispersive x-ray Readers are also encouraged to visit a web site with Brian publications result from this facet of his professional career, subsources. As a result we were unable to discriminate fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of archaeological Dillon’s excellent tribute containing wonderful personal including the Chapter on the Concow in the California between the Sawmill Ridge and Lookout Mountain obsidian. In Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and reminiscences, new biographical detail, and an account of his Handbook. Theory, ed. by M.S. Shackley, pp. 159-180. later service with CDF: subsources that Hughes (1994) can discern using XRF. Eerkens, J.W., and J. King Following Fritz’s University time he took a position as The major drawback of INAA and ICP-MS is that like 2002 Phase II Archaeological Investigations for the Sherwin http://www.indiana.edu/~e472/cdf/other_reports/fritz_riddell/ Curator of the California State Indian Museum in 1956. obsidian hydration, the techniques are partially destructive Summit Rehabilitation Project, U.S. Highway 395, While this position was technically that of a Curator of (though ICP-MS with laser ablation, also available at MURR, Inyo County, California. Report submitted to CalTrans, Collections, Fritz soon enlisted a cadre of interested local does not have this problem). This may make retrieving both District 6, Fresno, California. students and volunteers to carry out salvage work at hydration and sourcing data from the same small pressure threatened sites in the Lower Sacramento Valley and Upper flake difficult, though certainly not impossible (i.e., Gilreath, A. J., and W. R. Hildebrandt Francis A. Riddell, San Joaquin Valley. Included in this group were Sam Payen, depending on the size of the initial flake). 1997 Prehistoric Use of the Coso Volcanic Field. Paper Ric Windmiller, Dave Boloyan and many other students. presented at the Contributions of the University of 1921 to 2002 About the same time Norm Wilson joined Fritz at the In conclusion, we hope to have dispelled some of the California Archaeological Research Facility , Berkeley. Museum as the first of a Riddell recruited cadre of museum common misperceptions about the techniques available to William Olsen Glascock, M.D., H. Neff, K.S. Stryker, and T.N. Johnson staff/archaeologists. source small obsidian flakes. As well, we hope to have shown 1994 Sourcing of archaeological obsidian by an abbreviated- Following World War II, that, in the Sherwin Summit case, the systematic analysis of In 1960 Fritz took the first state archaeologist position NAA procedure. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Fritz enrolled at the small pressure-sized flakes, in addition to large flakes and working directly for a state agency outside of academia. The Chemistry, Articles 180:29-35. University of California, different artifact categories, adds important information to our importance of this position cannot be over estimated. Fritz Hall, M.C. Berkeley in the understanding of prehistoric lifeways. We believe California had lobbied long and hard for a position such as this. Based 1983 Late Holocene Hunter-Gatherers and Volcanism in the Long Department of and Great Basin sourcing studies should strive to include on the vital need for archaeological expertise to handle state Valley-Mono Basin Region: Prehistoric Culture Change in Anthropology. He smaller pressure flakes, in addition to traditionally-sourced highways development and the large scale water the Eastern Sierra Nevada. Unpublished Ph.D. completed his Bachelors artifact categories, within their sourcing studies. development of the 1960’s it was clear that in-house positions dissertation, University of California, Riverside. degree and Masters degrees were required. Ironically while Fritz’s position was housed in in the mid 1950’s. Along Hughes, R.E. the State Department of Parks and Recreation it was project Acknowledgments the way he carried out field 1994 Intrasource chemical variability of artifact-quality work that funded the work and all the positions into the late work in Alaska, Peru and We kindly thank Denise Thomas and Tom Mills of obsidians from the Casa Diablo area, California. 1960’s. Prior archaeological work in the Park system had California as well as California Department of Transportation, Linda Reynolds of Journal of Archaeological Science 21(2):263-271. been carried out under contract with the University of projects in the Great Basin the USFS, and Kirk Halford of the BLM for comments and California, Berkeley. Along the way he also married Carolyn Jackson, R.J. and Washington. His Ric Windmiller support for the field and lab work. Thanks also to Bill and started a new family. To son Jim from his first marriage he 1999 Discussion. In, Obsidian hydration chronology in the Master’s Thesis was based Hildebrandt and Richard Hughes for reading and and Carolyn added daughters Catherine, Mildred (Midge) and Inyo-Mono Region, organized by K. Halford and D. on his work in Alaska and his work in Peru with Dorothy commenting on earlier drafts, and to Tamara Norton for Laura. Laylander. Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Society Menzel, his first wife, initiated a life long interest Peruvian drafting Figure 1. for California Archaeology, Sacramento, California. prehistory. It was at the University of California, Berkeley By the mid 1960’s Fritz had a full or part time staff of any Ramos, B. A. that Fritz developed friendships that he maintained where from five to forty people in the field, laboratory or References Cited 2000 Prehistoric Obsidian Quarry Use and Technological Change throughout his life. Included in this group were Clement office. While Fritz handled the administrative/bureaucratic in Western Great Basin: Examining Lithic Procurement at Meighan, William Wallace, Bert Gerow, Franklin Fenenga, workload and lobbied for funding, from both state and federal Basgall, M.E. the Truman/Queen Obsidian Source, California and Edward Lanning, Martin Baumhoff, James Bennyhoff, Larry agencies, to support field operations. Project managers at this 1989 Obsidian Acquisition and Use in Prehistoric Central- Nevada. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Dawson, David and Vera May Fredrickson, Albert Elsasser, period included Sam Payen, Eric Ritter, Jim West, Chester eastern California. In Current Directions in California California at Davis. Adan Treganza, Fredrica DeLaguna, Don Lathrap, Don King, Tom King, Dave Fredrickson, Rick Hanks, Joe Obsidian Studies, edited by R. E. Hughes, pp. 111-126. McGeein, Paul Schumacher plus many others. Fritz also Chartkoff, Peter Schulz, Bob Orlins and others heading up Contributions of the University of California Skinner, C. worked at the University of California Archaeological Survey field crews in all parts of California. Major excavation Archaeological Research Facility, No. 45. 2001 “How to Select and Submit Samples for Analysis.” during this period and carried out numerous excavations and projects were carried out in the Oroville Reservoir, San Luis Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory page. Bouey, P. D., and M. E. Basgall surveys. One of Fritz’s most notable excavations was that of Dam, Los Banos Detention Reservoir, Little Panoche http://www.obsidianlab.com/howto.html 1984 Trans-Sierran Exchange in Prehistoric California: The the Karlo site in Lassen County. Here, as well as at several Reservoir, Grizzle Valley Reservoir, Castaic and Pyramid Concept of Economic Articulation. In Obsidian Studies other Lassen County sites, he enlisted the services of other Reservoirs and many other locations. At the same time major

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 20 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 28 21 Articles Tribute debitage). Very little primary reduction of Truman Queen site excavations were carried out all over California related to Publications by Francis A. Riddell obsidian took place within the project area. Primary the Highway Salvage Program. While much of the water reduction, instead, seems to have been limited to Casa project related work ultimately was published, little of Riddell, F. A. Diablo, and to a lesser extent Mono Glass Mountain, highway work was followed to completion. By the late 1951 The archaeology of site Ker-74. University of obsidian. Although we did not recover projectile points from 1960’s and early 1970’s both State Parks and the Division of California Archaeological Survey Reports, No. 10, pp 1- the Mono Craters source, the same may be true of obsidian Highways and ultimately other state agencies had developed 28. from this source. The presence only of smaller pressure flakes internal archaeological staff to handle their workload. A large 1955 Archaeological excavations on the Farallon Islands, from Mono Craters suggests we are capturing only the degree of the credit for development of these programs must California. University of California Archaeological Survey retouching activities associated with obsidians from this go to Fritz Riddell who fought the first battles for Reports, No. 32, pp. 1-18. source. Tools from this source may have arrived to the consideration of archaeological values on a broad basis. 1956a Archaeological Research in Lassen County, Sherwin Summit area through trade or as part of seasonal California. University of California Archaeological Survey mobility patterns that included forays into the Mono Basin. Outside of state service programs Fritz, in the late 1950’s, Reports, No. 33, pp 44-49. supported the development of the first independent Future research will attempt to discern between these 1956b Final Report on the Archaeology of Tommy Tucker archaeological foundation, ultimately titled the Central alternatives. Cave. University of California Archaeological Survey California Archaeological Foundation or CCAF. The Report, No. 35, pp.1-25. Thus, source diversity among the smaller flakes nearly members were devoted to providing expertise to both private matches that observed among the projectile points. A chi- and public entities and over the years included a broad mix 1956c Summary report of the excavation of the Karlo site. square test comparing obsidians from Casa Diablo, Mono of academic and non academic archaeologists and historians. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No, 26, pp. 63- Glass Mountain, and Truman Queen across projectile points 73, 5 figures. and small flakes only is not significant (p = .86), suggesting Figure 3: Bivariate plot of Mn and Ba showing separation of Following Fritz’s retirement from state service in 1983 he 1958a The Eastern California Border: Cultural and that the distribution of small pressure-sized flakes and points Eastern California obsidian sources. Solid dots represent continued to be active in contract archaeology and worked Temporal Affinities. University of California more closely mirror one another (these three are the only Sherwin Summit small flakes. Ellipses represent 95% confidence with the California Division of Forestry in the training of in- Archaeological Survey Report, No. 42, pp. 41-48. sources with sample sizes large enough to warrant including intervals around analyzed source samples. house non archaeological staff. He also renewed his interest 1958b State Indian Museum Occasional Papers. No. 1. in the statistical test). in Peruvian Archaeology and organized The California State of California, Department of Natural Resources, Institute for Peruvian Studies. He developed relationships Division of Beaches and Parks. pressure flaking may be more important in late-prehistoric vs. with Peruvian archaeologists not only in the United States but Discussion early-prehistoric contexts), it is quite possible that limiting 1960a Honey Lake Paiute Ethnography. Nevada State in Peru to foster his goals of excavating threatened sites in Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 4. our analyses to larger flakes misrepresents the nature and that country. He again became active in organizations As shown above, there are significant differences in the 1960b The archaeology of the Karlo site (Las-7), California. importance of prehistoric activities through time. This is devoted to South American prehistory and supported source distribution of small pressure-sized and large University of California Archaeological Survey Report, No. particularly relevant in situations where we depend on researchers and students by organizing field schools in Peru. 53. percussion-sized flakes in the Sherwin Summit region. source-specific obsidian hydration readings to trace Fritz was ultimately awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Although not unexpected, the significance of this difference prehistoric activities on the landscape. If we differentially Catholic University at Ariquipa. 1960c Archaeologiccal Reconnaissance of Frenchman Dam was not known. As shown, the analysis of small flakes more select larger pieces for analysis (due to technical limits in our and Resservoir, Plumas County, California. State of closely mirrors the source distribution of projectile points, methods), we may be missing certain aspects and time Fritz Riddell’s career in archaeology is unique as was California Department of Water Resources, and in this case expanded the range of obsidian sources periods in prehistory. Fritz as a human being. His sense of humor, wide range of Archaeological Report No. A-3. observed to include Mono Craters. Inclusion of this source professional friends and acquaintances and broad range of 1960d Archaeological Reconnaissance of the South Bay Unfortunately, few studies of prehistoric sites in California significantly expanded our understanding of prehistoric interests will not be soon forgotten, indeed it will be hard for Aqueduct Project, Alameda County, California. State and the Great Basin systematically attempt to source small mobility patterns and exchange systems for the Sherwin many of us to ever forget Fritz. He started many people in of California Department of Water Resources, flakes. Depending on how research questions are phrased, the Summit (Eerkens and King 2002). We were also able to the discipline, supported all of us and made sure we stuck Archaeological Report No. A-1. demonstrate that resharpening finished tools was an important lack of small-flake sourcing may be introducing biases into with it in good times and bad. We all owe him a debt for his 1960e Archaeological Reconnaissance of Whale Rock Dam part of the range of activities taking place on the landscape. our understanding of the prehistoric record. In particular, we role in the development of what we now call CRM in and Reservoir , San Luis Obispo County, California. suggest that this bias probably results in an underestimation California. In most archaeological projects, projectile point sample of the extent of prehistoric mobility and exchange and the Appendix: Basis of Cost Estimate for Archaeological Salvage, by Marshal B. McKusick. State of California sizes are extremely limited. However, the number of small importance of resharpening and use of obsidian tools. The Those of us who worked with Fritz in the 1950’s and early Department of Water Resources, Archaeological flakes is usually not. Source analysis of small flakes, then, bias may also have a temporal component, overemphasizing 1960’s found him to be a good friend as well as a mentor. He Report No. A-2. may present an opportunity to estimate the original source time periods where percussion flaking dominates. Correcting made sure that many of us prepared and presented papers for diversity of projectile points that were at a site, but were this potential bias should be a concern to all working in the publication or at meetings and never took no for and answer. 1963 Butte County Prehistory. In: Butte County Historical subsequently removed (i.e., curated) and used elsewhere region. Though Fritz had a broad range of interests in archaeology, Diggin’s, Vol. 7, pp. 3-17. (depending, of course, on the technological flintknapping he never forgot his early experiences in Central California. 1969 Pleistocene faunal remains associated with system in place and how the small flakes are sampled from a Why this bias against the analysis of small flakes is in- Fritz’s range of colleagues and friends was broad. While he carbonaceous material. American Antiquity, Vol. 34(2), site). place is unclear, but we believe it may extend from a lack of especially loved to reminisce about his time at U.C. Berkeley pp.177-180. exposure to sourcing techniques outside of XRF. There may and the relationships he made there, Fritz did not live in the 1973 Fossilized California bone artifacts. The Masterkey Vol. Selecting only larger flakes for sourcing analysis can be a misperception that techniques such as INAA or past. Even to the end he enjoyed going to the field and was 47(1), pp. 28-32. affect not only the range of different sources represented, but Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), disturbed that he could no longer do so. Of course most 80 1978 Maidu and Concow. In R.F. Heizer, vol. ed., Handbook their overall importance as well. Because large and small which both give reliable chemical data on small artifacts, are year olds don’t do a lot of field work, a thought that never of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California, pp. 370- flakes represent different behaviors and activities (i.e., expensive or inaccessible. Sourcing data for small flakes is entered his mind. To those of us who worked with Fritz he 386. Smithsonian Institution. primary reduction vs. resharpening), and because these available to the public at MURR for $40 per sample, using will never be replaced and, along with his family we will miss behaviors may have a temporal component as well (i.e., the best method available. In most cases this can be 1986 Symposium: A new look at some old sites: Papers from him. the Symposium Organized by Francis A. Riddell. SCA

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Annual Meeting 1983. Coyote Press Archives of diameter) were submitted for INAA at Missouri University sourced by XRF). By comparison, a chi-square test on large California Prehistory. Aboriginal Use of the Owens Lake Playa Research Reactor (MURR), Columbia, Missouri. Samples and small flakes from Casa Diablo and Mono Glass Mountain Riddell, Francis A. and D.F. McGeein Mike Avina were analyzed according to the abbreviated procedure is insignificant (p=.77), suggesting there is little difference in outlined by Glascock et al. (1992). the size of flakes from these two sources. 1969 California atlatl spurs. American Antiquity, Vol. 34(4 ) Jones and Stokes, Inc. pp.474-478. Not surprisingly, Truman Queen obsidian also makes up a os Angeles Department of Water and Power Results relatively high fraction of the projectile point assemblage Riddell, Francis A. and W. H. Olsen (LADWP) recently completed the first phase of a 1969 An Early Man site in the San Joaquin Valley. American (16.7%; see Table 1). All of this is consistent with a pattern Lproject designed to mitigate dust emitted from the Overall, the pattern of sources compared to artifact Antiquity, Vol. 34(2), pp. 121-130. where completed points from the Truman Queen source were dry bed of Owens Lake, in Inyo County, California. This vast category is consistent with the interpretation that the main brought into the project area in completed form and were Riddell, Francis A. and W.H. Olsen playa measures approximately 250 square kilometers (100 focus of flintknapping within the project area was the either resharpened (accounting for the smaller debitage) or 1962 Cultural Change on the Western Periphery of the Great square miles). The undertaking occurred on the northeastern reduction of Casa Diablo obsidian into bifaces (see Eerkens were discarded and replaced with newly knapped Casa Basin. 1962 Great Basin Anthropological Conference. expanse of the lake playa, just south and east of the Owens and King 2002). The majority of large flakes and tools are Diablo points (accounting for the larger Casa Diablo Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 9, pp. River delta (Figure 1). Jones & Stokes implemented from this source. However, a small 55-66 construction monitoring for cultural resources, and discovered percentage of the tools and a Figure 2: Selection of flaked stone tools from Sherwin Summit. Riddell, Francis A. and William E. Pritchard 18 new prehistoric archaeological sites on the playa. larger percentage of the smaller 1970 Archaeology of the Rainbow Point Site (4-Plu-S94), Management efforts culminated in the excavation and flakes are from alternative Bucks Lake , Plumas County, California. University of analysis of these sites. One previously excavated site in the sources, pointing out a second Oregon Anthropological Papers, No. 1, pp. 59-102, project area was also tested, to facilitate comparison with focus of flintknapping in the study Eugene. previous studies. The assemblages recovered from these area. These activities seem to sites revealed an underreported class of artifacts. In addition have revolved around the DeLaguna, Frederica, Francis A. Riddell, Donald McGeein, these assemblages offered fine-grained data illuminating the resharpening of bifaces and Kenneth Lane and J. Arthur Freed local nature of late period culture and climate change. projectile points from more 1964 Archeology of the Yakutat Bay Area, Alaska. Bureau of distant sources such as Truman American Ethnology Bulletin 192, Smithsonian Institution Sites discovered on the lake were striking for their large Queen and Mono Craters, among Fenenga, Franklin and Francis A. Riddell size and relative paucity of cultural debris. Sites averaged others. Table 1 presents the results 1949 Excavation of Tommy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, approximately 10,417 m2. The typical site contained a of the INAA and XRF sourcing California. American Antiquity, Vol.14, pp. 203-214. sparse scatter of debitage, ground stone, a few projectile studies showing these differences. points, and a scatter of large, crude bifaces manufactured from Heizer, Robert F. (Ed.) quartzite, and other siliceous meta-sedimentary rock. These While the percentage of large 1953 The Archaeology of the Napa Region. University of bifaces appeared to be relatively uniform, measuring and small flakes ascribed to some California Anthropological Records No. 12:6. Chipped approximately 9 cm long, 6 cm wide, 1 cm thick and slightly sources is approximately equal, Stone Sections by Francis A. Riddell, A. Pilling and C. ovoid in shape. These tools were sharpened along the edges, such as Mono Glass Mountain Chard. (pp. 261-265, 290-294). with few flake scars intruding along the planar surfaces of the (27% and 25%, respectively), Meighan, Clement W. and Francis A. Riddell tools. The existing bedding planes of the tabular parent others are quite different. For 1972 The Maru Cult of the Pomo Indians, a California Ghost material likely offered an expedient means of thinning the example, while 63% of the large Dance Survival. Southwest Museum Papers, No. Twenty- tools. Field staff dubbed these crude tools “tabs” or “tabular flakes were assigned to the Casa Three bifaces” (Figure 2). Diablo source, INAA ascribed only 47% of the small flakes to Olsen, William H. and Francis A. Riddell Analysis of this assemblage first tested the coherence of this source. As well, while 3.3% of 1962 Salvage of the Rio Oso site, Yuba County, California. the “tabs” as a discrete functional class of artifacts. It was the large flakes were sourced to State Division of Beaches and Parks Archaeological assumed that if the bifaces represented one functional class of Truman Queen and 8.1% to Fish Reports, No. 7. things rather than an arbitrary category imposed during the Springs, the percentage of small Olsen, William H. and Francis A. Riddell present study then they should group tightly in size and flakes was determined at 19% and 1963 The Archaeology of the Western Pacific Railroad weight. In other words, the narrow tolerances generally 4.2% respectively. Relocation, Oroville Project, Butte County, California. associated with a discrete functional class of tools should be State Division of Beaches and Parks Archaeological Report, statistically demonstrable. A sample of 70 specimens A chi-square comparison of the No. 7 allowed calculation of average size for several attributes frequency of Casa Diablo and (Table 1). The low degree of variability revealed in the Truman Queen flakes for small Riddell, H.S. Jr. and F.A. Riddell standard deviation strongly suggests that the tools were and large flakes is highly 1956 The current status of archaeological investigations in manufactured to meet specific tolerances and thus reflect one significant (p = .00003). The Owens Valley. University of California Archaeological functional class. In addition, comparison of the coefficients of results of the Chi-square test Survey Report No. 12, pp. 28-33. variation (cv) with those from established classes of artifacts suggest that Truman Queen Moratto, Michael J. revealed a similarly low degree of absolute variation in size. debitage tends to be composed 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Inc. Forward A sample population of Elko Corner-notched projectile predominantly of smaller pressure by Francis A. Riddell, pp. xxv-xxvi. points, for example produced a cv value of 0.15 for the flakes while Casa Diablo flakes attribute of maximum width (Thomas et al. 1983). When are usually larger and percussion- compared to the analogous attribute for the “tabs” (0.09 for sized (i.e., large enough to be width) the bifaces appear to be extremely uniform.

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SoourceArtifact (technique) C.asa Diabl Msono Glass Mtn Fnish Spring Tsruman Quee Bsodie Hill Mst. Hick Msono Crater Total Subsequent analysis of the artifacts’ function rests upon S)mall Flakes (INAA) 2)2 (47% 1)1 (25% 2)(4.2% 9--)(19% 27(4.2% 4 examination of resources L)arge Flakes ( XRF) 1)35 (61% 6)0 (27% 1)8 (8.1% 7)(3.2% 1--1(0.5% 22 within the local environment P)oints (XRF) 1)7 (57% 7)(23% 1)(3.3% 5---0(17% 3 and the larger site B)ifaces (XRF) 4)4 (54% 8)(10% 4)(5% 7-(9% 2-2(2% ) 8 assemblages. Three suites of F)lake Tools (XRF) 1)3 (52% 3-)(12% 2---5(8% 2 subsistence resources are T7otals 225 160 283122842 available within the immediate landscape: plants such as Table 1: Comparison of source diversity by ar tifact categor y. cattails and tules occur in the delta and river (Typha sp. and However, in all cases the very nature by which data are extent of this bias as it applies within an archaeological Scirpus latifolia), waterfowl gathered in XRF requires a relatively large minimum artifact context. Concerns over the potential effects of sample size (e.g., Podiceps sp.) used the lake size, particularly with regards to thickness. Large sample size selection have also been expressed in regards to obsidian surface, as did brine flies ensures that the technique gives reliable measurements for hydration analysis (i.e., Jackson 1999), but again, there has (Hydropyrus hyans). In purely all elements (Davis et al. 1998). Unfortunately, these been little attempt to address these biases. descriptive terms, the tabular restrictions inhibit research into the behaviors that lead to the biface toolkit makes the most deposition of small flakes. Such behaviors, including pressure Sample Selection and Methods sense for vegetal processing of flaking to resharpen or finish the production of a tool, and tool cattails and tules (Typha sp. and use resulting in the removal of microdebitage (e.g., To investigate the significance of the sample size Scirpus sp.). Pursuit of microchipping visible along flake tool margins), represent restrictions in XRF sourcing studies, we compare the results waterfowl requires highly significantly different kinds of behaviors than those resulting of a typical XRF sample to the results of a sourcing study specialized gear such as nets in the deposition of large flakes, such as biface thinning. By using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and weights, while brine flies limiting sourcing studies to the analysis of large flakes, then, composed only of small flakes (under 10 mm in maximum can only be procured when we are potentially missing an important component of the they wash ashore, and likely diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness, and weighing Figure 1: Project location. archaeological record. This bias is generally acknowledged in approximately 200 mg). INAA does not have the same size require little specialized California and Great Basin studies (Davis et al. 1998; Skinner restrictions and can be performed on samples as small as 2 equipment. Tules and cattails, Figure 2: Tabular biface from Owens Lake. 2001), but few have attempted to evaluate and/or resolve the mm in diameter and/or 5 mg. This small size smaller than however, are locally abundant in the river and delta, and most flakes produced during various activities, and is were documented sources of food and structural material for aboriginal peoples (Harper 1986, Liljeblad and Fowler Figure 1: Sherwin Summit and major obsidian sources in the region. certainly larger than the 1/8” (3.2 mm) mesh size usually employed during excavation. Thus, INAA 1986). Pursuit of riparian plant resources, then, offers a can handle the full range of artifacts that logical explanation of the general function of these sites, archaeologists in California and the Great and is congruent with the documented assemblages. Sites Basin typically encounter. found on the playa frequently contained relatively rich ground stone assemblages, including large non-portable Obsidian artifacts were sampled from dolomite metates, in association with scatters of tabular 14 prehistoric sites in the Sherwin Summit bifaces. The tabular bifaces thus likely functioned to area of southern Mono County, California process these plants after procurement along the Owens (see Eerkens and King 2002). The region River banks and delta. While these artifacts are not contains several nearby and chemically congruent with previously described grass and tule knives distinct obsidian sources that were (Riddell 1951; Basgall and McGuire 1988; and Delacorte et exploited by prehistoric inhabitants. The al. 1993), their association with this suite of resources location of the project area and major strongly suggests a functional correlation. Sites on the regional obsidian sources is shown in Figure 1. Table 1: Metr ic Data for Complete Tabular Bifaces (n=70). In total, 321 artifacts were submitted for XRF analysis, including 30 projectile points, 82 bifaces, 25 flake tools, and 221 Dnimension MDea SVC flakes over 10 mm in diameter. Figure 2 Length (cm) 93.22 09.8 0.0 presents a sample of the artifacts from the project. Artifacts were selected at random Width (cm) 66.10 09.5 0.0 from site assemblages and submitted to Geochemical Research Laboratories in Thickness (cm) 07.52 02.1 0.3 Portola Valley, California. In addition, a Weight (gm) 456.9 104. 0.3 smaller sample of 47 flakes under 10 mm diameter (though most less than 5 mm in SD = standard deviation, CV = coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean)

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northeastern edge of the dry Owens Lake playa thus reveal an with a site discovered during this study measures people and organizations that made this project possible; the Riddell, H.S. emphasis on the procurement and local processing of local approximately 3,575 feet above sea level. This elevation is Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Band, Barnard Construction, Jim 1951 Archaeology of a Paiute Village Site in Owens Valley. vegetal resources. The relatively small collection of 22 feet below the historic high stand at 3,597 feet above sea Bard and Tony DeJulio at CH2MHill, Boyle Engineering, University of California Archaeological Survey Reports projectile points indicates that hunting was important, but less level (Stine 1994). Sites found on the lake thus corroborate LADWP, and Kirk Halford of the Bureau of Land 12:14–28. so. Hunting was likely geared towards targets of opportunity, Stine’s reported episode of drought, and reveal that low Management. Thomas D. H., J. O. Davis, D. K Grayson, W. N. Melhorn, T. rather than the main purpose of forays onto the playa. stands occurred in the earlier Holocene as well. Thomas, D. T. Trexler References Cited 1983 The Archaeology of Monitor Valley 2. Gatecliff Analysis of the sites’ chronology must tease apart an The sequence of culture change in the region suggests an Shelter. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum apparent overlay of diagnostic materials. Many sites additional reason for the Haiwee period peak. The Basgall, M. E., and K. R. McGuire Natural History 59, Part 1. New York. contained several projectile points, spanning at least two prehistoric inhabitants of the Owens Valley reputedly shifted 1988 The archaeology of CA-INY-30, Prehistoric Culture Change periods. Assigning discrete dates for individual sites thus the general focus of their subsistence strategy late in the Stine, S. in the Southern Owens Valley, California. (Project 09-Iny- appears neither possible nor fruitful. A more useful focus is prehistoric era to include a greater proportion of high-cost 1994 Late Holocene Fluctuations of Owens Lake, Inyo County, 395, P.M. 45.0/55.1; 09201-204200.) Davis, CA. on the relative intensity of activity during different periods. plant resources. Lowland grass seeds such as Indian rice grass California. Prepared for Far Western Anthropological Prepared for California Department of Transportation, Following Bettinger (1991) and others, diagnostic projectile (Oryzopsis hymenoides) and alpine seeds such as piñon (Pinus Research Group, Davis, CA. District 9, Bishop, CA, by Far Western Anthropological points are a good proxy indicator for the timing and intensity monophylla) were especially important taxa (Bettinger and 1998 Chapter 3: Medieval Climactic Anomaly in the Research Group, Davis, CA. of activity within a discrete landscape. Field staff recovered Baumhoff 1982, Bettinger 1991). The most recent reports Americas. In: A.S. Assar and N. Brown, eds. Water, 24 diagnostic projectile points. These points reveal one place this intensification at ca. 2000 B.P. (Bettinger 1999). Bettinger, R.L. Environment and Society in Times of Climactic Change. striking fact: aboriginal peoples frequented this landscape Recent work in the study area has presented increasingly 1991 Aboriginal Occupation at High Altitude: Alpine Pp. 43-67. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherlands. throughout almost all periods, with the exception of the early fine-grained data relating to the timing and details of this Villages in the White Mountains of Eastern California. Holocene. Accepting the frequencies of point types as an late-period adaptive shift. Delacorte (1994a and 1994b) American Anthropologist 93:656–679 indicator of intensity, activity apparently peaked in the examined numerous sites with Haiwee components in the 1999 What Happened in the Medithermal. In Models for the Haiwee period (1350–650 B.P.). southern Owens valley. Many of these sites have discrete Millenium, Great Basin Anthropology Today, edited by C. Artifact Size and Chemical Sourcing: Haiwee components, dating to ca. 1350–650 B.P., with the Beck, pp. 62–74. University of Utah Press. The ratio of recovered Rose Springs/Eastgate points to associated Rose Spring/Eastgate series projectile-point forms. Studying the Potential Biases of Selecting Bettinger, R. L., and M. A. Baumhoff the total is exactly 1:3 (Table 2). If all arrow points (late These sites thus coincide closely, but not precisely with the 1982 The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Large Artifacts for Analysis period) are compared to the total, the ratio jumps to 7:12, incipient subsistence strategy shift. The sites often contain Competition. American Antiquity 47:485-503. almost half of all points. This late period “peak” in use of the living structures and rich assemblages indicative of habitation Jelmer W. Eerkensa northeastern playa requires consideration in terms of late loci and occur in “geographically isolated settings adjacent to Delacorte, M. G. Jay Kinga period culture and climate change. lakes, nearly vertical mountain escarpments, or on 1994a Late Prehistoric Intensification in the Numic Michael D. Glascockb undifferentiated alluvial plains that provided access to only Heartland. Paper presented at the 24th Great Basin a - Far Western Anthropological Research Group, PO Box 413, The predominant usage of the playa during the Haiwee one or a few biotic communities and subsistence resources” Anthropological Conference, Elko, Nevada. period corresponds to a putative episode of drought Davis, CA, 95616 (Delacorte 1994a). The location thus suggests intensive 1994b Some Thoughts Regarding the Subsistence Potential (Stine1994, 1998) that may have lowered the lake level. b - Missouri University Research Reactor, 223 Research Reactor, exploitation of one or a few types of food resources. The and Adaptive Significance of Great Basin Lacustrine Stine’s data indicates an exceptional low-stand around 2000 University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211 assemblages from these isolated sites also suggest pursuit of and other Aquatic Habitats. Paper presented at the B.P. (Stine 1994). Owens Lake then remained at a one resource to the relative exclusion of other subsistence 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for California moderately low elevation until approximately 600 B.P. (Stine Introduction goods. Faunal assemblages from Iny-3806/H contain over Archaeology, Ventura, California. 1994, 1998). This episode subsumes the entire Haiwee 80% waterfowl remains by count. In a similar fashion, faunal period. It is noteworthy that the highest elevation associated Delacorte, M.G., and K.R. McGuire ithic sourcing or provenance analysis has become an remains from Ker-250 contain in excess of 80% lagomorph 1993 Report of Archaeological Test Evaluations at Twenty-Three indispensable tool in California and Great Basin (rabbit) bone by count and weight (Delacorte 1994a, 1994b). Larchaeology, allowing us to reconstruct many facets of Sites in the Owens Valley, California. Prepared for Contel, Table 2. Projectile Points Recovered. Inc. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, prehistoric lifeways, including settlement patterns, tool These sites from previous studies suggest that Haiwee curation, exchange systems, territoriality, and quarrying inhabitants of the Owens Valley were moving towards the Davis, CA. Projectile Points Types1 n Recovered behavior (e.g., Basgall 1989; Bettinger 1982; Bouey and late-period subsistence pattern but had not yet worked out the Harper, K. T. Basgall 1984; Gilreath and Hildebrandt 1997; Hall 1983; Pinto series 1 finer details. Subsistence activities focused on resources of 1986 Historical Environments. In Great Basin, edited by W. Hughes 1994; Ramos 2000). In general, X-Ray Fluorescence Elko Series 4 the middle rank, and attempted to locate people with respect L. D’Azevedo, pp. 51–97. Handbook of North (XRF) has been the preferred method. This popularity likely Rose Spring/Eastgate 8 to these resource patches, even in extremely inhospitable American Indians, volume 11, Smithsonian Institution. stems from the wide availability of XRF machinery, the Cottonwood Leaf-shaped 2 environments. Sites found on the Owens Lake playa are Washington, DC. relative low cost of XRF, and historical factors (i.e., to ensure broadly congruent with this pattern. The playa offers few Desert Series 1 Jones & Stokes comparability between samples). resources, and fewer resources of high quality. Furthermore, 2002 Inventory and Evaluation of Eighteen Sites on the Misc. dart sized points 5 the use of this relatively inhospitable environment Eastern Margin of the Owens Lake Playa, Inyo County, As we demonstrate below, however, the systematic and Misc. arrow sized points 3 apparently peaked between 1350 and 650 BP. These sites California. Prepared for Boyle Engineering, Ventura, exclusive use of XRF can lead to serious biases in our Total: 2 4 and their assemblages thus help resolve the specific array of CA. interpretation of the archaeological record. In particular, size resources that were pursued during the Haiwee period—a restrictions usually require artifacts to be over 10 mm in Haiwee and later forms—total : 14 time of economic transition. Liljeblad, S., and C. S. Fowler Newberry and Earlier2—total: 10 diameter and 1.5 mm thick. Under some circumstances these 1986 Owens Valley Paiute. In Great Basin, edited by W. L. limits can be lowered slightly. For example, Dr. Richard The report for this study will be on file at Jones & Stokes D’Azevedo. Handbook of North American Indians, Hughes of Geochemical Research Laboratories is currently 1 - Non-diagnostic Humboldt Basal-notched series not included and the Eastern Information Center of the CHRIS (Jones & volume 11, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. working on methods to reduce his minimum sample size 2 - Does not include Humboldt Series Stokes 2002). Jones & Stokes would like to thank all the (Hughes, personal communication 2002).

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 24 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 24 25 Tribute Articles northeastern edge of the dry Owens Lake playa thus reveal an with a site discovered during this study measures people and organizations that made this project possible; the Riddell, H.S. emphasis on the procurement and local processing of local approximately 3,575 feet above sea level. This elevation is Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Band, Barnard Construction, Jim 1951 Archaeology of a Paiute Village Site in Owens Valley. vegetal resources. The relatively small collection of 22 feet below the historic high stand at 3,597 feet above sea Bard and Tony DeJulio at CH2MHill, Boyle Engineering, University of California Archaeological Survey Reports projectile points indicates that hunting was important, but less level (Stine 1994). Sites found on the lake thus corroborate LADWP, and Kirk Halford of the Bureau of Land 12:14–28. so. Hunting was likely geared towards targets of opportunity, Stine’s reported episode of drought, and reveal that low Management. Thomas D. H., J. O. Davis, D. K Grayson, W. N. Melhorn, T. rather than the main purpose of forays onto the playa. stands occurred in the earlier Holocene as well. Thomas, D. T. Trexler References Cited 1983 The Archaeology of Monitor Valley 2. Gatecliff Analysis of the sites’ chronology must tease apart an The sequence of culture change in the region suggests an Shelter. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum apparent overlay of diagnostic materials. Many sites additional reason for the Haiwee period peak. The Basgall, M. E., and K. R. McGuire Natural History 59, Part 1. New York. contained several projectile points, spanning at least two prehistoric inhabitants of the Owens Valley reputedly shifted 1988 The archaeology of CA-INY-30, Prehistoric Culture Change periods. Assigning discrete dates for individual sites thus the general focus of their subsistence strategy late in the Stine, S. in the Southern Owens Valley, California. (Project 09-Iny- appears neither possible nor fruitful. A more useful focus is prehistoric era to include a greater proportion of high-cost 1994 Late Holocene Fluctuations of Owens Lake, Inyo County, 395, P.M. 45.0/55.1; 09201-204200.) Davis, CA. on the relative intensity of activity during different periods. plant resources. Lowland grass seeds such as Indian rice grass California. Prepared for Far Western Anthropological Prepared for California Department of Transportation, Following Bettinger (1991) and others, diagnostic projectile (Oryzopsis hymenoides) and alpine seeds such as piñon (Pinus Research Group, Davis, CA. District 9, Bishop, CA, by Far Western Anthropological points are a good proxy indicator for the timing and intensity monophylla) were especially important taxa (Bettinger and 1998 Chapter 3: Medieval Climactic Anomaly in the Research Group, Davis, CA. of activity within a discrete landscape. Field staff recovered Baumhoff 1982, Bettinger 1991). The most recent reports Americas. In: A.S. Assar and N. Brown, eds. Water, 24 diagnostic projectile points. These points reveal one place this intensification at ca. 2000 B.P. (Bettinger 1999). Bettinger, R.L. Environment and Society in Times of Climactic Change. striking fact: aboriginal peoples frequented this landscape Recent work in the study area has presented increasingly 1991 Aboriginal Occupation at High Altitude: Alpine Pp. 43-67. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherlands. throughout almost all periods, with the exception of the early fine-grained data relating to the timing and details of this Villages in the White Mountains of Eastern California. Holocene. Accepting the frequencies of point types as an late-period adaptive shift. Delacorte (1994a and 1994b) American Anthropologist 93:656–679 indicator of intensity, activity apparently peaked in the examined numerous sites with Haiwee components in the 1999 What Happened in the Medithermal. In Models for the Haiwee period (1350–650 B.P.). southern Owens valley. Many of these sites have discrete Millenium, Great Basin Anthropology Today, edited by C. Artifact Size and Chemical Sourcing: Haiwee components, dating to ca. 1350–650 B.P., with the Beck, pp. 62–74. University of Utah Press. The ratio of recovered Rose Springs/Eastgate points to associated Rose Spring/Eastgate series projectile-point forms. Studying the Potential Biases of Selecting Bettinger, R. L., and M. A. Baumhoff the total is exactly 1:3 (Table 2). If all arrow points (late These sites thus coincide closely, but not precisely with the 1982 The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Large Artifacts for Analysis period) are compared to the total, the ratio jumps to 7:12, incipient subsistence strategy shift. The sites often contain Competition. American Antiquity 47:485-503. almost half of all points. This late period “peak” in use of the living structures and rich assemblages indicative of habitation Jelmer W. Eerkensa northeastern playa requires consideration in terms of late loci and occur in “geographically isolated settings adjacent to Delacorte, M. G. Jay Kinga period culture and climate change. lakes, nearly vertical mountain escarpments, or on 1994a Late Prehistoric Intensification in the Numic Michael D. Glascockb undifferentiated alluvial plains that provided access to only Heartland. Paper presented at the 24th Great Basin a - Far Western Anthropological Research Group, PO Box 413, The predominant usage of the playa during the Haiwee one or a few biotic communities and subsistence resources” Anthropological Conference, Elko, Nevada. period corresponds to a putative episode of drought Davis, CA, 95616 (Delacorte 1994a). The location thus suggests intensive 1994b Some Thoughts Regarding the Subsistence Potential (Stine1994, 1998) that may have lowered the lake level. b - Missouri University Research Reactor, 223 Research Reactor, exploitation of one or a few types of food resources. The and Adaptive Significance of Great Basin Lacustrine Stine’s data indicates an exceptional low-stand around 2000 University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211 assemblages from these isolated sites also suggest pursuit of and other Aquatic Habitats. Paper presented at the B.P. (Stine 1994). Owens Lake then remained at a one resource to the relative exclusion of other subsistence 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for California moderately low elevation until approximately 600 B.P. (Stine Introduction goods. Faunal assemblages from Iny-3806/H contain over Archaeology, Ventura, California. 1994, 1998). This episode subsumes the entire Haiwee 80% waterfowl remains by count. In a similar fashion, faunal period. It is noteworthy that the highest elevation associated Delacorte, M.G., and K.R. McGuire ithic sourcing or provenance analysis has become an remains from Ker-250 contain in excess of 80% lagomorph 1993 Report of Archaeological Test Evaluations at Twenty-Three indispensable tool in California and Great Basin (rabbit) bone by count and weight (Delacorte 1994a, 1994b). Larchaeology, allowing us to reconstruct many facets of Sites in the Owens Valley, California. Prepared for Contel, Table 2. Projectile Points Recovered. Inc. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, prehistoric lifeways, including settlement patterns, tool These sites from previous studies suggest that Haiwee curation, exchange systems, territoriality, and quarrying inhabitants of the Owens Valley were moving towards the Davis, CA. Projectile Points Types1 n Recovered behavior (e.g., Basgall 1989; Bettinger 1982; Bouey and late-period subsistence pattern but had not yet worked out the Harper, K. T. Basgall 1984; Gilreath and Hildebrandt 1997; Hall 1983; Pinto series 1 finer details. Subsistence activities focused on resources of 1986 Historical Environments. In Great Basin, edited by W. Hughes 1994; Ramos 2000). In general, X-Ray Fluorescence Elko Series 4 the middle rank, and attempted to locate people with respect L. D’Azevedo, pp. 51–97. Handbook of North (XRF) has been the preferred method. This popularity likely Rose Spring/Eastgate 8 to these resource patches, even in extremely inhospitable American Indians, volume 11, Smithsonian Institution. stems from the wide availability of XRF machinery, the Cottonwood Leaf-shaped 2 environments. Sites found on the Owens Lake playa are Washington, DC. relative low cost of XRF, and historical factors (i.e., to ensure broadly congruent with this pattern. The playa offers few Desert Series 1 Jones & Stokes comparability between samples). resources, and fewer resources of high quality. Furthermore, 2002 Inventory and Evaluation of Eighteen Sites on the Misc. dart sized points 5 the use of this relatively inhospitable environment Eastern Margin of the Owens Lake Playa, Inyo County, As we demonstrate below, however, the systematic and Misc. arrow sized points 3 apparently peaked between 1350 and 650 BP. These sites California. Prepared for Boyle Engineering, Ventura, exclusive use of XRF can lead to serious biases in our Total: 2 4 and their assemblages thus help resolve the specific array of CA. interpretation of the archaeological record. In particular, size resources that were pursued during the Haiwee period—a restrictions usually require artifacts to be over 10 mm in Haiwee and later forms—total : 14 time of economic transition. Liljeblad, S., and C. S. Fowler Newberry and Earlier2—total: 10 diameter and 1.5 mm thick. Under some circumstances these 1986 Owens Valley Paiute. In Great Basin, edited by W. L. limits can be lowered slightly. For example, Dr. Richard The report for this study will be on file at Jones & Stokes D’Azevedo. Handbook of North American Indians, Hughes of Geochemical Research Laboratories is currently 1 - Non-diagnostic Humboldt Basal-notched series not included and the Eastern Information Center of the CHRIS (Jones & volume 11, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. working on methods to reduce his minimum sample size 2 - Does not include Humboldt Series Stokes 2002). Jones & Stokes would like to thank all the (Hughes, personal communication 2002).

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SoourceArtifact (technique) C.asa Diabl Msono Glass Mtn Fnish Spring Tsruman Quee Bsodie Hill Mst. Hick Msono Crater Total Subsequent analysis of the artifacts’ function rests upon S)mall Flakes (INAA) 2)2 (47% 1)1 (25% 2)(4.2% 9--)(19% 27(4.2% 4 examination of resources L)arge Flakes ( XRF) 1)35 (61% 6)0 (27% 1)8 (8.1% 7)(3.2% 1--1(0.5% 22 within the local environment P)oints (XRF) 1)7 (57% 7)(23% 1)(3.3% 5---0(17% 3 and the larger site B)ifaces (XRF) 4)4 (54% 8)(10% 4)(5% 7-(9% 2-2(2% ) 8 assemblages. Three suites of F)lake Tools (XRF) 1)3 (52% 3-)(12% 2---5(8% 2 subsistence resources are T7otals 225 160 283122842 available within the immediate landscape: plants such as Table 1: Comparison of source diversity by ar tifact categor y. cattails and tules occur in the delta and river (Typha sp. and However, in all cases the very nature by which data are extent of this bias as it applies within an archaeological Scirpus latifolia), waterfowl gathered in XRF requires a relatively large minimum artifact context. Concerns over the potential effects of sample size (e.g., Podiceps sp.) used the lake size, particularly with regards to thickness. Large sample size selection have also been expressed in regards to obsidian surface, as did brine flies ensures that the technique gives reliable measurements for hydration analysis (i.e., Jackson 1999), but again, there has (Hydropyrus hyans). In purely all elements (Davis et al. 1998). Unfortunately, these been little attempt to address these biases. descriptive terms, the tabular restrictions inhibit research into the behaviors that lead to the biface toolkit makes the most deposition of small flakes. Such behaviors, including pressure Sample Selection and Methods sense for vegetal processing of flaking to resharpen or finish the production of a tool, and tool cattails and tules (Typha sp. and use resulting in the removal of microdebitage (e.g., To investigate the significance of the sample size Scirpus sp.). Pursuit of microchipping visible along flake tool margins), represent restrictions in XRF sourcing studies, we compare the results waterfowl requires highly significantly different kinds of behaviors than those resulting of a typical XRF sample to the results of a sourcing study specialized gear such as nets in the deposition of large flakes, such as biface thinning. By using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and weights, while brine flies limiting sourcing studies to the analysis of large flakes, then, composed only of small flakes (under 10 mm in maximum can only be procured when we are potentially missing an important component of the they wash ashore, and likely diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness, and weighing Figure 1: Project location. archaeological record. This bias is generally acknowledged in approximately 200 mg). INAA does not have the same size require little specialized California and Great Basin studies (Davis et al. 1998; Skinner restrictions and can be performed on samples as small as 2 equipment. Tules and cattails, Figure 2: Tabular biface from Owens Lake. 2001), but few have attempted to evaluate and/or resolve the mm in diameter and/or 5 mg. This small size smaller than however, are locally abundant in the river and delta, and most flakes produced during various activities, and is were documented sources of food and structural material for aboriginal peoples (Harper 1986, Liljeblad and Fowler Figure 1: Sherwin Summit and major obsidian sources in the region. certainly larger than the 1/8” (3.2 mm) mesh size usually employed during excavation. Thus, INAA 1986). Pursuit of riparian plant resources, then, offers a can handle the full range of artifacts that logical explanation of the general function of these sites, archaeologists in California and the Great and is congruent with the documented assemblages. Sites Basin typically encounter. found on the playa frequently contained relatively rich ground stone assemblages, including large non-portable Obsidian artifacts were sampled from dolomite metates, in association with scatters of tabular 14 prehistoric sites in the Sherwin Summit bifaces. The tabular bifaces thus likely functioned to area of southern Mono County, California process these plants after procurement along the Owens (see Eerkens and King 2002). The region River banks and delta. While these artifacts are not contains several nearby and chemically congruent with previously described grass and tule knives distinct obsidian sources that were (Riddell 1951; Basgall and McGuire 1988; and Delacorte et exploited by prehistoric inhabitants. The al. 1993), their association with this suite of resources location of the project area and major strongly suggests a functional correlation. Sites on the regional obsidian sources is shown in Figure 1. Table 1: Metr ic Data for Complete Tabular Bifaces (n=70). In total, 321 artifacts were submitted for XRF analysis, including 30 projectile points, 82 bifaces, 25 flake tools, and 221 Dnimension MDea SVC flakes over 10 mm in diameter. Figure 2 Length (cm) 93.22 09.8 0.0 presents a sample of the artifacts from the project. Artifacts were selected at random Width (cm) 66.10 09.5 0.0 from site assemblages and submitted to Geochemical Research Laboratories in Thickness (cm) 07.52 02.1 0.3 Portola Valley, California. In addition, a Weight (gm) 456.9 104. 0.3 smaller sample of 47 flakes under 10 mm diameter (though most less than 5 mm in SD = standard deviation, CV = coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean)

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Annual Meeting 1983. Coyote Press Archives of diameter) were submitted for INAA at Missouri University sourced by XRF). By comparison, a chi-square test on large California Prehistory. Aboriginal Use of the Owens Lake Playa Research Reactor (MURR), Columbia, Missouri. Samples and small flakes from Casa Diablo and Mono Glass Mountain Riddell, Francis A. and D.F. McGeein Mike Avina were analyzed according to the abbreviated procedure is insignificant (p=.77), suggesting there is little difference in outlined by Glascock et al. (1992). the size of flakes from these two sources. 1969 California atlatl spurs. American Antiquity, Vol. 34(4 ) Jones and Stokes, Inc. pp.474-478. Not surprisingly, Truman Queen obsidian also makes up a os Angeles Department of Water and Power Results relatively high fraction of the projectile point assemblage Riddell, Francis A. and W. H. Olsen (LADWP) recently completed the first phase of a 1969 An Early Man site in the San Joaquin Valley. American (16.7%; see Table 1). All of this is consistent with a pattern Lproject designed to mitigate dust emitted from the Overall, the pattern of sources compared to artifact Antiquity, Vol. 34(2), pp. 121-130. where completed points from the Truman Queen source were dry bed of Owens Lake, in Inyo County, California. This vast category is consistent with the interpretation that the main brought into the project area in completed form and were Riddell, Francis A. and W.H. Olsen playa measures approximately 250 square kilometers (100 focus of flintknapping within the project area was the either resharpened (accounting for the smaller debitage) or 1962 Cultural Change on the Western Periphery of the Great square miles). The undertaking occurred on the northeastern reduction of Casa Diablo obsidian into bifaces (see Eerkens were discarded and replaced with newly knapped Casa Basin. 1962 Great Basin Anthropological Conference. expanse of the lake playa, just south and east of the Owens and King 2002). The majority of large flakes and tools are Diablo points (accounting for the larger Casa Diablo Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 9, pp. River delta (Figure 1). Jones & Stokes implemented from this source. However, a small 55-66 construction monitoring for cultural resources, and discovered percentage of the tools and a Figure 2: Selection of flaked stone tools from Sherwin Summit. Riddell, Francis A. and William E. Pritchard 18 new prehistoric archaeological sites on the playa. larger percentage of the smaller 1970 Archaeology of the Rainbow Point Site (4-Plu-S94), Management efforts culminated in the excavation and flakes are from alternative Bucks Lake , Plumas County, California. University of analysis of these sites. One previously excavated site in the sources, pointing out a second Oregon Anthropological Papers, No. 1, pp. 59-102, project area was also tested, to facilitate comparison with focus of flintknapping in the study Eugene. previous studies. The assemblages recovered from these area. These activities seem to sites revealed an underreported class of artifacts. In addition have revolved around the DeLaguna, Frederica, Francis A. Riddell, Donald McGeein, these assemblages offered fine-grained data illuminating the resharpening of bifaces and Kenneth Lane and J. Arthur Freed local nature of late period culture and climate change. projectile points from more 1964 Archeology of the Yakutat Bay Area, Alaska. Bureau of distant sources such as Truman American Ethnology Bulletin 192, Smithsonian Institution Sites discovered on the lake were striking for their large Queen and Mono Craters, among Fenenga, Franklin and Francis A. Riddell size and relative paucity of cultural debris. Sites averaged others. Table 1 presents the results 1949 Excavation of Tommy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, approximately 10,417 m2. The typical site contained a of the INAA and XRF sourcing California. American Antiquity, Vol.14, pp. 203-214. sparse scatter of debitage, ground stone, a few projectile studies showing these differences. points, and a scatter of large, crude bifaces manufactured from Heizer, Robert F. (Ed.) quartzite, and other siliceous meta-sedimentary rock. These While the percentage of large 1953 The Archaeology of the Napa Region. University of bifaces appeared to be relatively uniform, measuring and small flakes ascribed to some California Anthropological Records No. 12:6. Chipped approximately 9 cm long, 6 cm wide, 1 cm thick and slightly sources is approximately equal, Stone Sections by Francis A. Riddell, A. Pilling and C. ovoid in shape. These tools were sharpened along the edges, such as Mono Glass Mountain Chard. (pp. 261-265, 290-294). with few flake scars intruding along the planar surfaces of the (27% and 25%, respectively), Meighan, Clement W. and Francis A. Riddell tools. The existing bedding planes of the tabular parent others are quite different. For 1972 The Maru Cult of the Pomo Indians, a California Ghost material likely offered an expedient means of thinning the example, while 63% of the large Dance Survival. Southwest Museum Papers, No. Twenty- tools. Field staff dubbed these crude tools “tabs” or “tabular flakes were assigned to the Casa Three bifaces” (Figure 2). Diablo source, INAA ascribed only 47% of the small flakes to Olsen, William H. and Francis A. Riddell Analysis of this assemblage first tested the coherence of this source. As well, while 3.3% of 1962 Salvage of the Rio Oso site, Yuba County, California. the “tabs” as a discrete functional class of artifacts. It was the large flakes were sourced to State Division of Beaches and Parks Archaeological assumed that if the bifaces represented one functional class of Truman Queen and 8.1% to Fish Reports, No. 7. things rather than an arbitrary category imposed during the Springs, the percentage of small Olsen, William H. and Francis A. Riddell present study then they should group tightly in size and flakes was determined at 19% and 1963 The Archaeology of the Western Pacific Railroad weight. In other words, the narrow tolerances generally 4.2% respectively. Relocation, Oroville Project, Butte County, California. associated with a discrete functional class of tools should be State Division of Beaches and Parks Archaeological Report, statistically demonstrable. A sample of 70 specimens A chi-square comparison of the No. 7 allowed calculation of average size for several attributes frequency of Casa Diablo and (Table 1). The low degree of variability revealed in the Truman Queen flakes for small Riddell, H.S. Jr. and F.A. Riddell standard deviation strongly suggests that the tools were and large flakes is highly 1956 The current status of archaeological investigations in manufactured to meet specific tolerances and thus reflect one significant (p = .00003). The Owens Valley. University of California Archaeological functional class. In addition, comparison of the coefficients of results of the Chi-square test Survey Report No. 12, pp. 28-33. variation (cv) with those from established classes of artifacts suggest that Truman Queen Moratto, Michael J. revealed a similarly low degree of absolute variation in size. debitage tends to be composed 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Inc. Forward A sample population of Elko Corner-notched projectile predominantly of smaller pressure by Francis A. Riddell, pp. xxv-xxvi. points, for example produced a cv value of 0.15 for the flakes while Casa Diablo flakes attribute of maximum width (Thomas et al. 1983). When are usually larger and percussion- compared to the analogous attribute for the “tabs” (0.09 for sized (i.e., large enough to be width) the bifaces appear to be extremely uniform.

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debitage). Very little primary reduction of Truman Queen site excavations were carried out all over California related to Publications by Francis A. Riddell obsidian took place within the project area. Primary the Highway Salvage Program. While much of the water reduction, instead, seems to have been limited to Casa project related work ultimately was published, little of Riddell, F. A. Diablo, and to a lesser extent Mono Glass Mountain, highway work was followed to completion. By the late 1951 The archaeology of site Ker-74. University of obsidian. Although we did not recover projectile points from 1960’s and early 1970’s both State Parks and the Division of California Archaeological Survey Reports, No. 10, pp 1- the Mono Craters source, the same may be true of obsidian Highways and ultimately other state agencies had developed 28. from this source. The presence only of smaller pressure flakes internal archaeological staff to handle their workload. A large 1955 Archaeological excavations on the Farallon Islands, from Mono Craters suggests we are capturing only the degree of the credit for development of these programs must California. University of California Archaeological Survey retouching activities associated with obsidians from this go to Fritz Riddell who fought the first battles for Reports, No. 32, pp. 1-18. source. Tools from this source may have arrived to the consideration of archaeological values on a broad basis. 1956a Archaeological Research in Lassen County, Sherwin Summit area through trade or as part of seasonal California. University of California Archaeological Survey mobility patterns that included forays into the Mono Basin. Outside of state service programs Fritz, in the late 1950’s, Reports, No. 33, pp 44-49. supported the development of the first independent Future research will attempt to discern between these 1956b Final Report on the Archaeology of Tommy Tucker archaeological foundation, ultimately titled the Central alternatives. Cave. University of California Archaeological Survey California Archaeological Foundation or CCAF. The Report, No. 35, pp.1-25. Thus, source diversity among the smaller flakes nearly members were devoted to providing expertise to both private matches that observed among the projectile points. A chi- and public entities and over the years included a broad mix 1956c Summary report of the excavation of the Karlo site. square test comparing obsidians from Casa Diablo, Mono of academic and non academic archaeologists and historians. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No, 26, pp. 63- Glass Mountain, and Truman Queen across projectile points 73, 5 figures. and small flakes only is not significant (p = .86), suggesting Figure 3: Bivariate plot of Mn and Ba showing separation of Following Fritz’s retirement from state service in 1983 he 1958a The Eastern California Border: Cultural and that the distribution of small pressure-sized flakes and points Eastern California obsidian sources. Solid dots represent continued to be active in contract archaeology and worked Temporal Affinities. University of California more closely mirror one another (these three are the only Sherwin Summit small flakes. Ellipses represent 95% confidence with the California Division of Forestry in the training of in- Archaeological Survey Report, No. 42, pp. 41-48. sources with sample sizes large enough to warrant including intervals around analyzed source samples. house non archaeological staff. He also renewed his interest 1958b State Indian Museum Occasional Papers. No. 1. in the statistical test). in Peruvian Archaeology and organized The California State of California, Department of Natural Resources, Institute for Peruvian Studies. He developed relationships Division of Beaches and Parks. pressure flaking may be more important in late-prehistoric vs. with Peruvian archaeologists not only in the United States but Discussion early-prehistoric contexts), it is quite possible that limiting 1960a Honey Lake Paiute Ethnography. Nevada State in Peru to foster his goals of excavating threatened sites in Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 4. our analyses to larger flakes misrepresents the nature and that country. He again became active in organizations As shown above, there are significant differences in the 1960b The archaeology of the Karlo site (Las-7), California. importance of prehistoric activities through time. This is devoted to South American prehistory and supported source distribution of small pressure-sized and large University of California Archaeological Survey Report, No. particularly relevant in situations where we depend on researchers and students by organizing field schools in Peru. 53. percussion-sized flakes in the Sherwin Summit region. source-specific obsidian hydration readings to trace Fritz was ultimately awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Although not unexpected, the significance of this difference prehistoric activities on the landscape. If we differentially Catholic University at Ariquipa. 1960c Archaeologiccal Reconnaissance of Frenchman Dam was not known. As shown, the analysis of small flakes more select larger pieces for analysis (due to technical limits in our and Resservoir, Plumas County, California. State of closely mirrors the source distribution of projectile points, methods), we may be missing certain aspects and time Fritz Riddell’s career in archaeology is unique as was California Department of Water Resources, and in this case expanded the range of obsidian sources periods in prehistory. Fritz as a human being. His sense of humor, wide range of Archaeological Report No. A-3. observed to include Mono Craters. Inclusion of this source professional friends and acquaintances and broad range of 1960d Archaeological Reconnaissance of the South Bay Unfortunately, few studies of prehistoric sites in California significantly expanded our understanding of prehistoric interests will not be soon forgotten, indeed it will be hard for Aqueduct Project, Alameda County, California. State and the Great Basin systematically attempt to source small mobility patterns and exchange systems for the Sherwin many of us to ever forget Fritz. He started many people in of California Department of Water Resources, flakes. Depending on how research questions are phrased, the Summit (Eerkens and King 2002). We were also able to the discipline, supported all of us and made sure we stuck Archaeological Report No. A-1. demonstrate that resharpening finished tools was an important lack of small-flake sourcing may be introducing biases into with it in good times and bad. We all owe him a debt for his 1960e Archaeological Reconnaissance of Whale Rock Dam part of the range of activities taking place on the landscape. our understanding of the prehistoric record. In particular, we role in the development of what we now call CRM in and Reservoir , San Luis Obispo County, California. suggest that this bias probably results in an underestimation California. In most archaeological projects, projectile point sample of the extent of prehistoric mobility and exchange and the Appendix: Basis of Cost Estimate for Archaeological Salvage, by Marshal B. McKusick. State of California sizes are extremely limited. However, the number of small importance of resharpening and use of obsidian tools. The Those of us who worked with Fritz in the 1950’s and early Department of Water Resources, Archaeological flakes is usually not. Source analysis of small flakes, then, bias may also have a temporal component, overemphasizing 1960’s found him to be a good friend as well as a mentor. He Report No. A-2. may present an opportunity to estimate the original source time periods where percussion flaking dominates. Correcting made sure that many of us prepared and presented papers for diversity of projectile points that were at a site, but were this potential bias should be a concern to all working in the publication or at meetings and never took no for and answer. 1963 Butte County Prehistory. In: Butte County Historical subsequently removed (i.e., curated) and used elsewhere region. Though Fritz had a broad range of interests in archaeology, Diggin’s, Vol. 7, pp. 3-17. (depending, of course, on the technological flintknapping he never forgot his early experiences in Central California. 1969 Pleistocene faunal remains associated with system in place and how the small flakes are sampled from a Why this bias against the analysis of small flakes is in- Fritz’s range of colleagues and friends was broad. While he carbonaceous material. American Antiquity, Vol. 34(2), site). place is unclear, but we believe it may extend from a lack of especially loved to reminisce about his time at U.C. Berkeley pp.177-180. exposure to sourcing techniques outside of XRF. There may and the relationships he made there, Fritz did not live in the 1973 Fossilized California bone artifacts. The Masterkey Vol. Selecting only larger flakes for sourcing analysis can be a misperception that techniques such as INAA or past. Even to the end he enjoyed going to the field and was 47(1), pp. 28-32. affect not only the range of different sources represented, but Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), disturbed that he could no longer do so. Of course most 80 1978 Maidu and Concow. In R.F. Heizer, vol. ed., Handbook their overall importance as well. Because large and small which both give reliable chemical data on small artifacts, are year olds don’t do a lot of field work, a thought that never of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California, pp. 370- flakes represent different behaviors and activities (i.e., expensive or inaccessible. Sourcing data for small flakes is entered his mind. To those of us who worked with Fritz he 386. Smithsonian Institution. primary reduction vs. resharpening), and because these available to the public at MURR for $40 per sample, using will never be replaced and, along with his family we will miss behaviors may have a temporal component as well (i.e., the best method available. In most cases this can be 1986 Symposium: A new look at some old sites: Papers from him. the Symposium Organized by Francis A. Riddell. SCA

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 21 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 20 29 Tribute Articles students providing for some their first experience in field accomplished using the abbreviated INAA procedure in the Great Basin, edited by R. E. Hughes, pp. 135-172. Francis A. “Fritz” Riddell passed away on Friday, 8 March archaeology. outlined by Glascock et al. (1994). However, extended INAA Contributions of the University of California 2002. His close friend and professional associate William and ICP-MS (using laser ablation) are also available at the Archaeological Research Facility, 45. “Ole” Olsen agree to assemble the following tribute. The Fritz’s interests were not confined to prehistory. He had a same cost. This compares favorably with most XRF Bettinger, R.L. Society is indebted to Ole for his willingness to assume this lifelong interest in the Native Californians and carried out laboratories that charge between $25 and $35 per sample. As somber task. studies on the Honey Lake Paiute, the Concow Maidu and 1982 Aboriginal Exchange and Territoriality in Owens shown in Figure 3, the abbreviated INAA procedure is quite Valley, California. In Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange, Clear Lake Pomo. He thoroughly enjoyed meeting and capable of discriminating between all the major obsidian Before he passed away, Fritz completed three installments of getting to know California Indians as friends, a passion that he edited by J. E. Ericson and T. K. Earle, pp. 103-127. sources in Eastern California. The figure plots parts per Academic Press, New York. his memoirs published in this Newsletter under the title “As It never forgot. His experiences with Dr. Samuel Barrett and million (ppm) concentrations for manganese and barium for Was.” Readers are encouraged to read all three, which took several Maidu informants were long remembered and known source samples and items from the Sherwin Summit. Davis, M.K., T.L. Jackson, M.S. Shackley, T. Teague, and J.H. us to 1951. Ole’s account picks up the story in the mid-1950s. cherished. Fritz always enjoyed attending events such as the Unfortunately, the obsidian database at MURR for Casa Hampel Bear Dance in Lassen County. He had several important Diablo is small and does not contain data for different 1998 Factors affecting the energy-dispersive x-ray Readers are also encouraged to visit a web site with Brian publications result from this facet of his professional career, subsources. As a result we were unable to discriminate fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of archaeological Dillon’s excellent tribute containing wonderful personal including the Chapter on the Concow in the California between the Sawmill Ridge and Lookout Mountain obsidian. In Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and reminiscences, new biographical detail, and an account of his Handbook. Theory, ed. by M.S. Shackley, pp. 159-180. later service with CDF: subsources that Hughes (1994) can discern using XRF. Eerkens, J.W., and J. King Following Fritz’s University time he took a position as The major drawback of INAA and ICP-MS is that like 2002 Phase II Archaeological Investigations for the Sherwin http://www.indiana.edu/~e472/cdf/other_reports/fritz_riddell/ Curator of the California State Indian Museum in 1956. obsidian hydration, the techniques are partially destructive Summit Rehabilitation Project, U.S. Highway 395, While this position was technically that of a Curator of (though ICP-MS with laser ablation, also available at MURR, Inyo County, California. Report submitted to CalTrans, Collections, Fritz soon enlisted a cadre of interested local does not have this problem). This may make retrieving both District 6, Fresno, California. students and volunteers to carry out salvage work at hydration and sourcing data from the same small pressure threatened sites in the Lower Sacramento Valley and Upper flake difficult, though certainly not impossible (i.e., Gilreath, A. J., and W. R. Hildebrandt Francis A. Riddell, San Joaquin Valley. Included in this group were Sam Payen, depending on the size of the initial flake). 1997 Prehistoric Use of the Coso Volcanic Field. Paper Ric Windmiller, Dave Boloyan and many other students. presented at the Contributions of the University of 1921 to 2002 About the same time Norm Wilson joined Fritz at the In conclusion, we hope to have dispelled some of the California Archaeological Research Facility , Berkeley. Museum as the first of a Riddell recruited cadre of museum common misperceptions about the techniques available to William Olsen Glascock, M.D., H. Neff, K.S. Stryker, and T.N. Johnson staff/archaeologists. source small obsidian flakes. As well, we hope to have shown 1994 Sourcing of archaeological obsidian by an abbreviated- Following World War II, that, in the Sherwin Summit case, the systematic analysis of In 1960 Fritz took the first state archaeologist position NAA procedure. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Fritz enrolled at the small pressure-sized flakes, in addition to large flakes and working directly for a state agency outside of academia. The Chemistry, Articles 180:29-35. University of California, different artifact categories, adds important information to our importance of this position cannot be over estimated. Fritz Hall, M.C. Berkeley in the understanding of prehistoric lifeways. We believe California had lobbied long and hard for a position such as this. Based 1983 Late Holocene Hunter-Gatherers and Volcanism in the Long Department of and Great Basin sourcing studies should strive to include on the vital need for archaeological expertise to handle state Valley-Mono Basin Region: Prehistoric Culture Change in Anthropology. He smaller pressure flakes, in addition to traditionally-sourced highways development and the large scale water the Eastern Sierra Nevada. Unpublished Ph.D. completed his Bachelors artifact categories, within their sourcing studies. development of the 1960’s it was clear that in-house positions dissertation, University of California, Riverside. degree and Masters degrees were required. Ironically while Fritz’s position was housed in in the mid 1950’s. Along Hughes, R.E. the State Department of Parks and Recreation it was project Acknowledgments the way he carried out field 1994 Intrasource chemical variability of artifact-quality work that funded the work and all the positions into the late work in Alaska, Peru and We kindly thank Denise Thomas and Tom Mills of obsidians from the Casa Diablo area, California. 1960’s. Prior archaeological work in the Park system had California as well as California Department of Transportation, Linda Reynolds of Journal of Archaeological Science 21(2):263-271. been carried out under contract with the University of projects in the Great Basin the USFS, and Kirk Halford of the BLM for comments and California, Berkeley. Along the way he also married Carolyn Jackson, R.J. and Washington. His Ric Windmiller support for the field and lab work. Thanks also to Bill and started a new family. To son Jim from his first marriage he 1999 Discussion. In, Obsidian hydration chronology in the Master’s Thesis was based Hildebrandt and Richard Hughes for reading and and Carolyn added daughters Catherine, Mildred (Midge) and Inyo-Mono Region, organized by K. Halford and D. on his work in Alaska and his work in Peru with Dorothy commenting on earlier drafts, and to Tamara Norton for Laura. Laylander. Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Society Menzel, his first wife, initiated a life long interest Peruvian drafting Figure 1. for California Archaeology, Sacramento, California. prehistory. It was at the University of California, Berkeley By the mid 1960’s Fritz had a full or part time staff of any Ramos, B. A. that Fritz developed friendships that he maintained where from five to forty people in the field, laboratory or References Cited 2000 Prehistoric Obsidian Quarry Use and Technological Change throughout his life. Included in this group were Clement office. While Fritz handled the administrative/bureaucratic in Western Great Basin: Examining Lithic Procurement at Meighan, William Wallace, Bert Gerow, Franklin Fenenga, workload and lobbied for funding, from both state and federal Basgall, M.E. the Truman/Queen Obsidian Source, California and Edward Lanning, Martin Baumhoff, James Bennyhoff, Larry agencies, to support field operations. Project managers at this 1989 Obsidian Acquisition and Use in Prehistoric Central- Nevada. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Dawson, David and Vera May Fredrickson, Albert Elsasser, period included Sam Payen, Eric Ritter, Jim West, Chester eastern California. In Current Directions in California California at Davis. Adan Treganza, Fredrica DeLaguna, Don Lathrap, Don King, Tom King, Dave Fredrickson, Rick Hanks, Joe Obsidian Studies, edited by R. E. Hughes, pp. 111-126. McGeein, Paul Schumacher plus many others. Fritz also Chartkoff, Peter Schulz, Bob Orlins and others heading up Contributions of the University of California Skinner, C. worked at the University of California Archaeological Survey field crews in all parts of California. Major excavation Archaeological Research Facility, No. 45. 2001 “How to Select and Submit Samples for Analysis.” during this period and carried out numerous excavations and projects were carried out in the Oroville Reservoir, San Luis Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory page. Bouey, P. D., and M. E. Basgall surveys. One of Fritz’s most notable excavations was that of Dam, Los Banos Detention Reservoir, Little Panoche http://www.obsidianlab.com/howto.html 1984 Trans-Sierran Exchange in Prehistoric California: The the Karlo site in Lassen County. Here, as well as at several Reservoir, Grizzle Valley Reservoir, Castaic and Pyramid Concept of Economic Articulation. In Obsidian Studies other Lassen County sites, he enlisted the services of other Reservoirs and many other locations. At the same time major

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useful for understanding the curation policy presented in Holliman surveys the connection between sexual identity, O’Brien performed dental increment analysis on two this document. gender roles, labor organization, and social structure in zebra populations (56 individuals) from Northern Tanzania association with Chumash undertakers. The ‘aqi not only and Southern Kenya using the petrographic thin-sectioning Curation, Past and Present represented an individual who performed ritual and functional technique. Results of this study produced expected ages for duties associated with the dead, but it also linked gender the majority of the sample. The author states that Since the rise of the New Archeology in the 1960s, it identification concepts with supernatural power. discordance in results from East Africa mammal populations has been general practice among North American Traditionally, male members or postmenopausal women lies with problems of methodology applied by biologists and archaeologists to curate most or all excavated performed this role. There is an apparent religious zoologists. O’Brien stresses the importance of considering archaeological remains. This practice has been justified connection between non-procreative sexual activity and methodology and understanding cementum histology in by the observation that the highly selective collection spiritual and cosmological recognition within the Chumash increment analysis. This study has confirmed the value of policies of earlier practitioners resulted in the discard of culture and other cultural groups in the region (Yokuts, Mono, this type of analysis and has shown that life history events for classes of artifacts that, considered worthless in the past, and Tubatulabal). both temperate and tropical species can be confidently established. are now known to contain important information. There The ‘antap society, the economic, political, and religious is no doubt that this conservative approach has been of elites, and the ‘aqi guild is thought to have been fully formed considerable benefit to the archaeological record. and recognized by the Early Period. Artifacts such as turtle shell rattles, wands, and quartz crystals have been However, a side effect of this practice has been that Web Sites of Interest: archaeological collections research and storage facilities, documented in Early, Middle, Transitional, and Later Period which maintain artifacts in perpetuity for future research, cemeteries on Santa Cruz Island suggesting that mortuary are filling up rapidly. Non-profit institutions such as practices were fully established. The archaeological Minnesota State University, Mankato, e-Museum Don’t Keep Everything: universities and museums that accepted these evidence for male ‘aqi practitioners is based on the discovery http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/archaeology/index.shtml collections in the past, have either stopped accepting of a relatively young male with a pathological condition Historic Artifacts archaeological remains altogether or accept collections located in the spine only previously seen in females. It has FHWA Tribal Consultation Q & A only from a limited region. Where facilities still accept been proposed that this condition could have developed from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/natvamrc/tcqa.htm Discard Policy the repeated stress from excavating graves. The challenge in artifact collections, they virtually all charge a fee, The Meteoritical Society ranging from $500 to $1000 per cubic foot. Curation fees identifying items associated with the ‘aqi is that the tool kit of Adrian Praetzellis, Ph.D. http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/metsoc/index1.htm are now a highly significant portion of every undertakers, digging stick and baskets, would look identical Anthropological Studies Center archaeological budget. to domestic items archaeologically. However, Holliman Sonoma State University maintains that it is possible to consider sexuality in Glossary of Shoe Types and Footwear Terminology Rohnert Park, CA 94928 Compounding this curation problem is the archaeological contexts if research objectives are in http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/ RESEARCH/GLOSSARY/define.htm and recognition that not all materials collected during an accordance with larger social systems such as kinship, archaeological excavation have equal curation value. For marriage, and division of labor. Julia G. Costello, Ph.D. example, those historic period sites which reflect the California Native Plant Photos Foothill Resources, Ltd. material wealth of the Industrial Revolution have the O’Brien, Christopher http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/flora/ Mokelumne Hill, CA 95245 potential to produce very large quantities of artifacts that, 2000 A Re-evaluation of Dental Increment Formation in 2002 Governor’s Historic Preservation Awards once analyzed, have little additional information to East African Mammals: Implications for Wildlife http://www.ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=22222 yield. To responsibly address the current curation crisis, Biology and Zooarchaeology. Archaeozoologia XI:43- 64. Introduction principal investigators must develop thoughtful policies Gordon Willey Obituary Cris Lowgren about which artifacts to retain and which to discard. Dental increment analysis has been used by http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-45- rchaeological research designs and treatment plans for archaeologists to further understand prehistoric mobility 283782,00.html Federal Curation Policies historic-period urban sites of the nineteenth and early patterns and prey selection. Although the method was Atwentieth centuries provide criteria for evaluating the initially developed and used by wildlife managers to age The treatment of federal archaeological collections is animals, archaeologists have found the technique to be useful New California Archaeology Web Site research value and legal importance of features. These plans specified in “Federally Owned and Administered in determining age and season of death in archaeofaunal generally do not, however, specify the conditions under Archeological Collections” (36 CFR 79). This and other http://www.californiaprehistory.com assemblages. To date, most dental increment research has which some materials recovered from these features are guidance, however, address mostly the technical, focused on temperate latitude mammalian species and has discarded following inventory, cataloging, or analysis. The museological aspects of artifact storage. Other aspects of proved to strongly correlate with increment interpretation and purpose of this document is to present a series of principles federally mandated archaeological projects are subject to the life history patterns. However, the mechanism of increment and practices that standardize the deaccessioning (and Department of the Interior’s “Archeology and Historic formation is yet to be fully understood. O’Brien states that potential discard) of artifacts. Preservation; Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and the appearance of double bands in tropical species has been Guidelines” (48 FR 44716-42). Here, the “Secretary of the The discussion that follows outlines the treatment of inappropriately taken as evidence for a causal relationship Interior’s Guidelines for Archeological Documentation” archaeological collections generated as a result of federal between ecological factors and increment formation. addresses curation specifically: mandates as well as under the guidelines of the states of Because of the inconsistency of study results, there has been Maryland and California. Many projects in California are not Archeological specimens and records are part of the skepticism about the reliability of study results from tropical Editor’s e-mail: bound by federal guidelines and policies, and certainly none documentary record of an archeological site. They mammals. If ecological variability explains this lack of [email protected] are obliged to adhere to principles adopted by other states. must be curated for future use in research... Curation of correspondence between age of animal and increment This information is provided as background to the principles important archaeological specimens and records representation, the application of the method in adopted by the State of California, adding specificity that is should be provided for in the development of any archaeological studies should be reassessed.

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Hull, Kathleen archeological program or project. Archeological Decisions to eliminate material may have to consider 2001 Reasserting the Utility of Obsidian Hydration Dating: specimens and records that should be curated are those hazards to health and safety, deterioration of material A Temperature-Dependent Empirical Approach to that embody the information important to history and beyond its ability to be preserved, importance for Practical Temporal Resolution with Archaeological prehistory (48 FR 44734-37). scientific research, heritage appreciation or Obsidians. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:1025- educational value, or its age being too recent to qualify 1040. In short, the federal government’s position on curation seems as historical (SHRC 1993:3). to be that the same criterion used to determine the Prehistoric Archaeology Hull responds to emerging critiques concerning the importance of archaeological sites, their information In summary, the document describes that the application of practical use of obsidian hydration as an absolute dating potential, should be used to identify artifacts and records for these guidelines “should be based principally upon the value method in archaeological samples. The author addresses Denise Thomas curation. Furthermore, the Advisory Council on Historic of cultural materials for future research, heritage appreciation, these concerns by formulating and testing temperature- Preservation’s “Treatment of Archeological Properties: A [and] education and interpretation,” and governed by the This series offers an annotated bibliography of recent dependent rate formulas for Casa Diablo obsidian collected Handbook” emphasizes that project’s research goals (SHRC 1993:4). published and some unpublished literature pertinent to from archaeological sites within Yosemite National Park. current debates and methods in Californian archaeology. This study incorporates subsurface field temperature rather not all archeological values... are equally important... California reiterates the Federal government’s and the Prehistoric and historical archaeology will appear in alternate than laboratory-based data to develop hydration rates. Hull Something can be learned from every archeological State of Maryland’s considerations of research value and issues. If you have any news or ideas about how this section begins her discussion by reviewing the history of obsidian property, but what can be learned may not be worth the practicality, and additionally adds another variable for can better fit the needs of its audience feel free to email the hydration research as it relates to calibration and modeling. trouble and expense it takes to learn it (ACHP 1990:3). consideration: educational value, including both interpretive author: [email protected]. Please limit While methods for converting hydration rims to absolute potential and heritage importance. Although this statement relates to the significance of contributions to those that can be easily accessed by all dates appear to differ, the author noted that when formulas archeological sites, the same argument can be made members of the SCA and have appeared within the last five years. (California, Nevada, and Utah) were transposed to correspond Summary of Considerations to the diffusion equation developed by Friedman & Smith in regarding the research potential of some archeological Gamble, Lynn H. and Irma Carmen Zepeda 1960, the formulas vary only slightly around an ideal model. artifacts. The Federal government acknowledges that there The above topics, specified in Federal and State curation 2002 Social Differentiation and Exchange among the Hull looks at the possible reasons why some induced are practical limitations to the recovery (or curation) of data. policy guidelines are summarized in Table 1. These provide Kumeyaay Indians during the Historic Period in hydration rates do not comply with the diffusion model when the structure of the Curation Management Policy presented State of Maryland Discard Policy California. Historical Archaeology 36(2):71-91. the model itself is theoretically sound. below. Archaeological research in California has focused on The State of Maryland’s Office of Historic Preservation The study used calibrated radiocarbon dates from inferring trade relations and the routing of cultural and raw has adopted a specific policy on the selective discard of Project Curation and Discard Principles features, associated obsidian hydration rim measurements, materials between groups in prehistory. As Gamble and archaeological artifacts. Maryland’s “Standards and and provenience-specific temperature estimates from Zepeda point out, rarely are questions formulated about the Guidelines for Archeological Investigations” give an Following a project’s research design, all archaeological archaeological sites in Yosemite to determine the dynamics of exchange networks between traditional groups important rationale for discard: sites and features are evaluated for legal importance and only relationship between temperature, time, and hydration. Two following Euro-American contact. Since trade relations are those meeting appropriate criteria are recovered for hundred and sixteen obsidian hydration rim measurements rarely discussed in ethnographic texts or historic accounts, it Certain types of material may have questionable long laboratory analysis. These principles, therefore, apply to that matched the above criteria were analyzed. Based on this has been assumed that long distance trade was disrupted due term research value and thus may not warrant artifact collections that are already identified as potentially study, Hall suggests that the most secure application of this to foreign intrusion. permanent curation with the collection. These significant. They also address artifacts that, while not calibration equation for induced hydration rates would be materials may include: brick, mortar, slag, coal, shell, belonging to features deemed important for their research Based on data analysis of cultural material, most from samples located in the mid-to-upper elevation ranges in and recent 20th century debris (i.e., less than 50 years potential, are curated for educational reasons. specifically shell beads, from the Amat Inuk (C-144) site, Yosemite where effected hydration temperature (EHT) old)... Factors to consider in reaching the decision to Gamble and Zepeda suggest that trade still occurred between values that were used to construct the formula could be used selectively discard materials include: the Artifact curation and discard principles are organized traditional groups even after Spanish colonization. The Amat to establish specific EHT’s for chronometric calibration. In archaeological context of discovery, the items’ under three considerations: Research Values, Practicality, and Inuk site was occupied by the Kumeyaay Indians until 1870 conclusion, Hall emphasizes three main observations: 1) research potential, [and] the amount and manageability Education Potential. If one or more of the criteria listed under when a smallpox epidemic forced them to leave the area. provenience-specific sampling should be taken into of the materials (Maryland Historic Trust 1994). these headings are met, the Principal Investigator may chose Excavation at the site revealed a relatively large assemblage consideration for accurate hydration rate estimation; 2) to discard the material in question. Clearly, certain criteria of Olivella biplicata rough disk beads. The find is quite surface and subsurface EHT information should be collected In this statement, Maryland defines three principles by which will carry more weight than others in various circumstances. significant considering that shell beads or manufacturing and compiled on a regional scale; and 3) geomorphological the archaeologist determines if material may be discarded. Research Values debris have not been encountered at any other post-contact observations regarding paleosol development could be The first two of these reinforce the Secretary of the Interior’s important for discerning context specific hydration rates. concern that important data be preserved, as well as the Kumeyaay archaeological site in San Diego County. These values relate to the potential of a class, or ACHP’s position that we must make critical decisions collection, of artifacts to provide information important for Based on shell bead analysis, the authors propose that the Holliman, Sandra E. regarding what constitutes “important” data. The Maryland understanding the past as defined in the project’s research beads were most likely manufactured by the Chumash and 2000 Archaeology of the ‘Aqi: Gender and Sexuality in guidelines also support the Federal notion that there are design. Artifacts may be discarded if they meet any of the acquired by the Kumeyaay through a fairly complex Prehistoric Chumash Society. In Archaeologies of practical limits to data recovery and curation. following criteria: exchange system even eighty years after contact. Sexuality, edited by Robert A. Schmidt and Barbara L. Voss. New York: Routledge. Pp. 179-196. State of California Guidelines on Curation Additionally, it appears that the beads were unevenly 1. Lack of long-term research value. The research potential of a distributed in the Kumeyaay cemetery at Amat Inuk. This Holliman explores the probability that the guild of The State of California’s “Guidelines for the Curation of class of artifacts has been exhausted through cataloguing possibly implies an unequal distribution of wealth during the undertakers in Chumash society, known as the ‘aqi, Archaeological Collections” (State Historical Resources and analysis (i.e., as far as can be reasonably foreseen, historic period. In addition to discussing the results of their represented one of the first forms of labor organization in the Commission [SHRC] 1993) were issued to guide the there is no additional important information that might be analyses, Gamble and Zepeda briefly outline Kumeyaay Santa Barbara Channel area. The author argues that this treatment of archaeological remains recovered under the retrieved from the artifacts in the future). culture, studies on southern California exchange, and a survey professional association may have served as a model for craft authority of State laws and regulations. The Guidelines of the Amat Inuk site. guilds that were observed and documented at the time of 2. Poor archaeological or historical context. Stratigraphic provide a general statement concerning the retention of evaluations and feature associations made in the field are Euro-American contact. materials for permanent curation:

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Clonsideration Fdedera Maarylan Californi Directions to SBMNH

Research Values Information important to Research value Importance for scientific research http://www.sbnature.org/visitors/index.htm history and prehistory Archaeological context Meets project’s research goalsToo recent Table 1: Summar y of From the North Take U.S. Hwy 101 south to the Mission Street exit. Practicality Tyrouble and expense Quantit Hazards to health and safety federal and state curation Manageability Irreversible deterioration policy guidelines. Turn left (towards the hills) at the offramp stop light. Education Potential Heritage importance - - From the South Take U.S. Hwy 101 north to the Mission Street exit. Education and interpretation Turn right (towards the hills) at the offramp stop light.

refined during laboratory analysis, and historical Curation and Discard Practices Proceed on Mission to Santa Barbara Street Turn left on Santa Barbara documentation is correlated with archaeological findings. Street, proceed two blocks to the first stop sign at Los Olivos. Turn Guided by the above policies, the following discard Frequently specific soil layers, and occasionally entire right on Los Olivos, stay to the left at the "Y"--you will cross a stone practices are applied to all features evaluated as being legally features, are reevaluated as failing to meet research bridge. Turn left at the second street after the bridge; this is Las significant and therefore subjected to data recovery. These design criteria. Artifacts associated with these strata or Encinas. Turn left at the stop sign (Puesta del Sol Road) and practices are specifically designed to apply to historic-period features may be discarded. proceed to the first parking lot driveway and turn right. Cuesta urban sites of the industrial era; different types of sites with College may be reached by taking Highway 101 North or South to Practicality different research objectives will undoubtedly require San Luis Obispo. Take the Highway 1 North off ramp onto

different practices. For those features and strata determined

This category recognizes that curation space and Highway 1 (AKA Santa Rosa Blvd.). The College lies 3.5 miles not to be important, both in the field or during laboratory y resources are limited and costly, and that curation decisions north of San Luis Obispo on the west side of Highway 1. analysis, their artifact contents are assessed for educational may be made for reasons other than research or educational potential. potential. Field Discard Practices SCDSM Information 3. Excessive quantity of materials . Where the quantity of a The Southern California Data Sharing meetings will be class of artifacts is such that its values can be represented Important Features. Certain types of materials are recorded in held between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on November 2 in a sample, the entire collection does not have to be feature notes, but not retained for cataloguing or laboratory Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Fleischmann curated. analysis. Materials lacking research value or manageability Hall No. 18, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara. include: 4. Manageability problems. The volume, weight, redundant The Museum is situated on 11 acres shaded by coast live character, or quality of material is so great as to be •construction materials such as brick, lumber, and concrete. oak woodland and bisected by Mission Creek. Creek side excessively costly to curate. While construction materials are useful in determining the paths, a nature trail, picnic tables and an outdoor nature of historic buildings and structures, the focus of amphitheater make this one of the most beautiful 2002 Southern California 5. Poor condition. The physical condition of the material is museum settings anywhere. such that it is not feasible to conserve it. most urban projects is recovery of primary deposits related Data-Sharing Meeting to domestic and commercial use by the buildings’ Informal presentations of fieldwork, incipient theories, or occupants. 6. Health and safety risks. The retention of the material poses interpretation are requested. Please send a title and brief November 2, 2002 a health and safety risk, either because of the nature of the •non-cultural items such as rocks, stones, and tree parts. description of your presentation to Thomas Wheeler, material itself or as a result of conservation treatment. 2563 Lawton, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Education Potential • amorphous lumps of metal not potentially identifiable. ([email protected]). The emphasis of these meetings will be on an informal exchange of information regarding Fleischmann Hall, No. 18 •non-diagnostic tin-can parts (seams, openings, and other This consideration encompasses the potential of the current research, fieldwork, or ongoing programs in identifying portions were collected, portions sufficient to Santa Barabara artifacts to contribute toward public education and/or archaeology. The informality of this get together is analyze types and quantities) interpretive programs such as museum displays and hands-on stressed to provide a relaxed and interactive exchange teaching aids. Also included are heritage values, such the •artifact fragments smaller than a dime. among participants and to encourage the participation of 9:00-5:00 ...... Papers Presented symbolic importance of artifacts or archaeological features to students. Recent trends in Data Sharing meetings have 10:00/3:30...... Breaks existing cultural groups. Other Artifacts. Some types of artifacts, not from features that tended to greater formality with staid presentations of were evaluated as important, may be collected in the field papers. This form of presentation is best reserved for the 7. Lack of Public Educational or Interpretive Value. The based on their educational potential: Annual Meetings. Data sharing meetings here will be material’s potential for interpreting California’s past to a presented in a relaxed atmosphere, amenable to the lay audience is small because of the mundane, • Whole bottles informal sharing of recent work by students and fragmentary, and/or unrepresentative nature of the professionals. artifacts. • distinctive examples of ceramic types (European, English, Asian, and low-fire earthenwares) An informal get together will take place after the 8. Lack of Heritage values. The archaeological materials do meetings in the museum gardens. Southern not have symbolic or cultural importance to any • easily identifiable items that demonstrate historic recognized group. lifeways (such as table wares, children’s toys, hardware, For information call: Thomas Wheeler, jewelry, health items, and horse tack). Wk. (805) 549-3777, Hm. (805) 547-0763, e-mail [email protected]. Data-Sharing These items may be cleaned in the field, but are generally not subjected to laboratory identification or cataloging.

SCA Newsletter 36(3) SCA Newsletter 36(3)

sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 17 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 16 33 Data-Sharing Meetings USFS California Laboratory Discard Practices Nomlaki Important Features. Some types of materials from important Archaeological features are discarded after being analyzed, catalogued, counted, and weighed. Identification of these materials is Research Project Northern based on lack of long-term research values, excessive Greg Greenway NCDSM Information quantity, poor condition, and/or health and safety risks. The Mendocino National Forest discarded types can include the following: The Northern Data Sharing Meeting will be held at he Nomlaki Cabrillo College in Aptos on Saturday October 26, in the Data-Sharing • Window glass Archaeological Forum Room (Bldg. 450). Our hosts will be Rob TResearch Project Edwards of the Archaeological Technology Program and • Glass lamp chimney body fragments, undiagnostic bottle began in 1996 in response Albion Environmental Inc. In a slight departure from the fragments, undiagnostic glass fragments to a request from members past, this year’s meeting will be divided between a 2002 Northern California Nails (after being identified by type and given MNV of the Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians who approached the morning session of general papers from Northern • totals) Mendocino National Forest about opportunities to learn California, followed by a more focused session on Data-Sharing Meeting about their past. A similar program was also developed for current research of Northern California coastal • All leather and textiles (after being analyzed by a the Yuki of Round Valley in 1998. All research was archaeology. This afternoon session will have fewer October 26, 2002 specialist) (Leather requires treatment with potentially conducted under the Forest Service’s Passport in Time papers to allow for an open-ended discussion on issues hazardous and flammable material in order to be program (PIT), which affords the public an opportunity to raised during the session. Please send a brief abstract, Cabrillo College, Bldg 450 preserved. Only leather artifacts with clear interpretive participate in cultural resources studies. All work was done in title, author and author’s affiliation to Richard value are treated in this way; other leather items are partnership with Tribes and the Bureau of Land Management, Fitzgerald, Caltrans, District 04, 111 Office of Aptos, California catalogued, analyzed, described, and discarded.) and more recent work included CSU-Chico as a partner. Environmental Planning, 111 Grand Ave. Mail Station 6 D Oakland CA 94623-0660. FAX 510 286-6374. E-mail • Metal scraps, sheets, strips, and wire 8:00-8:30 ...... Coffee and Gayles Pastries Between 1995-2001, PIT-sponsored archaeological [email protected] Papers should be no 8:00-8:30 ...... Coffee and Gayles Pastries Corroded, non-temporally diagnostic ferrous items excavations were conducted at five mid-elevation sites longer then 10-15 minutes. Time allowances on papers 8:30-11:45 ...... General Papers • including wire, pipes, cans and lids, bolts, tubes, pans, and within the Thomes Creek and Grindstone Creek watersheds presented will be strictly enforced. 11:45-1:00 ...... Lunch straps on the eastern slope of the North Coast Ranges west of 1:00-3:30 ...... Coastal Papers Corning: Alder Springs (CA-Gle-177), Thomes Creek (CA- 3:30-4:30 ...... Open Discussion • Slag and amorphous metal and glass Teh-1722), Peterson Place (CA-Teh-926), Leroy’s Camp (CA- 4:30-8:00 ...... Beach Barley Pop Festival and Cookout Teh-984), and Poison Glade (CA-Teh-1952). These sites • Large items for which curation was a problem (for range in elevation between 3100 – 4300 feet, and are located example, the two porcelain toilets from Feature 431) within chaparral/oak woodland or mixed conifer/oak Other Features and Strata. During laboratory analysis, specific woodland plant communities. All are in proximity to open soil layers, and occasionally entire features, are frequently glades and springs. These sites were selected to expand our reevaluated as failing to meet research design criteria. knowledge of Late Period prehistory, and presumably that of Artifacts associated with these strata or features may be the Nomlaki, whose ancestral way of life is poorly known, Directions to Cabrillo College discarded. Prior to discard, individual items or classes or largely due to their forced relocation to reservations in the 1850-1860s and the lateness of ethnographic research http://www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/instruct/tlc/map/cabmap.html artifacts were retrieved if they exhibited educational potential. (Goldschmidt 1951). This article focuses on preliminary results from archaeological excavations conducted CA-Teh- 1722 and CA-Teh-984, with comparative data from CA-Gle- From the North, take Highway 17 south to References Cited 177. Highway 1. Continue south on Highway 1 to Capitola/Park Avenue exit. Turn left on Park Advisory Council on Historic Preservation All sites are within the ethnographic territory of the Hill Avenue (heading towards the mountains). Turn 1993 Treatment of Archaeological Properties, A Handbook. Wintun, also known as the Nomlaki (Goldschmidt 1951). right on Soquel Drive. Proceed approximately Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, The Yuki bordered the Nomlaki to the west, beginning at the 1 mile and Cabrillo will be on left. Washington. DC crest of the North Coast Ranges. The Central Wintun Indians, composed of both River Wintun and Hill Wintun From the South, take Highway 1 North to National Park Service subgroups, may have first settled in the western Sacramento Capitola/Park Avenue exit. Turn right on Park 1983 Archaeology and Historic Preservation: The Secretary Valley perhaps as early as 1200 to 1400 B.P. based on Avenue (heading towards the mountains). Turn of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines. Federal linguistic reconstructions (Whistler 1977). Early Wintuan right on Soquel Drive. Proceed approximately Register, 48FR44716-42. State of California populations may have first settled along the northern 1 mile and Cabrillo will be on left. 1993 Guidelines for the Curation of Archaeological Sacramento Valley riverine environments and adjacent Collections. State Historical Resources Commission, foohills, and then expanded into the uplands of the North Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento, California. Coast Ranges, an area thought to be previously occupied by State of Maryland non-Wintuan populations (e.g., proto-Yukian or proto-Pomoan 1994 Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological groups). Numerous mid-elevation prehistoric midden sites Investigations. Maryland Historic Trust, Office of Historic Preservation, Annapolis, Maryland.

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Chumash Revolt of the previous year. It later became the San Luis Obispo. Sarah Ginn (’98) served with distinction as Amat store in the American period. At this point, the Laboratory Director, while completing her Masters thesis on archaeological evidence seems to conflict with the historic the relationship between conversions and ecology at the site. graphic record of the site. Several drawings and photographs Veterans of past years at Mission San Antonio may be in the mission archive show a long rectangular adobe building surprised to learn that I am getting “soft’ in later years. This with a tile roof during the Mexican period, which was later year the class worked under the shade of two large canopies covered with wooden boards and shingles during the which I was constantly moving with the shifting sun to protect American period. The photos and drawings are in general tender shoulders from blistering. This caused the suggestion agreement with each other. However, the south end of the that our field school motto be “Sub umbra f1oreamus” (In the structure does not appear to end at the point shown in the shade we flourish). We even had an ice chest with bottled graphic record. We plan to continue to investigate this water and Gatorade next to the excavations! Two able EMTs problem, defining the dimensions of the building in Fall, in the class tended nosebleeds, sprained ankles, and sore 2002. muscles. A far cry from our early days. 0 tempore; 0 mores! (Oh, the times; oh, the customs). Next year, we will complete the At the end of the project, a report will be prepared. other half of our rooms for a complete picture of room dimensions and content. Excavations at Mission San Antonio, 2002 For the third year, California Polytechnic State University A Northern Invitation continued excavations of the married neophyte dormitory east of the church. We have moved progressively each year Rob Edwards since 2000 toward the east from the end of the building, systematically investigating this wing room-by-room. This This is an early “Welcome to Cabrillo College” for the year we had some surprises in store. Unlike last year’s room, Fall 2002 Data Sharing Meetings. In addition to the our two new rooms do not appear to have had ladrillo floors interesting presentations and discussion, I wanted you to or, if they did, they have been since removed. The two know about some other attractions in our wonderful newly-exposed rooms were also somewhat smaller than those vacationland, and I hope they will entice you to bring family of the 2000-2001 seasons. The back (north) wall of the rooms and friends. serves to enclose the mission orchard and seems to be a simple extension of the same wall encountered in earlier On Saturday mornings we have an exceptional Farmer’s years. It has the same massive cobble footing topped with Market at Cabrillo. It starts at 7:15 and runs until noon. The shale slabs. However, the front (south) wall is set back from Market offers an abundance of fresh (and mostly organic) the line of its counterpart in the rooms of the earlier years, produce, smoked sausage and nitrate free bacon , fresh fish, indicating shallower rooms this year. This clearly represents a flowers and potted plants and herbs, and live music. Many Figure 1: Nomlaki Project site locations. separate stage of construction when compared with the earlier stands offer tastes and samples. The weekend of the Data rooms. We have always had difficulty interpreting the Sharing the Santa Cruz Beach and Boardwalk goes to a winter throughout the Thomes Creek watershed suggest periods of researchers now limit its use to assemblages found in ambiguous annual building reports to determine exactly schedule, open 12-5:00. There’s a new roller coaster and a prolonged settlement and use, particularly late in time. Most ethnographic Wintu territory (Sundahl 1982; Dondero and which rooms were added to the wing in particular years. Now, carousel that is on the National Register. Lots of good, greasy, sites were likely used during the late spring to early fall by Johnson 1988). Recent debate about the “Shasta archaeology may provide the answer! Even the partition wall trash food, yum yum. Nisene Marks State Park is about one Nomlaki populations who dispersed from large, winter Complexes” taxonomic value (Sundahl 1982; Dondero and between our two new rooms abuts but does not bond with the mile from Cabrillo. Beautiful trails through the redwoods. You residential sites in the lowlands and moved into the Johnson 1988; King 1989), however, has led some to argue exterior wall. can even hike up to the epicenter of the Loma Prieta mountains to gather food and other resources (Goldschmidt that its use be either abandoned entirely (King 1989), or earthquake and see trees that were tossed about like 1951). incorporated into other integrative frameworks (e.g,. Redding As in past years, most artifacts from our rooms occur on or toothpicks. Roaring Camp Redwoods is up in Felton, and you Aspect of the Augustine Pattern (Bennyhoff [1994:73]). The just above Spanish floor level under the collapsed tejas. This can ride a steam train from downtown to the camp. Great Meighan (1955) was the first to propose a broad cultural- Thomes Creek assemblages described here will simply year, there was a high frequency of beads --- both tiny glass picnic place and tour of the redwood country. The best buys temporal sequence for the North Coast Ranges. Meighan’s reference their Late Period affinity, with taxonomic beads of several colors and Olivella shell disks or spire-ground on motels are along Ocean Street in Santa Cruz (about seven “Shasta Complex” (ca. A.D. 1600) was the taxonomic unit for refinements to follow later after all analysis is completed. beads. Square hand-forged nails were also abundant. Two iron miles from Cabrillo), or in Watsonville, about the same the Late Period in the northern part of the North Coast hoe blades were recovered near the corner of, one room. distance south on Highway 1. Ranges. Edwards (1969) later incorporated the “Shasta In the northern end of the Sacramento Valley and adjacent Ceramics were largely Hispanic in origin --- majolicas, Complex”, assigning it a date of ca. 1200 B.P. to historic, into uplands, the Late Period is predominant after A.D. 500/900. Galera-Ware, and locally-made Mission Ware. English and Don’t forget our beach picnic planned for Saturday his chronological sequence for the Thomes Creek locality in The Late Period in northern California may have begun as Chinese sherds were much less frequent than in the 1976-78 evening. While October can be the best time of year along western Tehama County. Fredrickson’s (1973; 1974) more early as A.D. 300-500 in some areas, or possibly as late as excavations. This fact would suggest an earlier date of the Monterey Bay, the evenings can be very cool. Bring integrative framework replaced Meighan’s, but it still A.D. 900-1000 (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:147, 149). The occupation for the 2002 rooms, certainly before 1805, when layers to put on. incorporated the “Shasta Complex” as its Late Period Late Period in the northern Sacramento Valley is generally trade patterns began to change. construct in the North Coast Ranges. Since these early marked by: the use of the bow and arrow, Gunther Barbed I can be reached at [email protected] or at 831 479 studies, the “Shasta Complex” has been widely used to projectile points, Desert Side-notched projectile points (post- Our wonderful class represented students from Berkeley, 6294 if you have questions. categorize Late Period assemblages in the northern A.D. 1600), hopper mortars, shaped pestles, bone awls, Vassar, Pennsylvania, Texas (Austin), Alabama, Colorado I’m looking forward to seeing you all. Sacramento Valley and adjacent regions, although many flanged tubular pipes, pre-interment burning, flexed burials, State, Washington, Arizona, Fullerton, Cuesta College, and

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clamshell disk beads (ca. post-A.D. 1500), spire-lopped Period (ca. 1000 - 250 B.P.), radiocarbon dates, obsidian Olivella and Glycymeris shell pendants, pine nut beads, Haliotis hydration readings, and temporally sensitive artifacts suggest Omtepe Archaeological Project ornaments, arrow shaft smoothers, and a variety of other that this period of occupation started during the Middle-Late artifacts (Dondero and Johnson 1988; Johnson and Dondero Transition Period (ca. A.D. 700 – 900 [Bennyhoff and Hughes Suzanne Baker 1990; Johnson 1990; Moratto 1984; Sundahl 1982). Principal 1987:149]). Limited evidence of site use during the earlier The Ometepe Archaeological Project is seeking sites were located along major rivers, and fishing, acorn Middle Period also exists based on a few temporally sensitive volunteers for its survey and petroglyph recording project on gathering and storage, and hunting dominated the economy. projectile point styles and obsidian hydration readings, but Ometepe Island, Nicaragua. The field season will last from Extensive exchange networks and socio-cultural complexity Late Period occupation is clearly predominant. Two February 1 to March 1, 2003. For more information, please are also hallmarks of the Late Period. uncorrected AMS dates on charcoal mark early, Late Period contact Suzanne Baker at Culturelink, 609 Aileen St., occupation: 1090 ± 40 B.P. (A.D. 780 – 940, 2σ ) (Beta Oakland, CA 94609; e-mail: [email protected] web Nomlaki Research Program 159538) from the 40-50 cm level near sterile; and 940 ± 40 site: http://culturelink.info. B.P. (A.D. 930 – 1090, 2σ ) (Beta 159539) from another 40- Mendocino National Forest’s research interests in 50 cm level. ethnographic Nomlaki territory have focused on Late Period The Late Period assemblage at CA-Teh-1722 includes Suzanne Baker settlement and subsistence patterns, chronology, exchange New Fire Effects Publication numerous Gunther Barbed projectile point, M1a rectangular relations, and technology. One central research issue has Olivella sequin beads, hopper mortars, flat-ended pestles, a A new publication is available free of charge: centered on the timing of the Hill Nomlaki expansion into stone pipe fragment, bone awls, and perforated and incised Cal Poly Field School Update the uplands of the North Coast Ranges along the western slate ornaments (Figure 3). X-ray fluorescence data reveal a Janine M. Loyd, Thomas M. Origer and David A. edge of the northern Sacramento Valley, following the Fredickson (eds.) 2002 “The Effects of Fire and Heat on greater occurrence of the Grasshopper Flat/Lost Iron Wells Robert L. Hoover hypothesized initial Wintuan entry into north-central (GF/LIW) obsidian source, located about 125 miles distant, Obsidian,” Papers presented in Syposium 2, “The Effects of California sometime after A.D. 100 (Whistler 1977). The when compared to many other sites in the Mendocino Fire/Heat on Obsidian,” at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Wintuan entry has been of interest to archaeologists for some Society for California Archaeology, Sacramento, California. Excavations at Mission Santa Inés, 2002 National Forest where the Borax Lake source predominates. time, largely because it is often used to explain the At least 70 cm of the one-meter deep midden deposit appears Cultural Resources Publication, Anthropology-Fire History, displacement of earlier populations, technological changes Over the years, the authorities at Mission Santa Inés have to equate to the Late Period based on radiocarbon dating and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land noted in the archaeological record, and later influences on noted traces of a stone cobble footing in the field obsidian hydration readings. If one were to use age Management, Sacramento, California. sociocultural elaboration (Johnson and Theodoratus 1984; immediately north of the church cemetery, an area used today approximation rates developed in the Sacramento River Moratto 1984; Whistler 1977). Contact: Kirk Halford, Bishop Field Office archaeologist, at for the celebration of the annual fiesta. Crews placing Canyon to the north (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989:200), the 760-872-5030 or e-mail [email protected] underground water and power lines in the past have Alder Springs Site mean hydration value for Gunther Barbed projectile points at encountered this feature. In order to define the footing and CA-Teh-1722 (GF/LIW X = 2.26 microns, s.d.= 0.46, n=12) avoid future disturbance of it by construction, the Mission CA-Gle-177 offers a good contrast to the Thomes Creek would roughly equate to circa A.D. 800 – 900. While the NAHC Requests Your Support requested that I conduct limited excavations with a volunteer assemblages described below. Ethnohistoric information equivalency of hydration rates between the two localities has crew in the field to the northeast of the cemetery in Spring, identified Alder Springs as the western most limit of Nomlaki not been determined, this time period corresponds with Larry Myers, Executive Secretary 2002. Crew members were recruited from Mission La settlement in the Grindstone Creek watershed. Late Period radiocarbon dates from the site. Native American Heritage Commission Purisima’s Prelado, de los Tesoros, the Ventura County occupation at this midden site, situated at 4100 foot in Archaeological Society, and various individuals. We began to elevation, is based on Borax Lake source (about 50 air miles Although few in number, a variety of Olivella shell beads were recovered, including spire lopped, rectangular M1a, and Many of you are aware of the state’s current fiscal crisis. expose the tops of the cobble footings, trace the course of the southwest) obsidian hydration readings and a few stylistic F3a square saddle type beads. Several spire-lopped Olivella The Administration has announced plans for a 20% reduction wall, and map it for future planning purposes. Excavation was artifacts. Several small, side-notched projectile points A1c beads were recovered, but the temporal range of this in state budgets. A 20% reduction would be devastating to the by one meter squares, using hand tools and one-eighth inch (Rattlesnake Series), an uniconically drilled slate tablet, and type is too broad to be an effective temporal marker in central Commission. This means that approximately $65,000 would mesh screens. The project was not initiated to satisfy any several edge-modified, cobble spall tools appear to be California (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:118). Rectangular be eliminated from the budget. The Commission would be federal or state requirements, nor were any funds received associated with shallow Late Period deposits (less than 50 M1a sequin beads are considered a good temporal marker for forced to cancel all travel, eliminate commission meetings, from these sources. A Chumash monitor from the nearby cm). Nomlaki affiliation, however, remains problematic. If Phase 1 of the Late Period (ca. A.D. 900 – 1300), but they and would have to reduce staff. That means the office would Santa Ynez Reservation was present during the work and was ethnohistoric information is accurate, however, then Late also occur a little earlier during the Middle-Late Period then be reduced from four to three or possibly two staff. In the only paid member of the project. Period use at this site is more ephemeral than many other Transition (ca. A.D. 700 – 900) (Bennyhoff and Hughes effect, this would bring the operations of the commission to a sites and may signal a difference in land use patterns. 1987:140, 149). Type F3a square saddle beads, considered halt. The massive cobble footing was encountered almost Principal occupation at Alder Springs appears to be more than immediately at a depth of 50 cm and extended from north to 1500 years old. Most projectile point styles and ground stone good indicators of the Middle Period (ca. 1000 B.C.– A.D. These reductions are worse on the Commission and the south for at least 25 meters. So far, we have no evidence of implements, such as metates and manos, share similarities to 700), also occur during the Middle-Late Period Transition Indian people we assist because this office never did recover building corners or internal partition walls. Thus, neither earlier, pre-Wintuan assemblages, and are more likely (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:131, 149). Charcoal from a from the Wilson cuts. The commission was never made length nor width of the structure can yet be determined. affiliated with the Yuki who historically occupied the territory post-interment grave pit burning event (40-50 cm level), whole nor was it allowed to grow like other state agencies. However, such an enormously long continuous room is west of the crest. associated with an unexcavated infant interment whose burial somewhat unusual. Artifact yield was sparse and consisted of pit extended into underlying sterile soil at 80 cm, was AMS Your help is needed to convince the administration that objects consistent with the Mexican and American periods -- Thomes Creek Sites dated at 1090 ± 40 B.P. (A.D. 780 – 940, 2σ ) (Beta 159538). the Commission must be exempt from funding reductions. English and Chinese ceramics and iron building hardware, More than seven F3a square saddle beads were directly Send your comments to David Rosenberg, Office of the primarily hand-forged nails. These are mixed with recent Located in a glade north of Thomes Creek at 3200 feet in associated with this interment. Pre-interment and/or post- Governor, State Capitol, Sacramento, Ca 95814. debris from parish activities. elevation, about 10.3 cubic meters of deposit was excavated interment grave pit burning are a Late Period funerary at CA-Teh-1722 in 1996 and 1997. Although it appears that practice among some groups (Moratto 1984; Johnson 1990; The building is the presumed location of the 1825 primary occupation at the site occurred during the Late Johnson and Dondero 1990). Pre-interment and post- soldiers’ barracks of the Mexican period, rebuilt after the

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 14 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 36 13 USFS California Society for California Archaeology 2003 Annual Meeting, March 27-30, 2003 interment burning practices have been reported for the Nomlaki (Goldschmidt Paper Abstracts, Symposia Proposals, and Poster Concepts 1951), and both practices have been identified archaeologically at Nomlaki • Symposia Proposal Deadline: November 29, 2002 cemeteries (Johnson 1990:77-79; Johnson and • Paper/Poster Abstract Deadline: December 23, 2002 Dondero 1990:51-52).

CA-Teh-984 is a dark midden Please use this form to submit proposals for Meeting Sessions and Paper/Poster Abstracts approximately 30 x 40 meters in size located on a bench adjacent to a spring at Submit completed form to: John Holson approximately 3100 feet in elevation. About Pacific Legacy, Inc. ten cubic meters of deposit were excavated in 1027 San Pablo Avenue 1999 and 2000. The deep midden (130 cm) Albany, CA 94706 contains numerous artifacts, good bone [email protected] preservation, and several features, such as fire hearths, possible house floors, and human Type of Session (circle one): Symposium Poster Workshop Round Table interments. Late Period artifacts include hopper mortars, flat-ended pestles, bone awls, spire-lopped Olivella shell beads, Gunther Title: Barbed projectile points, Rattlesnake Series projectile points (few), obsidian and chert winged drills and bifaces, and chert scrapers. Uncorrected radiocarbon dates of 1070 ± 80 Type of Paper (circle one): Contributed Paper Organized Symposium Paper B.P. (A.D. 880) (Beta 159540) (charcoal) from Figure 2: (above) Thomes Creek canyon near Teh-1722. a depth of 80-90 cm and 440 ± 60 B.P. (A.D. 1510) (Beta 159541) (charcoal) from a 20-30 cm Figure 2: (below) Incised slate from Teh-1722. level confirm Late Period deposits. Temporal Title of Paper: comparisons were also provided by obsidian hydration remains were analyzed readings. Obsidian hydration readings (GF/LIW) (n=63), from about a third of the from alternating levels from two units and scattered tools, excavated deposit. Of the exhibit relative consistency throughout the deposit, ranging 4086 specimens analyzed, only 141 were Author(s) or Symposium Chair: from X =2.81 microns for the 10-20 cm level to X =3.78 microns for the 110-120 cm level. These results coupled identifiable to order or P.D. Schmidt with radiocarbon dates clearly suggest that the principal species, and most of Affiliation (identify affiliation by last name for each): occupation of the site occurred during the Late Period. these appear to be deer (Odocoileus). Likins X-ray fluorescence analysis of 89 specimens including suggests that bone tools and debitage provided the following distribution of fragmentation, and the percentage of burned or calcined sources: GF/LIW (55%), Borax Lake (43%), and Tuscan (2%). bones (46%), not only suggests marrow extraction, but also Address (of senior author or Symposium Chair): The predominance of GF/LIW obsidian, whose source is extensive processing to extract bone grease, a good source of Telephone: nearly twice the distance as that of Borax Lake (ca. 125 versus fat. This pattern is particularly prevalent in the upper levels Fax: 65 miles), suggests greater social interaction to the north than of the site, and Likins (2002) suggests that this could be Email: to the south, at least with respect to obsidian exchange. Of evidence of a period of economic stress. interest is the poor representation of Tuscan obsidian, a close source located in the Redding area. These results are Hill and O’Brien (2002) and Thomas (2002) have also Audio-Visual Equipment Need (circle all that apply): puzzling because of its predominant use among Wintu completed preliminary studies of CA-Teh-984’s faunal populations to the north, and its importance among collection. Hill and O’Brien (2002) analyzed about 3400 neighboring lowland Nomlaki populations, particularly bones with only 5 percent identifiable to order, family or Blackboard Flip Chart Slide Projector Overhead Projector Other:______during Phase 2 of the Late Period (post A.D. 1500) (Dondero genus. Most were identified as Odocoileus (250+ skeletal and Johnson 1988; Johnson 1990; Johnson and Dondero elements). There is evidence for marrow extraction at the 1990). It may be that Tuscan obsidian becomes more site, but not the extensive fragmentation and calcined bone If a Workshop or Round Table, how many participants do you expect?: important than GF/LIW during the latter part of the Late evidence noted at CA-Teh-1722; only about 14% of the Period, a time not well represented in the sites investigated. identifiable specimens were burned. Hill and O’Brien (2002) note that the almost exclusive location of cut marks on the Abstract of Paper, Poster, or Symposium (maximum 100 words): Settlement and Subsistence ends of long bones and within limb joints suggests disarticulation rather than meat stripping was the primary Likins’ (2002) analysis of the faunal assemblage from CA- processing goal. Coupled with the low incidence of burned Teh-1722 has provided some provocative results. Faunal bone, they contend that the consumption of meatier elements

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at the site is problematic, but caution that additional study is Conclusions Research Interests: Ethnic communities and labor camps in the West, Western migration, urban archaeology, African needed. American Archaeology, and public education. This research has clearly identified substantial Late Thomas’ (2002) dental increment study of Odocoileus sp. Period occupation at the two mid-elevation sites in the Position Statement: Continued financial responsibility and funding is vital to the continued growth and success of the SCA. teeth from CA-Teh-984 contributes some important seasonality Thomes Creek watershed. Settlement was probably of a It is my goal to assist the SCA with managing their finances and to become further involved in this organization. My data to our studies in the Thomes Creek watershed. Sixteen of seasonal nature, but the duration of site use is unknown. experience working within CRM over the past several years has involved managing multiple project budgets (large the 19 teeth sampled from different animals yielded season These sites may have been used for prolonged periods of and small), invoicing and collecting, and working with other archaeologists as well as planners, Native Americans, and and age-at-death data. Thomas determined that 50% of the time by a single group, or repeatedly students often on complicated projects. The result of this varied experience is that I am excellent at managing animals were killed during the visited between spring and fall by one budgets and tackling difficult accounting issues, work well with people and enjoy working as a team, and I am September – November months, or more groups. The variety of exceptionally well organized. The office of SCA Treasurer is very important and I am highly motivated and am eager while another 31% were killed Figure 4: Shaped artifact types and representative to tackle the responsibility of the position and I feel like I could bring a great deal of enthusiasm, perseverance, and during the months of February – pestle from Teh-1722. activities, midden depth, and the skills to the SCA Board. April and February – May. The presence of various features and September – November months interments may favor extended correspond well with current Yolla residential periods. Bolly deer herd migratory Society for California Archaeology patterns, reflecting the return from Returning to the timing of th 37 Annual Meeting, high elevation summer habitats to Nomlaki settlement in the lowland winter habitats. The uplands of the North Coast 27-30 March, 2003, Sacramento latter parts of the February – April Ranges, initial proto-Nomlaki or and February – May intervals Nomlaki occupation at the also correspond to current animal First Call for Papers Thomes Creek sites appears to migration from winter lowland be marked by two radiocarbon Proposals for the 37th Annual Society for California Archaeology Meeting symposia, to summer high elevation dates, 1070 ± 80 B.P. at CA-Teh- workshops, papers and posters are being requested. The meetings will be held in Sacramento habitats. Thomas (2002) 984 and 1090 ± 40 B.P. at CA- on March 27 through 30, 2003. The symposia and workshop proposal deadline is November concludes that CA-Teh-984 was Teh-1722. Absent from Late 29, 2002. Proposed symposia should be submitted as a package with abstracts and forms for all well situated along what was Period contexts at CA-Teh-1722 papers. Contributed papers and poster deadline is December 23, 2002. This years theme is likely a long established deer and CA-Teh-984 are Phase 2 “Discovering our Roots” and the Program Chair would like to encourage academic institutions, migration corridor in order to Late Period markers more avocational societies or agencies to submit poster abstracts regarding the history of their take advantage of these annual commonly found in the north- respective archaeology programs. We would like to encourage pictorial posters around this population movements. central Sacramento Valley theme. The maximum length for organized symposia and contributed papers is 15 minutes. Flotation was used to between A.D. 1500 – 1800, Please contact the Program Chair if you have any questions about proposed sessions or other process soil samples (11.99 including Desert Side-notched presentations. liters) taken from five features projectile points, clamshell disk at CA-Teh-984, consisting of beads, Haliotis ornaments, Participants are limited to being senior author on only one presentation, but they may be one occupational surface/floor flanged pipes, magnesite beads, junior authors on additional papers. Please note that participants must supply their own and four hearths (Dwyer Glycymeris pendants, and other equipment for audiovisual needs other than slide or overhead projectors. Please use the 2002). Preservation was poor, temporally sensitive artifacts proposal form found on the facing page, or proposals can be submitted electronically via but minor amounts of the (Johnson 1990; Johnson and www.SCAnet.org. Direct mail or e-mail attachments to the Program Chair are also welcome. following were identified: Dondero 1990; King 1989; Proposals may include the hard copy form included in this issue of the Newsletter, but acorn nutshells (likely Quercus Moratto 1984; Sundahl 1982). submitters are required to submit an electronic copy of their abstract (PC format). Abstracts sp.), bay laurel nutshells The absence of these artifact should be no larger than 100 words. (Umbellularia sp.), wild grape types, together with another (Vitis sp.), pine nuts (Pinus sp.), radiocarbon date of 440 ± 60 For further information or assistance, please contact the Program Chair: manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.), B.P. from the 20-30 cm level at hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), CA-Teh-984, suggest that both John Holson goosefoot (Chenopodium sp.), of these sites were likely Pacific Legacy, Inc. sunflower (Asteraceae), abandoned by A.D. 1600. 1027 San Pablo Avenue Brodiaea, and bedstraw. Whether these data reflect a Albany, CA 94706 Acorn, bay laurel, pine nuts, broader pattern, such as a [email protected] and hazelnut ripen in the change in mid-elevation Fall, while grape, manzanita, settlement and use, or perhaps goosefoot, and sunflower abandonment of the uplands, ripen in the late summer/ cannot be addressed yet. Some of early fall months. the possible explanations for site abandonment include: a change in P.D. Schmidt the economic productivity of the area, suggested by possible

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population stress indicators in the faunal assemblage at CA- Goldschmidt, Walter Teh-1722; increasing conflicts between the Nomlaki and 1951 Nomlaki Ethnography. University of California who volunteer and serve the Society are rewarded and acknowledged for their efforts. Beyond that, I fully intend to neighboring Yuki near the crest of the North Coast Ranges Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. stay the course that has been serving us so well. (Goldschmidt 1951), and; resource intensification strategies, 42, No. 4. Berkeley. increasing sociocultural complexity, and attendant population Hill, Christine A. and Christopher O’Brien For Southern Vice-President aggregation centered at lowland residential sites. Thus, the 2002 Zooarchaeology at CA-Teh-984. Paper presented at upland expansion by the Nomlaki may have been short-lived the Society for California Annual Meeting, San Diego, • Te r r y L . J o n e s , Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Department of Social Sciences, California Polytechnic State (ca. 1090 – 350 years B.P.), and then followed by a retraction April 4, 2002. University, San Luis Obispo to lower elevation settlements and less intensive occupation and use of the uplands. Only additional research will help Johnson, Jerald J. Education: Ph.D. Anthropology, University of California, Davis, 1995; M.A. Anthropology, University of California Davis, clarify these issues. 1990 Excavations at Archeological Site CA-Teh-10, 1989; M. A. Cultural Resources Management, Sonoma State University, 1982; B.A. Anthropology (with honors) and Cemetery 2: Black Butte Lake, Glenn and Tehama Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1978. Counties, California. United States Army Corps of References Cited Engineers, Sacramento District. Sacramento. Professional Background: Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Cal Poly since 1998; Associate Environmental Planner/ Cultural Resources Specialist, California Department of Transportation 1986-1998; Member, Registry of Professional Johnson, Jerald J. and Steven B. Dondero Basgall, Mark E. and William R. Hildebrandt Archaeologists, certified in field research since 1986. Over 20 years experience in cultural resources management and 1990 Black Butte Lake: Excavations at Archeological Site 1989 Prehistory of the Sacramento River Canyon, Shasta California archaeology. County, California. Center for Archaeological Research at CA-Teh-10, Cemetery 1. United States Army Corps of Davis, Publication Number 9. University of California. Engineers, Sacramento District. Sacramento Research Interests: California prehistory, hunter-gatherer ecology, maritime adaptations. Davis Johnson, Jerald J. and Dorothea J. Theodoratus Position Statement: Over the last several decades, the SCA has grown into a large, diverse, and fabulously successful 1984 Cottonwood Creek Project, Dutch Gulch Lake, Shasta Bennyhoff, James A. organization devoted to the study and conservation of California’s unique archaeological record. The multitude of and Tehama Counties, California: Intensive Cultural 1994 Central California Augustine: Implications for activities coordinated by the society including publication of a professional-quality Newsletter, and organization of Resources Survey. United States Army Corps of Northern California Archaeology. Toward a New well-attended, informative annual meetings is nothing less than remarkable for an all-volunteer enterprise. The Engineers, Sacramento, District. Sacramento. Taxonomic Framework for Central California primary role of vice presidents is to organize the northern and southern data sharing meetings. These annual get- Archaeology: Essays by James A. Bennyhoff and King, Ronald togethers play a crucial role in advancing archaeological research at the local and regional level and in maintaining David A. Fredrickson. Richard E. Hughes (ed.). 1989 Archaeological Assemblages and Environmental camaraderie within our discipline. I would like to insure that these meetings continue to provide a forum for Contributions of the University of California Conditions of the Upper Trinity River, California: A presentation of key research findings in relaxed, informal and interesting settings. Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley. No. 52:65-74. Case Study of the “Shasta Complex” Problem. M.A. Bennyhoff, James A. and Richard E. Hughes Thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento. 1987 Shell Bead and Ornament Exchange Networks • Margaret Hangan, Bureau of Land Management, El Centro Between California and the Western Great Basin. Likins, Patricia Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural 2002 Processing Bones on Thomes Creek. Paper presented Education: I received my BA in 1989 from Pitzer College in my home town of Claremont, California. Currently enrolled History, Vol. 64, Part 2. New York. at the Society for California Archaeology Annual in the Masters program at CSU, Bakersfield and am very close to completing my master’s degree. Meeting, San Diego, April 4, 2002. Dondero, Steven B. and Jerald J. Johnson Professional Background: I worked for seven years as a seasonal in CRM starting out in the Great Basin then returning to 1988 Dutch Gulch Lake Excavations at Six Prehistoric Sites. Meighan, Clement W. California. I am presently working for the Bureau of Land Management in El Centro, California United States Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento 1955 Archaeology of the North Coast Ranges, California. District. Sacramento University of California Archaeological Survey Reports Position Statement: Over the last year or so, I have made a conscious effort to get involved with the SCA. I have come to Dwyer, Erin 30:1-39. Berkeley. realize that if I am going to be an effective manager of cultural resources, then I must look beyond my own borders. I 2002 Charred Plant Macrofossils from CA-The-984. Report believe that the SCA will help me to achieve that goal. I am honored to be asked to run for Southern Vice Chair for Moratto, Michael the SCA. Should I be elected, I will do my best to benefit the SCA and the archaeology of California. on file Mendocino National Forest. Willows. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Edwards, Robert Sundahl, Elaine M. For Treasurer 1969 Prehistory of the Pui’mak Wintun, Thomes Creek, 1982 The Shasta Complex in the Redding Area, California. Tehama County, California, Including a Suggested Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of • Stacy Schneyder Case, Staff Historical Archaeologist, Jones & Stokes, Sacramento Chronological Model of the Northern Sacramento Anthropology, California State University, Chico. Valley Region Prehistory. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Education: M.A. Cultural Resources Management, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park 2001; B.S. Anthropology, Thomas, Denise Department of Anthropology, University of California, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1998. Davis. 2002 Taphonomy and Teeth: Evaluation of Cementum Preservation and Degradation in Archaeofaunal Professional Background: Staff Historical Archaeologist and cultural resources specialist for Jones & Stokes, Sacramento Fredrickson, David A. Assemblages. Paper presented at the Society for (2000-present); Historical Archaeology Field Director and Instructor for the Washington College Archaeological 1973 Early Cultures of the North Coast Ranges, California. California Annual Meeting, San Diego, April 4, 2002. Field School, Maryland (Summer 2002); Archaeological Technician for the Anthropological Studies Center, Rohnert Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Park (1998-2000); Archaeologist for the Willamette National Forest, Oregon (1997-1998); Archaeologist and University of California, Davis. Whistler, Kenneth W. Laboratory Manager for Oregon State University (1994-1998). Society for Historical Archaeology Membership 1974 Cultural Diversity in Early Central California: A View 1977 Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation Based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Committee Member (2001-present), SCA Membership Committee Chair (2002). Register of Professional from the North Coast Ranges. Journal of California Archaeologists (2001-present). Over 7 years experience in historical archaeology and cultural resources management Anthropology 1(1):41-53. Nomenclature. Paper presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, in the western United States. University of California, Berkeley.

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1993), therefore, nondestructive methods are being used in Basalt Distribution Findings these studies. on the Tahoe National Forest Biographical Information and Position Statements A number of basalt samples have been submitted for Donna Day analysis of a suite of trace- and minor element concentrations, Tahoe National Forest including a series from gallium through niobium, and iron and Candidates for the Executive Board manganese. When barium concentrations are measured, Society For California Archaeology, 2002 Election he spatial distribution of artifacts is influenced by a specimens can be analyzed with an Americium 241 source, variety of cultural and environmental factors. Any rather than irradiating the sample with x-rays. Adequate Tinterpretations of patterns that can be identified segregation of chemical groups that has been defined thus far For President For Southern Vice-President For Secretary provide valuable information about both cultural preferences is achieved using strontium to zirconium ratios. Initial Amy Gilreath Margaret Hangan Stacy Schneyder Case and environmental opportunities for procurement. Since concerns that sample surface effects could skew XRF Tim Gross Te r r y J o n e s basalt is the dominant tool stone found in sites across the concentration measurements, seems to be less of an issue Northern Sierra and even though basalt outcrops appear to be than originally believed, and appears to be no more of a more geographically widespread than obsidian, the ability to concern than in obsidian studies. However, weathering of For President source tools manufactured from basalt is still considered to be basalt samples does appear to be a potential problem, the a key to help in the understanding of land use patterns. effects of weathering and the resultant chemical changes is an • Tim Gross Additionally, the geological maps for the Tahoe National area that bears further investigation (Day et al. 1996). Forest area indicate that the outcrops of basalt are actually Education: I have been involved in California Archaeology since I was a high school student. My BA is from San Diego limited in extent, suggesting high potential for geochemical State University (1976), and my MA (1980) and PhD (1987) are from Washington State University. I have worked in characterization studies. Basalt XRF analysis, though still in Results most of the western states, but the majority of my archaeological experience is in California, Colorado, and its infancy, is developing as another tool for researchers in the Washington State. My Masters research was conducted in the Siwa Oasis Region of Northwestern Egypt. Northern Sierra as well as the Eastern Sierra Front, Nevada, Since it became apparent that chemical identification of Oregon, and the Pacific Islands (NWROSL 2002). basalt sources was a viable analytical tool, an additional 11 Professional Background: I am currently a consultant, though I also make part of my living through grant-funded research, geochemical studies have been conducted within the Tahoe and I teach from time to time. I have worked for Affinis for 14 years, and prior to that I worked for other firms part- National Forest. For these studies, the Forest has been time. I have worked as an independent contractor, performing lithic and shell analyses. Notable past employment Characterization of Basalt sourcing basalt artifacts collected from both surface deposits includes the Dolores Archaeological Program in southwestern Colorado, where I served as a field supervisor and as and excavated archaeological sites to further refine our Editorial Coordinator and Publication Manager. I am a founding board member for the San Diego Archaeological In the early 1990s researchers conducted the first basalt understanding of the spatial patterning of prehistoric source Center. sourcing study for this region in the Truckee area, by Latham, use for specific basalt sources. These geochemical studies Sutton and Verosub (1992). This pioneering study was able to have demonstrated even though basalt source locations have Position Statement: I am generally pleased with the directions the SCA has taken in recent years, particularly with regard to demonstrate that basalt from various volcanic series could be a relatively homogeneous trace element composition, that public education, Native American outreach, and interaction with avocational societies. The issues about which I am differentiated. About the same time, under a Forest Service there is sufficient inter-source variability to allow for the currently passionate include increased interaction with Native Americans and the development of mutual contract, Tom Jackson and Kathy Davis, then of BioSystems identification of a variety of raw material sources. understandings and respect between archaeologists and Native Americans; the curation crisis and its solutions; coping Analysis, began working with archaeologists from the Tahoe, with the vast gray literature; and encouraging dialog between the consulting community and the academic Eldorado, and Stanislaus National Forests and Lake Tahoe The first major assessment of basalt distribution (Day et community. These are some of the areas I would like to help the SCA address if I am elected. It is also important for Basin Management Unit to identify sources of basalt and al. 1996) suggested that the Gold Lake Source group and the Society to remain vigilant. We must continue to monitor proposed legislation and regulations to make sure geochemical characterize basalt artifacts. Alder Hill Source Group are the most significant sources for protection of our past is not sacrificed in the name of affordable housing, national defense, or dwindling budgets. I basalt toolstone for the Northern Sierra. Additionally the appreciate having been nominated and would be proud to serve the diverse SCA membership. In the early years, the sampling began by collecting at study concluded that there is a nonrandom distribution of least ten fist-sized chunks of non-artifactual basalt from material from these sources. known basalt outcrops and quarries and the geochemical footprints for each outcrop could be identified. Samples were •Amy Gilreath, Vice President, Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis, CA Over 90% of artifacts manufactured from Gold Lake basalt then taken from existing collections. This latter sample is found northwest of the Middle Yuba River and Alder Hill is Education: M.A. 1983 Washington State University consisted primarily of temporally diagnostic basalt artifacts found east and south of the Middle Yuba River. The Gold and bifaces. These early efforts were aimed at determining if Lake basalt shows a predominately east/west movement from Position Statement: In contrast to some previous intervals of upheaval and change, this is a time of healthy stability for the all sources of basalt were exploited and if there was any the quarry locations downslope. The Alder and Sawtooth SCA. The Newsletter is as good as it has ever been. Each issue reports on the status of different formal and informal spatial patterning of artifacts by source in an effort to identify basalt moves in nearly a north/south direction following the committees within the organization and emerging issues of particular concern to us. It presents diverse perspectives prehistoric use of specific basalt sources. eastern side of the Sierran Crest. from within our membership, ranging from our elders to students, from avocational, to contractual to collegial archaeologists, and from Native Americans to ethnographers and historians. Our Annual Meetings, now approaching The subsequent eight years of research have resulted in Methods of Analysis their 36th year, run like clockwork and participation has never been higher. And, the organization operates (nearly) in the identification of 17 geochemical source groups and 28 the black – a certain sign of a mature, nonprofit organization. Basalt artifacts are prepared and analyzed in the same source locations within the Northern Sierran Region (Figure 1, Table 1). It is sound advice to appreciate a good thing when we have it. If chosen to serve as president, my abiding objective is manner as obsidian artifacts are prepared for energy- to maintain this stability. The best way to achieve this is by implementing decisions that reflect membership’s dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis. Studies have shown Distribution of sources such as Watson Creek and positions, while promoting membership growth so that we gain new personalities and fresh perspectives. I intend to that geochemical foot-printing of powdered basalt samples Sawtooth Ridge appear to be confined to the Lake Tahoe work hard at expanding our membership, while at the same time doing what I can — within reason — to see that those and intact flakes indicate that nondestructive analyses of Basin and south of the North Fork of the American River. basalt yield similar results to those generated by destructive Over one third of the basalt on one site is the vicinity of the techniques (Jackson et al. 1994; Latham et al. 1992; Weisler Hell Hole Reservoir, Eldorado National Forest, originated

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from Sawtooth Ridge location over 40 miles volunteers do a better job—by consultation with several Native developed by other California Indian north. teaching new skills and by providing Americans and archaeologists for a Tribes, organizations and individuals. an event where volunteers can gather recent workshop where Native Taken out of context, I can understand Some source locations have a very limited and share experiences with each other. Americans were being invited to why some readers felt that the distribution of artifacts. Artifacts that have participate in archaeological surveys language was condescending and been sourced to the Davies Creek, Boca For more information about the and test excavations for a Section 106 overly simplistic. What I find truly Spring, Independence Lake, and the Martis CASSP initial training workshops, or compliance project in their ancestral marvelous is that as time goes by, source locations have only been found in sites about the CASSP advanced workshops, territory. When developing the course more and more Native Americans and no further than five miles from the source. visit www.cassp.org on the Internet, or curriculum and training manual, I archaeologists work together on Dogwood and Emigrant Ridge (located on the call Beth Padon at (562) 492-6770. learned that the Native American heritage resources management Plumas National Forest), both have Also, use these contacts to apply for a attendees had little or no prior projects in California—and there are archaeological components, but material from one-year subscription to the free experience working as monitors or many who have been doing so for those sources have not been identified on the CASSP newsletter, available quarterly. with archaeologists, and the decades, enriching us all by helping us Tahoe National Forest. The source locations archaeologists were to include recent understand and respect the different Boca Ridge, Fillmore Hill, show no signs of college graduates who had little or no perspectives. being used prehistorically and no artifacts Native American Programs experience working with Native have been sourced to either of these locations. Americans. The question had came Committee Update up in a recent field context, “just what Sites along the edge of the Sierra Valley Avocational Committee is our role or job and relationship to have formed tools from one source (Gold Janet P. Eidsness, Chairperson each other?” The suggestions I Lake and debitage from another (Alder Hill). Jerry Dudley drafted for the novice archaeologists Research on the Forest has now been My sincere apologies to those who and Native American Monitors were in We hope everyone had a great expanded to include other formed tools, large may have been offended by the response to this question, in this summer and were able to participate in biface thinning flakes and utilized flakes. “Guidelines for Archaeologists Who Work With Native American contextual setting. In addition, I felt it some activity involving avocational was important to offer suggestions for archaeology. Our societies were busy Table 1: List of Tahoe Region geochemical sources. Monitors” printed in the June 2002 SCA Newsletter 36(2):13. These archaeologists, as a counterpoint to the with field trips, presentations and other Figure 1: Location of Tahoe Region geochemical sources Native American Heritage projects that have benefited both the Snource Group Source Locatio Guidelines are not the product of the (adapted from NWROSL 2002). Native American Programs Commission’s Guidelines for Monitors/ community and the profession. Allder Hill Alder Hil Consultants of Native American Cultural, Committee, nor are they officially We are looking ahead to the SCA The early work suggested that there were a large number sanctioned by the SCA. Rather, I Religious, and Burial Sites adopted in Beoca Ridge Boca Ridg meeting in Sacramento in March and of unknowns found within the Nevada City and Foresthill developed these “suggestions” in 1989, among other useful guidance our annual round tablet luncheon, time Bgoca Spring Boca Sprin Rangers Districts. These were single artifacts, each from a different source. These findings suggest that there are sources and date to be announced. This year The new CASSP team at Hollister during their field trip. Dkavies Creek Davies Cree of limited use, possibly expedient finds, but surveys for the avocational societies will be source locations should be conducted to map and collect raw sponsoring a poster session and would Ddogwood Dogwoo material for geochemical sourcing. like many societies and avocational organizations to join in the fun. The E,migrant Ridge Emigrant Ridge, Fowler Lake Recent work at Mount Ida Coolbirth, in the Sierra Valley, posters will be involved with some Little Grass Valley, Walker Plain by Sean Lenihan and Perry Fox, resulted in the collection of aspects of the early days and history of Flillmore Hill Fillmore Hil 12 basalt samples. This small sample yielded three samples our societies, so look for those old

Geold Lake Gold Lak sourced to the Siegfried Source Group, one to the Gold Lake photos etc. to make up a great poster. Source Group, and eight new unknowns. More information will follow at a Iencline Ridge Incline Ridg future date on the content for the Studies have been able to separate the Alder Hill Source posters. I,ndependence Lake Gooseneck Flat, Kate’s Quarry Group and Watson Creek source based on the stronontium/ Wanna Be zirconium ratios, but sometimes these sources are Want to remind everyone that the Mkartis Creek Martis Cree indistinguishable (Figure 2). Additional non-artifactual Data Sharing meetings in Santa Cruz material needs to be collected at these locations to address (October) and Santa Barbara Nyorth Dry Valley North Dry Valle this problem. (November ) will be a great S,awtooth Carnelian Bay, Sawtooth Ridge opportunity for educational Truckee River Outlet presentations and camaraderie. Current Season’s Research and Data Collection Swecret Meadow Secret Meado

Seiegfried Canyon Ridge Siegfried Canyon Ridg The basalt sourcing data from the 12 geochemical Squaw Valley Drainage sourcing projects done by BioSystems Analysis and Ssteamboat Hills/ Lagomarsino Lagomarsino, Steamboat Hill Northwestern Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory has been entered into an Excel spreadsheet and linked to the Wnatson Creek Carnelian Bay, Carnelia Forest’s site location coverage to create a new sourcing Canyon, Watson Creek

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sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 9 09/16/2002, 2:13 PM 8 41 SCA Business and Activities USFS California above legislation, e-mail contacts for Some of the new volunteers at coverage. At a later date the obsidian sourcing the legislators are listed below: CASSP: Hollister are members of BETA information will be added. The existing source locations Training Workshops for (Bicycle/Equestrian Trail Assistance), are being mapped and will also be added to the GIS State Senator James Brulte, R-31st, which is a volunteer group that coverage. The site record information for the used source [email protected] Archaeology Site Stewards regularly patrols hiking, biking, and locations and sites where sourcing studies were conducted equestrian trails at the Fort Ord Public are being entered into the Regional Heritage Resources State Senator John Burton, D-3rd, Chris and Beth Padon Lands. As BETA members, these Information System (Baxter). Once these tasks are [email protected] The California Archaeological Site volunteers bring valuable experience completed the Forest will be able to link both the spatial State Senator Wesley Chesbro, D-2nd, Stewardship Program (CASSP) in handling emergencies to Erik’s data stored in ArcInfo with the tabular data, stored in [email protected] recently offered two training CASSP team. Access. Future data will then be collected in a workshops for volunteers. In June, standardized format, complying with the National Some of the Hollister workshop State Senator Bruce McPherson, R- eight new volunteers attended a two- standard for Heritage Resources spatial data, thus, participants will volunteer in other 15th, [email protected] day workshop for the BLM Hollister facilitating future research within the Forest. areas. Each CASSP training workshop Field Office. BLM archaeologist Erik State Senator Tom Torlakson, D-7th, has parts that focus on local cultural Zaborsky participated in the training, Future Research [email protected] resources, especially during the field and will serve as the group’s trip portion of the training. But each coordinating archaeologist. Erik has Assembly Member Jackie Goldberg, workshop also explains CASSP The research has suggested that ubiquity of basalt in identified sites at Clear Creek D-45th, procedures and organization, discusses the northern Sierra Nevada does not necessarily Management Area, Call Mountain- [email protected] safety procedures and legal guidelines, correspond with a randomized collecting behavior. Initial Hernandez Valley, Fort Ord Public Figure 2: Stronontium/zirconium ratios differentiate and provides general references, so sourcing studies concentrated on chemically Lands, Panoche Hills Management characterizing known outcrops and basalt quarries as a the Tahoe Region basalt sources Assembly Member Virginia Strom- that participants can volunteer with st Area, Panoche-Silver Creek Martin, D-1 , CASSP teams in areas different from starting point for defining primary sources of tool stone. Confluence, and Pinnacles National Assemblymember.Strom- where they receive their training. The results of this study suggest that future studies need gWhat and where are the source groups where no [email protected] Monument. Jerry Dudley, cochair of to address the following issues: basalt procurement takes place? What is their the SCA Avocational Society The next training workshop for relationship to the source groups where basalt is If SCA members have comments or committee, attended the classroom new site stewards will be held in El 1. Secondary and Tertiary Deposit Identification. being mined? issues regarding the above legislation training segment of the workshop on Centro on September 21-22. BLM Geoarchaeological survey and sampling of new basalt sources and previously identified quarry sites to identify or have information regarding other Saturday. BLM Ranger Eric Keefer archaeologist Margaret Hangan will 3. Alder Hill Problem. More geologic material is needed primary source outcrops and define the boundaries of current legislation that may be of briefed us on Sunday, before we began serve as the coordinating from Alder Hill area including the Watson Creek, Boca interest, please feel free to contact the field trip part of the training at the archaeologists for this new team. On secondary deposits (deposits of materials transported by Ridge, and Carnelian Canyon areas to further refine the [email protected]. Fort Ord Public Lands. October 26-27, a training workshop glacial, fluvial and other natural processes). Given the source locations within the Alder Hill group. will be held for Adopt-a-Cabin importance of the Alder Hill and Gold Lake Source Groups, primary consideration should be given to these 4. Emigrant Ridge Problem. This geochemical source group CASSP volunteers practice using a compass during the advanced workshop in Bishop. volunteers for the Ridgecrest Field has the most extensive geographic distribution, the source Office. Additional training workshops geochemical sources. At each source location 20 fist sized cobbles will be collected for geochemical source locations (Emigrant Ridge, Fowler Lake, Little Grass for 2002 will be announced as soon as identification. Valley, Walker Plain) are spread across the southern part of arrangements are finalized. The initial the Plumas National Forest. Samples originally training workshops last two days over a 2. Focused Research. Artifacts selected for study should be collected at the source locations was minimal. Additional weekend, and cost $25 per person. guided by explicit research questions, such as: source sample collections should be made at these locations. In July, CASSP held a special, aIs there spatial patterning of prehistoric source use advanced training session for current for specific basalt sources. 5. Martis “Type Site.” Since the CA-PLA-5, the Martis “type site stewards in Bishop. Thirteen site” located at the Martis geochemical source, this CASSP volunteers attended, along bIs the material for source groups geographically geochemical source needs to be mapped and additional with SCA northern vice-president confined? geochemical samples and basalt artifacts should be Richard Fitzgerald. This one-day class analyzed. A better understanding of this site, how the taught map-making skills. Steve cInvestigation of source use and distance to source relationships and temporal variability in source use. landscape surrounding it was used, and the intra-site Horne and Janine McFarland activity will provide researchers a better understanding of developed the curriculum, which was dInvestigation of source use and distance to source how the Sierra Nevada landscape was affected. well organized and clearly presented. relationships of differing classes of artifacts. Steve did a great job teaching for the 6. Unknown Source Locations. Given the high number of whole day; Janine unfortunately was eWhat is the frequency distribution of the various unknowns it is recommended that locations in and called in for duty because of a wild basalt sources? Is it evenly spread suggesting that the adjacent to the Sierra Valley and within the Nevada City fire. material is transported as the population moves? and Foresthill Ranger Districts areas where Teritary and Paleozoic metavolcanic rocks are located will be given CASSP plans to offer more of these fWhat is the distribution of the isolated occurrences of survey priority. special one-day classes for current site the basalt sources? stewards. The goal is to help existing

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To address these issues the Forest will be continuing to Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis The measure would change the Department of Parks and Recreation Introduced by Tim Leslie (R-4th) collect basalt source information at all sites being evaluated 1997b X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Obsidian and environmental review process that is for the purpose of developing a within the Forest and at all newly located sources within Basalt from 05-17-57-255 and 05-17-57-256, Tahoe required for all building projects. If California Indian Museum and Current status: The bill passed out of inventories. Since several of the source groups, Dogwood, National Forest, California. Northwest Research the bill becomes law, the tribes would Cultural Center. the Assembly and was read for the Emigrant Ridge, Incline, North Dry Lake, Siegfried Ridge Obsidian Studies Laboratory Report 97-57, Corvallis, probably win a growing number of second time in the Senate on August Canyon, Steamboat/Lagomarsino, and Watson Creek, are Oregon. disputes across the state between Comments: The amended bill states 14, 2002. situated outside the Forest boundaries, we encourage others tribes and builders of major projects. that “the existing California Indian Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis Comments: Under existing law, there working across the Northern Sierra to collect geochemical Museum is too small for effective 1998 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Basalt from CA- is no official state ghost town. This source sample for basalt outcrops and source basalt during The bill was purportedly designed to interpretation of the diverse PLA-5 and CA-PLA-6, Placer County, California. bill would designate the town of Bodie inventory and excavation so that the spatial patterning of kill the Glamis Imperial Project gold populations of California Indians or to Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory as the official state Gold Rush ghost prehistoric source use for specific basalt sources can be better mine in Imperial County. Glamis adequately display the tens of Report 98-17, Corvallis, Oregon. town. defined. Gold, Ltd. has spent $14.7 million to thousands of artifacts currently in Skinner, Craig E., M. Kathleen Davis, and Tad E. Allred try to build an open pit gold mine on storage” and states that there is an 1995 X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from federal land 20 miles from the urgent need for the creation of “a AB 2115 References Site MTHP-1, Tahoe National Forest, Placer County, Quechan tribe’s reservation in the modern and expanded California Athletic Team Names and Mascots California. Report BO-95-69 prepared by BioSystems Imperial Valley. Indian Pass, near Indian Cultural Center and Museum.” Day, Donna A., William W. Bloomer, M. Kathleen Davis, and Introduced by Assemblywoman Jackie Thomas L. Jackson Analysis, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon. where the mine would be built, The amended bill defines the Goldberg (Democrat, Los Angeles, 1996 Basalt Distribution as a Reflection of Procurement and Skinner, Craig E., M. Kathleen Davis, and Thomas M. Origer contains prayer circles, petroglyphs composition and duties of the Task District 45) on February 19, 2002. Mobility Across the North-Central Sierra. Paper 1995 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Obsidian Hydration Rim and ceremonial places and is part of a Force. presented at the 25th Great Basin Anthropological “Trail of Dreams.” This bill could Current status: Passage of this bill was Measurements of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from the SB 2084 Association Meeting, Lake Tahoe, California. Cottonwood Fire Mitigation Project, Tahoe National also affect a $120 million geothermal refused in the Assembly (Ayes 29. California Mission Preservation Fund Forest, California. Report BO-95-58 prepared by plant near the Oregon border being Noes 35) Jackson, Robert J., Thomas L. Jackson, Charles Miksicek, built by Calpine. The Pit River tribe Kristina Roper, and Dwight Simons Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Introduced by State Senator Bruce Corvallis, Oregon. has gone to court to block the project. Comments: This bill would have 1994 Framework for Archaeological Research and The Pechangas are fighting a power McPherson (Republican, Santa Cruz, prohibited public schools, community Management, National Forests of the North-Central Skinner, Craig E., M. Kathleen Davis, and Jennifer J. line that Sempra Energy wants to build District 15). colleges, the California State Sierra Nevada. Unit III. Vol. B. MS on file Tahoe Thatcher University, and the University of from Temecula to Riverside. Current status: Last amended in the National Forest. Nevada City, CA. 1996 X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from California from using any school or Senate May 14, 2002 Latham, Thomas., Paula A. Sutton and Kenneth Verosub Several Sites in the Tahoe National Forest, California. Opponents of the bill include a long athletic team name, mascot, or Report BO-96-07 prepared by Northwest Research 1992 Non-destructive XRF Characterization of Basaltic list of mine operators, utilities, oil Summary: This bill would create the nickname that is derogatory or Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. Artifacts from Truckee California. Geoarchaeology companies, real estate agents, builders, California Mission Preservation Fund discriminatory against any race, 7:81-101. Skinner, Craig E., Jennifer J. Thatcher, and M. Kathleen and other business groups. The state’s in the State Treasury and would ethnicity, nationality, or tribal group. Davis construction industry contends that Any American Indian tribal name Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis require that the moneys in the fund, 1998 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Obsidian Hydration Rim “sacred site” is defined too broadly would have been prohibited. 1995 X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Basalt from CA-PLA-394 upon appropriation by the Legislature, Measurement of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from Several while the California Chamber of and CA-PLA-395, Tahoe National Forest, California. be used by the Department of Parks Sites in the Lake Tahoe Region, California. Northwest Commerce claims that the bill would Report 95-69 prepared by BioSystems Analysis, Inc., and Recreation, in consultation with References Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory Report 98-07, inhibit economic growth and is a “job the California Missions Foundation, Corvallis, Oregon. killer” because of its broad impact, Corvallis, Oregon. for specified purposes relating to the Lindsay, David Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis including the delays and costs it will Skinner, Craig E. and Jennifer J. Thatcher preservation, restoration, and 1996a X-Ray Fluorescence of Artifact Basalt from the Tahoe and add to public works such as highways, 2001 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Obsidian Hydration protection of California’s historical 2002 SAA Government Affairs Eldorado National Forests, California: The Oakland schools, and utility lines. Measurement of Artifact Obsidian and Basalt from the missions. Program: Monthly Washington, D.C. Pond Quarry Project. Report 95-41 prepared by Tahoe National Forest, California. Report 2001-64 Update, July 2002. Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, SB 2063 prepared by Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Comments: State Parks owns and Corvallis, Oregon. California Indian Museum and Cultural manages some of the missions, but The Sacramento Bee, August 5, 2002 Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. Center Commission Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis many are still owned by religious Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory (NWROSL) institutions. Although maintenance San Francisco Chronicle, July 29 & 1996b X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Basalt from the Introduced by State Senator James 2002 Basics of Basalt Characterization. http:// and restoration of the missions is a August 5, 2002 Wornmill and Sagehen Analysis Areas, Tahoe National Brulte (Republican, Rancho www.obsidianlab.com worthwhile project, the Forest, California. Report 96-35 prepared for the Tahoe Cucamonga, District 31). California History Action 20(2), National Forest, California, by Northwest Research Weisler, Marshall I. appropriateness (and constitutionality) Summer 2002. Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. 1993 Chemical Characterization and Provenance of Manu’a Current status: This bill passed in the of using public moneys to fund Adz Material Using a Non-Destructive X-Ray Assembly on August 12, 2002 and improvement of property owned by http://www.leginfo.ca.gov Skinner, Craig E. and M. Kathleen Davis Fluorescence Technique. In The To’aga Site: Three passed in the Senate on August 14, religious institutions remains a 1997a X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifact Basalt from Millenia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manu’a Islands, 2002. question. http://www.calchamber.com Several Sites in the Tahoe National Forest, California. American Samoa, edited by P. V. Kirch and T. L. Hunt, Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory http://www.calmining.org/may02.html pp. 167-187. Contributions of the University of Summary: This bill would establish AB 1247 Report 97-43, Corvallis, Oregon. the California Indian Museum and Official State Gold Rush Ghost Town: California Archaeological Research Facility No. 51, If members would like to contact their Cultural Center Task Force within the Bodie Berkeley, California. representatives regarding any of the

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California Trust for Historic Introduced by State Senator Wesley private land in accordance with Preservation to the California Trust for Chesbro (Democrat, Arcata, District otherwise applicable law Cultural and Historic Preservation. 02) on February 22, 2002. Coauthored

Removed from the bill are references by Assembly Member Virginia Strom- SB 1828 E V O L U T I O N Historical Resources: Affected Native to Trust appointment and to the Trust Martin (Democrat, Eureka, District For a quarter of a century the Obsidian Laboratory at Sonoma taking on the duties specified in the 01). American Sites: California State University conducted research into the phenomenon of Public Resources Code for the State Environmental Quality Act Office of Historic Preservation and the Current status: Last amended in Senate obsidian hydration. But the time as come for a change. The State Historical Resources August 16, 2002. Co-introduced by State Senators John Obsidian Laboratory at Sonoma State University has shut its doors. Commission. Burton (Democrat, San Francisco, Summary: This bill would establish District 03) and Wesley Chesbro The bill states that, “California’s the Native American Historic (Democrat, Arcata, District 02) However, Tom Origer continues to engage in obsidian hydration research and commercial hydration band Resource Protection Act, which would retained past certainly includes sites measurement as Origer’s Obsidian Laboratory (OOL). The staff includes technicians who prepare and measure important to its prehistoric and later “provide that any person who Current status: Passed out of the bands on thin sections, manage data, and engage in induced hydration and other experiments. Currently, we have Native American people, and the unlawfully and maliciously excavates Senate. Awaiting a hearing in the remaining structures of the 19th upon, removes, destroys, injures, or Assembly appropriations committee four microscopes dedicated to obsidian research and two pressure reactors inducing hydration. Research is century. But the state also needs to defaces a Native American historic, on August 21, 2002 guided in part by a focus group consisting of Dave Fredrickson, Tom Origer, Janine Loyd, Ted Jones, SueAnn cultural, or sacred site that is listed or Schroder, and others who meet on an occasional basis. consciously preserve selected Comments: This bill, as amended, remnants of the 1930s, of California’s may be listed in the California Register of Historic Resources, would require a lead agency to provide great role in World War II, as well as to any affected tribe and the Native representative structures and sites that including any historic or prehistoric ruins is guilty of a misdemeanor.” American Heritage Commission a were culturally or economically copy of the lead agency’s initial study important during the 1950s, 1960s, Comments: This bill has been or notice of preparation for any and, in some cases, even more substantially rewritten and now applies proposed project that is within 20 Origer’s recently.” specifically to sites that are, “listed or miles of the exterior boundary of a The bill states that, “It is the intent of may be listed in the California Native American reservation or sacred the Legislature to enact legislation to Register of Historic Resources.” Also, site. The bill would also require a lead Obsidian establish a California Trust for Cultural the law will not apply to landowners agency to consult with the affected and Historic Preservation.” The Trust but to “a person other than the tribe, the project proponent, and if the would be required to: landowner.” The present bill states, lead agency determines necessary, the “Legislation is needed to provide commission, to seek mutually Laboratory •Develop programs to protect, additional legal protection for Native agreeable methods of avoiding or preserve, and interpret California’s American historical and cultural sites, substantially lessening the potential cultural and historic resources, art, and other cultural artifacts found at adverse effects, and would make any (OOL) including museums, and to make those sites, if that protection for Native agreement reached during the them available to the public American cultural resources found on consultation meetings binding on the private lands is consistent with affected tribe and the project • Develop programs including, but constitutionally protected property rights proponent. The bill defines “sacred not limited to, protecting and of the persons who own the land on which site” as having one of the following interpreting California historical they are found.” Also, amendments conditions: life-styles; California military, clarify that the legislation does not The purpose of this notification is to inform all who are interested in obsidian that we are alive, well, and actively pursuing industrial, and commercial history; apply to: • The site is included in an obsidian related research. Commercial rates are as follows for thin section preparation and hydration band measurement. and unique and identifiable inventory of sacred sites California communities. •Any act taken in accordance with maintained by the Native the California Environmental American Heritage Commission $17.50 each for batches of 1- 24 specimens •Allocate proceeds of bonds as Quality Act (CEQA) $15.00 each for batches of 25 - 99 specimens well as general funds or other •A federally recognized Indian tribe $13.00 each for batches over 100 specimens funds, for the purposes described in •Any act taken in accordance with submits substantial evidence to the this subdivision. lead agency that identifies the site the National Environmental Policy We do negotiate rates for very large projects and for those related strictly to limited or non-funded research. Finally, we will Act of 1969 (NEPA) as sacred. That evidence may •Develop a master plan for cultural include, but is not required to continue to support the Society for California Archaeology’s James A. Bennyhoff Memorial Fund Award through donation of and historic preservation for the •Research conducted under the include, or be, limited to, previous hydration services, and we will continue to offer hydration services as a Silent Auction item at future Annual Meetings of the State of California. auspices of an accredited site designations, ethnohistoric Society for California Archaeology. postsecondary educational literature, oral histories, cultural SB 1816 institution or other legitimate resource reports, museum Native American Historic Resource To contact Origer’s Obsidian Laboratory, please write to us at P.O. Box 1531, Rohnert Park, CA 94927, call (707) 792-2797, research institution on public land inventories, and archaeological fax (707) 792-2798, or visit our website at origer.com. Protection Act in accordance with applicable research. permitting requirements or on

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ratified by Congress within two years. maximum jail terms for trafficking in Legislative Liaison Report The move to abridge the President’s Native American human and cultural Stephen Bryne power under the Antiquities Act has remains would be increased to 10 been a favorite cause of some House years. This bill would complement Republicans since 1995. the new, tougher sentencing Current Federal Legislation guidelines that are to go into effect H.R. 5155 later this year. Note: The following are summarized Native American Sacred Lands Act from the July 2002 Monthly Hearings: Sacred Sites Washington, D.C. Update of the Sponsor: Nick Rahall, D-WV Society for American Archaeology On July 17, the Senate Indian Affairs Government Affairs Program. Current status: Introduced July 18, Committee (Chairman, Daniel Inouye, 2002; referred to House Resources D-HI) continued its series of hearings SCA Business Office P. L . 1 0 7 - 1 7 1 Committee into federal agencies’ activities and Farm Security and Rural Investment Act how they impact Native American Department of Anthropology Summary: This bill codifies of 2002 sacred sites. Barbara Boxer’s (D-CA) California State University, Chico The SCA Executive Order 13007, which testimony was a strong statement required federal agencies to grant Chico, CA 95929-0401 On May 13, 2002, President Bush against the planned Glamis Gold, Inc. signed the $190 billion Farm Security Native Americans access to sacred mine at Quechan Indian Pass in and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. lands for religious purposes. It also Imperial Valley, California. In 2000, increases protection for Native ATTN: Melinda Pacheco 107-171). Included in this legislation the Department of the Interior turned Business is a bill originally introduced by American sacred sites by establishing a down Glamis’ application, which Phone: (530) 898-5733 Senator James Jeffords (I-VT) as the petition process by which Native would place a large surface mine on FAX: (530) 898-4722 “National Historic Barn Preservation American or Native Hawaiian lands the Quechan consider sacred. Act of 2001.” The Jeffords bill is organizations can request that lands Secretary Norton had the e-Mail: [email protected] designed to enable the Secretary of under jurisdiction of federal agencies Department’s new solicitor reevaluate Office Agriculture to make grants and to enter be declared “unsuitable” for “any or that action, and then reversed the into contracts or cooperative certain types of undertakings.” Department of the Interior’s previous Office Hours: 8:00-5:00 M/F agreements with eligible applicants Undertaking in the bill has the same ruling. 12:00-5:00 W (e.g., a state department of agriculture, meaning as it does in NHPA. House is open for a national or state nonprofit Resources Committee Democrats organization, or a state historic have grown increasingly concerned Current State Legislation preservation office) to preserve, about the vulnerability of Native SB 1247 rehabilitate, or repair historic barns. American sacred sites to commercial business... The law also calls on the Secretary to development, especially exploration. California Trust for Historic identify, document, and conduct Specifically, the cases of the Valley of Preservation Chiefs in Montana and the “Dream research on historic barns to develop Co-introduced by State Senators John and evaluate appropriate techniques or Trails” land in Indian Pass, California have attracted considerable attention. Burton (Democrat, San Francisco, best practices for protecting historic District 03), Wesley Chesbro barns. S. 2598 (Democrat, Arcata, District 02) and A nsw e rs t o H.R. 2114 Enhanced Protection of Our Cultural Tom Torlakson (Democrat, Antioch, A nsw e rs t o District 07). National Monuments Fairness Act Heritage Act Current status: Last amended in Senate y o ur q u e stio ns: Sponsor: Mike Simpson, R-ID Sponsor: Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-VT August 13, 2002. Current status: Currently pending Current status: Introduced June 6, Summary: SB 1247 would create a Membership status! before the full House 2002; pending before Senate Committee on Energy and Natural California Trust for Cultural and Membership options! Summary: This bill would amend the Resources Historic Preservation and will place it Antiquities Act of 1906. Under the and the Office of Historic Preservation bill, the creation of monuments of over Summary: This bill will increase the (OHP), now located in the Department Meeting schedules! 50,000 acres, or additions of more than maximum prison and monetary of Parks and Recreation, under the 50,000 acres to an existing monument, penalties for violations of ARPA and auspices of the State Library. would require Presidential notification NAGPRA, and also for embezzlement Comments: This bill passed out of the Publications in stock! of the Governor of the concerned state and theft from Indian tribal Senate on May 30 and was more than 30 days prior to the issuance organizations. Maximum penalties for substantially rewritten. Changes of the proclamation, and would make violations of ARPA would increase to included a name change from the any proclamation null and void unless $100,000 and/or 10 years in prison;

SCA Newsletter 36(3) SCA Newsletter 36(3)

sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 5 09/16/2002, 2:12 PM 4 45 SCA Business and Activities Advertisements program, and conducts the fiscal SCA Committees 2002-2003 Committee Reports administration of the OHP. New from... Archaeology Month Representative Mark Hylkema (415) 330-6328; [email protected] Hans Kreutzberg, Supervisor of Cultural Resources Programs, Annual Meeting Planning, 2003 OHP Liaison Report supervises the above units and directly CENTER FOR John Holson (510) 524-3991; [email protected] manages the Project Review Unit, Michael D. McGuirt, RPA ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT DAVIS which conducts consultation with Associate State Archaeologist Annual Meeting Workshop Coordinator federal agencies under Sections 106 PUBLICATIONS Amy Ramsay (510) 643-2271; [email protected] Project Review Unit and 110 of the National Historic State Office of Historic Preservation Avocational Society Representative Preservation Act, and with state Myra Herrmann (619) 446-5372; [email protected] As it has been awhile since the last agencies under Sections 5024 and Jerry Dudley (831) 663-2036; [email protected] State Office of Historic Preservation 5024.5 of the Public Resources Code (OHP) Liaison Report, I thought that I and Executive Order W-26-92. List price: Bennyhoff Memorial Award would start out with an update on the $40.00 + Richard Hughes (415) 851-1410; [email protected] And finally, Dr. Knox Mellon, the shipping and organization of the OHP. The OHP State Historic Preservation Officer handling. Curation Representative has undergone a number of staff (SHPO), and Stephen Mikesell, the Contact UCD Cindy Stankowski (619) 239-1868; [email protected] Bookstore changes and reorganizations over the Deputy SHPO, oversee the operation course of the last year or so. for details. Education Committee of the entire OHP, develop OHP #13 Mary Gorden (209) 597-2373; [email protected] Lucinda Woodward supervises the policy, and facilitate the operation of Anne Duffield-Stoll (909) 621-7521; [email protected] Local Government and Information the State Historical Resources Unit, which administers the National Commission. Information Center Liaison To Order CARD Publications... Lynn Compas (916) 739-8356; Park Service’s Certified Local Check the OHP’s website at http:// [email protected] Government program, provides ohp.parks.ca.gov/ for breaking news on UCD Bookstore Section 106 review to local agencies historic preservation in California, Legislative Liaison for HUD-assisted projects and One Shields Ave. Stephen Bryne (415) 458-5803; [email protected] announcements on OHP programs, CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND CULTURE CHANGE University of California, Davis technical advice on the preparation of online access to state and federal historical resource surveys and historic IN PREHISTORIC CLEAR LAKE BASIN: Davis, CA 95616 Membership technical literature, and information on FINAL REPORT OF THE ANDERSON FLAT PROJECT Attn: Trades Stacy Schneyder Case (916) 737-3000; [email protected] preservation ordinances, and operates CHRIS. If I can help you find key components of the California information that is not on the website, White, Fredrickson, Hager, Meyer, Phone orders: 530-752-2944 Native American Programs Historical Resources Information please do not hesitate to contact me at Rosenthal, Waters, West, and Wohlgemuth Janet Eidsness (530) 629-3153; [email protected] System (CHRIS). either 916.653.8920 or FAX orders: 530-752-4791 OHP Liaison Timothy Brandt supervises the [email protected]. Michael McGuirt (916) 653-8920; [email protected] Architectural Review Unit, which Future OHP Liaison Reports will On-line: www.ucdavisbookstore.booksense.com administers the National Park Proceedings provide SCA membership with news Donna Day (530) 478-6214; [email protected] Service’s Federal Historic from the OHP that relates both to Preservation Tax Incentives program California archaeology and to broader Publications Available, Center for Archaeological Research at Davis: Professional Standards and Guidelines and provides architectural review issues of historic preservation around 3. Papers on Nisenan Environment and Subsistence Lynn Gamble (760) 371-1320; [email protected] support for the grants, registration, and the state. I would also like the reports E.W. Ritter and P.D. Schulz (eds.) (1972) ...... Available project review programs in the OHP’s to provide a forum where information Publicity other units. 6. Ezra’s Retreat: a Rockshelter/Cave Occupation Site in the Northern Central Great Basin Breck Parkman; [email protected] about OHP operations can be shared J.C. Bard, C.I. Busby, and L.S. Kobori (1979) ...... Available and where archaeological and historic Eugene Itogawa supervises the 7. California Range Land: An Historico-Ecological Study of the Range Resource of California SCA Webmaster preservation topics as they relate to Kristina Roper (559) 561-6011; [email protected] Registration and Fiscal Unit, which L.T. Burcham (1982)...... Available administers federal and state OHP policy, procedure, and guidance can be discussed.. Please feel free to 9. Prehistory of the Sacramento River Canyon, Shasta County, California Site Stewardship Committee registration programs (National M.E. Basgall, and W.R. Hildebrandt (1989) ...... Available Chris Padon; [email protected] Register of Historic Places, California email me topics that you think would Beth Padon; [email protected] Register of Historical Resources, be useful to the membership. 10. Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California T. L. Jones (ed.) (1992) ...... Available California Historical Landmarks, and Tom King Award California Points of Historical 11. There Grows a Green Tree: Papers In Honor of David A. Fredrickson Russ Kaldenberg (916) 978-4635; [email protected] Interest), serves as staff to the State G. White, P. Mikkelsen, W.R. Hildebrandt, and M.E. Basgall (eds.) (1993)...... Available Soon SCA Business Office Historical Resources Commission, Visit our web site: 12. Prehistoric Use of a Marginal Environment: Continuity and Change administers California Heritage Fund in Occupation of the Volcanic Tablelands, Mono and Inyo Counties, California Melinda Pacheco grant programs, administers and www.scanet.org M.E. Basgall and M. Giambastiani (1995) ...... Available ph (530) 898-5377; fax (530) 898-4722 provides technical advice on the state [email protected] 13. Cultural Diversity and Culture Change in Prehistoric Clear Lake Basin: Mills Act Property Tax Incentive Final Report of the Anderson Flat Project G. White (ed.) (2002)...... Available

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will have papers from members of both the program chair and the local organizations. arrangements chair are making sure National that there will lots of great papers and In helping to get next year’s events. Now go out there and make meeting arranged, I have been taking some hotel reservations! Preservation questions and comments regarding past meetings and I thought I would - Dana McGowan Institute share the gist of these discussions with the membership. The number one question is why do the meetings, Seminars in Historic Preservation & hotels, and banquet cost so much? Cultural Resource Management in 2002 -2003 With a membership that is over 1000 SCA Executive Board 2002-2003 souls and over 500 people often President: Dana McGowan, Jones&Stokes Associates, Professional training for the management, development, attending the meetings, we are limited 2600 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95818; and preservation of historic, cultural, and environmental to cities and hotels that can support W: (916) 739-3095; email: [email protected] resources. Field Conservation for Archaeologists (Mount t long last, we can report that this number of attendees. We also Vernon) Ÿ Historic Structures Reports; Historic Building the transition between the must select hotels that have adequate Immediate Past President: Sannie K. Osborn, Presidio Trust Building, 230 Gorgas Avenue, P.O. Box 29052, San Materials; Long-Term Care of Historic Buildings (San Aformer Business Office in conference space to accommodate a Francisco) Ÿ Protecting Ancestral Sites (Seattle) Ÿ Section Francisco, CA 94129-0052; W: (415) 561-5090. Fresno and the new Business Office at large number of concurrent sessions. email: [email protected] 106: Introduction; Section 106: Review (Denver, San Diego) CSU Chico is complete. Again, many As a result, we are restricted to more Ÿ Section 106: Agreements (Denver) Ÿ Stewardship of the thanks to Kristina Roper for her years expensive cities and conference President-Elect: Elena Nilsson, URS Corporation, 1550 Historic House Museum (San Simeon) Ÿ Traditional Cultural of service as the SCA’s Business Office facilities. Humboldt Road, Suite #2, Chico, CA 95928; Places (Sacramento, San Diego) Ÿ plus more. Please Manager, and to Greg White and his W: (530) 893-9675. email: [email protected] contact us for a seminar schedule. I also wanted to address the staff for taking on the extra commonly held belief that no harm Southern Vice-President: Thomas L. Wheeler, Caltrans responsibilities. results from staying at a hotel other the SLO, 50 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401; 703.765.0100 [email protected] www.npi.org W (805) 549-3777; H (805) 547-0763; If it seems like the SCA has been conference hotel, since some P.O. Box 1702. Alexandria. Virginia 22313 Fax: (805) 549-3233; email: [email protected] undergoing many changes in the last members might not know how the year, it’s true. About the time I joined economics of the annual meetings Northern Vice-President: Richard Fitzgerald, Caltrans, New Two-Day Seminar! the Board, a number of new initiatives relates to the SCA’s overall budget. In District 04, 111 Grand Ave., Oakland , CA; 94623-0660 were proposed, among them an arranging for the annual meetings, the (W) 510 622-1747; (H) 925 335-2454; email: Section 106 - National Historic Preservation upgrade of the Newsletter, the Business conference committee enters into a [email protected] contract with the hotel, and in Act: Federal Law at the Local Level Office move, and an overhaul of the Secretary: Vicki Beard, Tom Origer And Associates, exchange for our promise of a certain Geospatial Technologies SCA website. With the first two items P.O. Box 1531, Rohnert Park, CA; 94927; Thursday & Friday, December 5 & 6, 2002 number of reservations (called a room Universal City, Universal CityWalk æ under control, its time to turn our (W) (707)792-2797; email: [email protected] for Arch ology attention to the Website which Kristina block), we get the conference facilities for free. If we do not make our room Treasurer: Trish Fernandez, Jones&Stokes Associates, Many local development projects involving federal funding, permits Roper has agreed to continue to • Geographic information block, we must pay for the conference 2600 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95818; W (916) 737-3000; or approvals are subject to Section 106. This new seminar outlines Archæological manage and update. She and I will be systems facilities on a sliding scale based on Cell (916) 801-5695; email: [email protected] the Section 106 compliance process, including how to recognize Mapping Specialists working to revise the website which Satellite, aerial, & the difference between how many when it is triggered, the roles and responsibilities of various provides its clients with • we hope to have complete by the end SCA Business Office: Greg White, Department of subsurface remote rooms we promised to book compared agencies, and steps for complying with the law while maintaining sensing of the year. Anthropology, CSU Chico, Chico, CA 95929-001; advanced geospatial with how many rooms we actually project efficiency. It discusses consultation requirements, (530) 898-4360; email: [email protected] services to solve • Photogrammetry The other activity that is picking booked. For example, if we do not Memoranda of Agreement and other required documents, and how up steam is the 2003 Annual Meeting. make our room block for the 2003 to assess and resolve adverse affects on historic resources. The substantial cultural • Computer cartography Scott Williams, Caltrans District 3 meetings in Sacramento the SCA course is geared specifically to local, state and federal projects in resource research and • Virtual visualization archaeologist, has agreed to be local would have to pay from between California, but is also pertinent to other Western states. Important management arrangements chair, thereby saving my $6,000 to $18,000. Such an expense linkages with both CEQA (California Environmental Quality Act) • Spatial analyses problems proverbial you-know-what. Thanks, would wipe out a major portion of the and NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) are addressed, Scott . . . I owe you. We have also SCA’s operating income for the year. SCA Business Office and recent changes to Section 106 regulations. Department of Anthropology Christopher D. Dore, Ph.D., R.P.A. agreed to have the 2003 meetings be This would mean the programs that we California State University, Chico Chico, CA 95929-0401 Seminar Instructors: Susan E. Lassell, Senior Historic Presevation LuAnn Wandsnider, Ph.D. jointly held with the Professional Soil sponsor might not be funded. Planner, Jones & Stokes, Trish Fernandez, Archeologist, Jones & Principals Scientists Association of California. Although we have not had this happen Ph (530) 898-5733 Stokes The members of this nonprofit before, the risk gets higher every year Fx (530) 898-4722 www.archymap.com organization have expertise in the and I wanted the membership to be M/F 8:00-5:00 *12.0 MCLE & CPDP Credit Hours, Fee $435.00 identification of soil properties and in aware of the problem. W 12:00-5:00 2430 5th Street, Suite K, Berkeley, CA 94710.2410 the interpretation of soil behavior. 510.540.0791 [email protected] For more information, please call the UCLA Extension Public Randy Milliken has agreed to On a more positive note, the Policy Program at (310) 825-7885 or veiw our website at coordinate a one-day joint session that program is shaping up nicely and both www.uclaextension.org/publicpolicy.

SCA Newsletter 36(3) SCA Newsletter 36(3)

sca36(3) Body Booklet.pmd 3 09/16/2002, 2:12 PM 2 473 Advertisements Society for California Archaeology Newsletter Volume 36, Number 3, September 2002 Take Your Pick! Regular Features

From the President A quarterly newsletter of articles and information Dana McGowan ...... 3 essential to California archaeology. Contributions are welcome. Lead articles should be 1,500-2,000 words. Longer articles may appear in installments. Send SCA Business and Activities submissions as hard copy or on diskette to: SCA OHP Liaison Report ...... 4 Newsletter, Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico, Legislative Liaison Report ...... 5 Chico CA 95929-0400 or as email or attachments to: Site Stewardship Committee ...... 8 Native American Programs...... 9 Avocational Committee ...... 9 The SCA Executive Board encourages publication of a wide range of opinions on issues pertinent to California Candidate Position Statements ...... 10 archaeology. Opinions, commentary, and editorials 2003 Annual Meeting ...... 12 appearing in the Newsletter represent the views of the Abstract, Symposium, Poster Form ...... 13 authors, and not necessarily those of the Board or Editor. Lead article authors should be aware that their articles may appear on the SCA web site, unless they request Reports and Announcements otherwise. Omtepe Archaeological Project ...... 14

Editorial Staff Fire Effects Publication ...... 14 Managing Editor ...... Greg White (530) 898-4360 NAHC Requests Your Support ...... 14 Editorial Assistance . . . . . Rose White (530) 898-5554 CalPoly Field School Update ...... 14 Advertising ...... (530) 898-5554 New 106 Seminar ...... 15 Contributing Editors Northern Data-Sharing ...... 16 THE INGALLS ARCHAEOLOGICAL Avocational News . . . Myra Herrmann (916) 653-1655 Southern Data-Sharing ...... 17 Federal Agency News Russ Kaldenberg (916) 978-4635 HANDPICK/PATICHE Historical Archaeology ...... open New Publications ...... 18 New Publications . . . . Newsletter Staff (530) 898-5554 4 SIZES AVAILABLE—$32.98 EACH State Agency News . . Thad Van Buren (916) 653-1427 Articles (NO CALIFORNIA SALES TAX; $4.50 MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING) Newsletter Deadlines For Issue ...... Deadline Francis A. Riddell, 1921-2002 THE DETAILER: 36 mm hoe width THE SURYVEYOR: 40 mm hoe width March ...... February 20 June ...... May 20 William Olsen ...... 20 THE EXPEDITION: 45 mm hoe width THE EARTHMOVER: 55 mm hoe width September ...... August 20 December ...... November 20 Aboriginal Land Use of the Owens Lake Playa Mike Avina ...... 22 Heat-treated alloy steel with 15° beveled sides and digging radius on a Calendar Submissions 12-inch hickory handle. position open: ...... temporarily send submissions Artifact Size and Chemical Sourcing: Studying the to [email protected] Potential Biases of Selecting Large Artifacts for Analysis To order your pick today, Advertising Rates Jelmer W. Eerkens, Jay King, or to request a free color catalog, call us at: 1/4 page ...... $70 and Michael D. Glascock ...... 25 1/2 page ...... $100 1-800-532-3386 Full page ...... $175 Don’t Keep Everything: Historic Artifact Discard Policy Adrian Praetzellis Visa and Mastercard accepted or send check or money order to: Ads that run three or more consecutive issues receive a and Julia G. Costello ...... 30 15% discount. INGALLS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUPPLY Nomlaki Archaeological Project 1402 Orchard Ct., Lafayette, CO 80026 USA Greg Greenway ...... 33 www.patiche.com Basalt Distribution Findings on the Tahoe National Forest Donna Day ...... 39

SCA Newsletter 36(3) SCA Newsletter 36(3) SCA Membership Society for Check One ___Student ...... $25.00 ___Senior ...... $25.00 ___Spouse ...... $25.00 CaliforniaCalifornia ArchaeologyArchaeology ___Regular ...... $60.00 ___Institutional ...... $75.00 Newsletter ___Contributing ...... $100.00 ___Corporate...... $250.00 Founded 1966 Volume 36, Number 3 September 2002 Education ___Life ...... $600.00

Research New Member___/___Renewal Preservation Please Complete Meetings Name...... Publications Address ...... Publications ...... Mail this membership form and address changes to: City/State/Zip ...... Phone ( ) ...... Society for California Archaeology Business Office FAX ( ) ...... Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico e-mail ...... Chico, CA 95929-0401 Membership good for one year on receipt of application.

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SCA Newsletter 36(3)