DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendix F1 – Cultural Resources Inventory and Monitoring Report for the North Haiwee Dam No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendix F1 – Cultural Resources Inventory and Monitoring Report for the North Haiwee Dam No APPENDIX F Cultural Resources Appendix F1 – Cultural Resources Inventory and Monitoring Report for the North Haiwee Dam No. 2 Project, Inyo County, California Appendix F2 – Potential Fossil Yield Classification Report This page intentionally left blank. Appendix F1 Cultural Resources Inventory and Monitoring Report for the North Haiwee Dam No. 2 Project, Inyo County, California This page intentionally left blank. REDACTED CULTURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY REPORT FOR THE NORTH HAIWEE DAM NO. 2 PROJECT, INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA: VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT Prepared by: Elena Nilsson and Russell Bevill URS Corporation 1550 Humboldt Road, Ste. 2 Chico, CA 95928 Prepared for: Bureau of Land Management Ridgecrest Field Office 300 South Richmond Boulevard Ridgecrest, CA and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 111 N. Hope Street Los Angeles, CA January 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A seismic stability evaluation report on North Haiwee Dam No. 1 (existing Dam or NHD), prepared by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) in 2001, concluded that the existing earthfill dam, completed in 1913, could experience structural failure during a controlling maximum credible earthquake (MCE) scenario. NHD is an essential component of the Los Angeles Aqueduct (LAA) system, which transports water from the Owens Valley through North Haiwee Reservoir (NHR) and South Haiwee Reservoir (SHR) to the City of Los Angeles (City). Based on the evaluation report, the California Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD) directed LADWP to operate NHR at a restricted maximum surface water elevation of 3,757.5 feet (ft.), to prevent an uncontrolled release of water and flooding in the event of dam failure resulting from an MCE. To resume operations of NHR, LADWP is proposing the North Haiwee Dam No. 2 Project (Project), which includes the construction of North Haiwee Dam No. 2 (new Dam or NHD2) to the north of the existing Dam to serve as a backup dam in the event NHD is damaged by an earthquake event, thereby ensuring public health and safety. The Project encompasses municipal (LADWP) and federally administered (Bureau of Land Management [BLM]) land. As a governmental agency within California, LADWP, acting as the lead agency on behalf of the City, is required to comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) for its direct undertaking of governmental action (CEQA Guidelines Section 15002[b]). The approval to construct on federal land is a federal action requiring compliance with the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA). To comply with state and federal legislation regarding identification and protection of cultural resources, since 2002 LADWP has sponsored a number of inventory, limited testing, and/or monitoring studies to support Project- related activities. The Project’s Area of Potential Effects (APE) encompasses a one-square-mile area surrounding the existing Dam, as well as lengths of two existing road segments, including the Southern California Edison (SCE) transmission line road (SCE Road) and the LAA access road. The APE for the SCE Road includes a 2,000-foot long segment, while that of the LAA Access Road comprises a 3,000-foot long segment. Cultural resources studies conducted within the Project APE have identified a broad array of prehistoric and historic-period-era archaeological sites and isolated finds. Overall, 92 resources have been recorded, consisting of 34 archaeological sites, 3 built environment resources, and 55 isolated finds. Archaeological sites consist of 12 prehistoric, 5 historic-period, and 17 multiple component (prehistoric and historic) resources. Obsidian lithic scatters characterize most prehistoric site components, although one site contains mostly prehistoric pottery fragments. Collectively, the prehistoric components document over 6,000 years of human land use. Two deeply buried prehistoric fire hearths identified at Site CA-INY-2243/5703, both associated with the middle Holocene (Little Lake period [5950–3150 B.P)], provide some of the earliest evidence of land use within the Project APE. A small group of artifacts provides additional evidence for Little Lake period associations. Time-sensitive prehistoric artifacts noted among a majority of prehistoric components indicate continued and expanded land use during the late Holocene, beginning as early as the Newberry period (3150–1350 B.P.) and extending, although ephemerally, into the Haiwee (1350 – 650 B.P.) and Marana (650 B.P.–Historic) periods. Historic-period archaeological components largely reflect post-1910 land use, with site associations tied to construction of the First Los Angeles Aqueduct (LAA1), the existing Dam, and NHR; homesteading activities; general refuse disposal; and ore-processing activities. In addition, present within the Project APE are three built environment resources that remain in active use: the LAA, NHD, and a LADWP caretaker’s residence. Isolated find locations include prehistoric and historic-period resources. Most locations are of prehistoric origin, comprised of one to three lithic flakes and/or an isolated flaked stone tool. Historic-period isolates include small quantities of domestic debris, such as glass fragments, tin cans, and other metal, as well as a rock feature and wooden posts. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) recommendations for the 34 archaeological sites indicate that 6 sites are NRHP-eligible, 15 sites are not eligible, and 7 sites are unevaluated for the NRHP; evaluation of 6 additional sites is in i progress. In addition to archaeological sites, two built environment resources are NRHP-eligible properties, while one other is not eligible. Additional treatment measures are recommended for six NRHP-eligible properties comprised of two built environment resources (the LAA1 and NHD) and four archaeological sites. For the LAA1 (CA-INY-4591H) and existing NHD (P-14-012173), proposed measures include Level II Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) recordation for these structures. BLM has also recommended consideration of completion of a NRHP nomination to list the LAA1 on the National Register. As currently designed, several project components would directly affect four NRHP-eligible archaeological sites: CA-INY-2243/5703, -6580, -9345, and -9347. To reduce adverse effects and mitigate the loss of significant archaeological deposits, Phase III data recovery investigations are recommended for three historic properties: CA- INY-2243/5703, -6580, and -9347. In addition, CA-INY-9345 lies within a proposed access road corridor and has the potential to be affected by road construction activities and associated laydown areas. Flag and avoidance procedures are currently planned for this site to eliminate adverse effects. Phase II evaluations previously conducted at archaeological site CA-INY-6931/7276 documented that its NRHP values exist within the historic-period LAA1 labor camp area. Although widening of access roads are proposed across the periphery of the site, such activities would not adversely affect those portions that contribute to its NRHP eligibility, precluding the need for Phase III data recovery. It is recommended, however, that a professional archaeologist monitor road-widening activities to ensure that inadvertent discoveries within these areas do not change the recommendation of no adverse effect. Site CA-INY-7816 consists of remnants of old Highway 23 and its stage road precursor that have been recorded from the NHR area to north of Cartago. The road served as the Eastern Sierra’s principal north-south route from the mid-1860s (stage road) to the early 1930s, when it was superseded by, or incorporated into – State Route 23, which was constructed through this area between 1929 and 1931. Before the 1860s, this linear feature also served as a trail that brought the earliest European American explorers to Owens Valley. This site is recommended NRHP- eligible for its contribution to the development and growth of Inyo County via a series of road developments that provided economic, social, and political developments to the region. As currently designed, Project activities will largely occur outside the road segments that comprise the recorded area of Site CA-INY-7816. Two segments, Segment K and Segment L, comprise part of a well-maintained, graded dirt road that crosses the Project Site. Although changes to this portions of this road would occur as part of the Project, such activities would not include the Segment K and Segment L areas, both of which would remain intact in their current location. No treatment measures are recommended for these two road segments, both of which lack contextual integrity, particularly with regard to aspects of design, workmanship, feeling, and materials. Sixteen resources, comprised of 15 archaeological sites and 1 built environment resource, have been assessed as not eligible for the NRHP due to their lack of informational potential. These resources include: CA-INY-2242, -6574, -6575, -6576, -6583, -6584, -6586, -6587, -6933/7278, -7615, -9343, DD-02, JA-02, JM-01/RB-01, MK-01, and RB-05. Because of their lack of research potential, no further measures are advanced for these resources. Seven archaeological sites (CA-INY-6932/7277, -7279, DD-01, DD-02, DD-04, JA-01, and RB-04) are unevaluated resources that would not be affected by project-related activities. Thus, no further measures are recommended for these resources. Finally, the NRHP evaluation of six sites, CA-INY-6577, -6578/6579, -6581, -6582, -7616, and RB-03 is currently
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Instructionally Related Activities Report
    Instructionally Related Activities Report Linda O’Hirok, ESRM ESRM 463 Water Resources Management Owens Valley Field Trip, March 4-6, 2016 th And 5 Annual Water Symposium, April 25, 2016 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITY; The students in ESRM 463 Water Resources Management participated in a three-day field trip (March 4-6, 2016) to the Owens Valley to explore the environmental and social impacts of the City of Los Angeles (LA DWP) extraction and transportation of water via the LA Aqueduct to that city. The trip included visiting Owens Lake, the Owens Valley Visitor Center, Lower Owens Restoration Project (LORP), LA DWP Owens River Diversion, Alabama Gates, Southern California Edison Rush Creek Power Plant, Mono Lake and Visitor Center, June Mountain, Rush Creek Restoration, and the Bishop Paiute Reservation Restoration Ponds and Visitor Center. In preparation for the field trip, students received lectures, read their textbook, and watched the film Cadillac Desert about the history of the City of Los Angeles, its explosive population growth in the late 1800’s, and need to secure reliable sources of water. The class also received a summary of the history of water exploitation in the Owens Valley and Field Guide. For example, in 1900, William Mulholland, Chief Engineer for the City of Los Angeles, identified the Owens River, which drains the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains, as a reliable source of water to support Los Angeles’ growing population. To secure the water rights, Los Angeles secretly purchased much of the land in the Owens Valley. In 1913, the City of Los Angeles completed the construction of the 223 mile, gravity-flow, Los Angeles Aqueduct that delivered Owens River water to Los Angeles.
    [Show full text]
  • Eocene Origin of Owens Valley, California
    geosciences Article Eocene Origin of Owens Valley, California Francis J. Sousa College of Earth, Oceans, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; [email protected] Received: 22 March 2019; Accepted: 26 April 2019; Published: 28 April 2019 Abstract: Bedrock (U-Th)/He data reveal an Eocene exhumation difference greater than four kilometers athwart Owens Valley, California near the Alabama Hills. This difference is localized at the eastern fault-bound edge of the valley between the Owens Valley Fault and the Inyo-White Mountains Fault. Time-temperature modeling of published data reveal a major phase of tectonic activity from 55 to 50 Ma that was of a magnitude equivalent to the total modern bedrock relief of Owens Valley. Exhumation was likely accommodated by one or both of the Owens Valley and Inyo-White Mountains faults, requiring an Eocene structural origin of Owens Valley 30 to 40 million years earlier than previously estimated. This analysis highlights the importance of constraining the initial and boundary conditions of geologic models and exemplifies that this task becomes increasingly difficult deeper in geologic time. Keywords: low-temperature thermochronology; western US tectonics; quantitative thermochronologic modeling 1. Introduction The accuracy of initial and boundary conditions is critical to the development of realistic models of geologic systems. These conditions are often controlled by pre-existing features such as geologic structures and elements of topographic relief. Features can develop under one tectono-climatic regime and persist on geologic time scales, often controlling later geologic evolution by imposing initial and boundary conditions through mechanisms such as the structural reactivation of faults and geomorphic inheritance of landscapes (e.g., [1,2]).
    [Show full text]
  • Reditabs Viagra
    Bishop Paiute Tribal Council Update The Bishop Indian Tribal Council wishes all of the community a Happy New Year 2018. In reflection of last years efforts to improve the livelihood of our Tribal Members through the growth of Tribal services, we anticipate a successful 2018 ahead. Contin- ue to stay updated with the good things happening in our community by continuing to read our monthly newsletter articles and attend tribal meetings. A new way to com- municate concerns and give feedback on programs directly to the Tribal Council will be to attend our new Monthly CIM (Community Input Meetings), starting with the first one on January 16, 2018 @ 6pm in the Tribal Chambers. Our monthly CIM’s will be an open discussion with the BITC talking about current efforts and concerns the commu- nity may have. As always, If you have any suggestions or comments to assist us in these efforts, please contact Brian Poncho @ 760-873-3584 Ext.1220. Law Enforcement - The Tribal Police Department has began efforts to identify Non-Indians in our community who are participating in drug activity on the Reservation. Once identified the Council will begin efforts of removal off of Tribal Lands. These efforts have been a result of continuous concerns from our tribal community. If you have any concerns about persons Tribal/Non-Tribal on the reservation who may be involved in drug activi- ty please contact our Tribal Police Department. Tribal Police Chief Hernandez can be contacted @ (760) 920-2759 New Gas Station- Plans for a new gas station on the corner of See Vee Ln and Line St have been developed throughout the year 2016-2017 and will begin by Spring 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bearhead Rhyolite, Jemez Volcanic Field, NM
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 107 32001) 241±264 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Effusive eruptions from a large silicic magma chamber: the Bearhead Rhyolite, Jemez volcanic ®eld, NM Leigh Justet*, Terry L. Spell Department of Geosciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4010, USA Received 23 February 2000; accepted 6 November 2000 Abstract Large continental silicic magma systems commonly produce voluminous ignimbrites and associated caldera collapse events. Less conspicuous and relatively poorly documented are cases in which silicic magma chambers of similar size to those associated with caldera-forming events produce dominantly effusive eruptions of small-volume rhyolite domes and ¯ows. The Bearhead Rhyolite and associated Peralta Tuff Member in the Jemez volcanic ®eld, New Mexico, represent small-volume eruptions from a large silicic magma system in which no caldera-forming event occurred, and thus may have implications for the genesis and eruption of large volumes of silicic magma and the long-term evolution of continental silicic magma systems. 40Ar/39Ar dating reveals that most units mapped as Bearhead Rhyolite and Peralta Tuff 3the Main Group) were erupted during an ,540 ka interval between 7.06 and 6.52 Ma. These rocks de®ne a chemically coherent group of high-silica rhyolites that can be related by simple fractional crystallization models. Preceding the Main Group, minor amounts of unrelated trachydacite and low silica rhyolite were erupted at ,11±9 and ,8 Ma, respectively, whereas subsequent to the Main Group minor amounts of unrelated rhyolites were erupted at ,6.1 and ,1.5 Ma. The chemical coherency, apparent fractional crystallization-derived geochemical trends, large areal distribution of rhyolite domes 3,200 km2), and presence of a major hydrothermal system support the hypothesis that Main Group magmas were derived from a single, large, shallow magma chamber.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Valentine Camp by Mary Farrell
    History of Valentine Camp Mary M. Farrell Trans-Sierran Archaeological Research P.O. Box 840 Lone Pine, CA 93545 November 7, 2015 Prepared for Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve University of California, Santa Barbara, Natural Reserve System Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory 1016 Mt. Morrison Road Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 Abstract Located in Mammoth Lakes, California, Valentine Camp and the nearby Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory form the Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve, a field research station in the University of California's Natural Reserve System. The University’s tenure at Valentine Camp began over 40 years ago, but the area’s history goes back thousands of years. Before the arrival of Euroamericans in the nineteenth century, the region was home to Paiutes and other Native American tribes. Land just east of Valentine Camp was surveyed under contract with the United States government in 1856, and mineral deposits in the mountains just west of Valentine Camp brought hundreds of miners to the vicinity in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Even as mining in the region waned, grazing increased. The land that became Valentine Camp was patented in 1897 by Thomas Williams, a rancher and capitalist who lived in Owens Valley. It was Williams’s son, also Thomas, who sold the 160 acres to Valentine Camp’s founders. Those founders were very wealthy, very influential men in southern California who could have, and did, vacation wherever they wanted. Anyone familiar with the natural beauty of Mammoth Lakes would not be surprised that they chose to spend time at Valentine Camp. Valentine Camp was donated to the University of California Natural Land and Water Reserve System (now the Natural Reserve System) in 1972 to ensure the land’s continued protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Figure 6-3. California's Water Infrastructure Network
    DA 17 DA 67 DA 68 DA 22 DA 29 DA 39 DA 40 DA 41 DA 46 N. FORK N. & M. TUOLOMNE YUBA RIVER FORKS CHERRY CREEK, RIVER Figure 6-3. California's Water Infrastructure ELEANOR CREEK AMERICAN M & S FORK RIVER YUBA RIVER New Bullards Hetch Hetchy Res Bar Reservoir GREENHORN O'Shaughnessy Dam Network Configuration for CALVIN (1 of 2) SR- S. FORK NBB CREEK & BEAR DA 32 SR- D17 AMERICAN RIVER HHR DA 42 DA 43 DA 44 RIVER STANISLAUS SR- LL- C27 RIVER & 45 Camp Far West Reservoir DRAFT Folsom Englebright C31 Lake DA 25 DA 27 Canyon Tunnel FEATHER Lake 7 SR- CALAVERAS New RIVER SR-EL CFW SR-8 RIVER Melones Lower Cherry Creek MERCED MOKELUMNE Reservoir SR-10 Aqueduct ACCRETION CAMP C44 RIVER FAR WEST TO DEER CREEK C28 FRENCH DRY RIVER CREEK WHEATLAND GAGE FRESNO New Hogan Lake Oroville DA 70 D67 SAN COSUMNES Lake RIVER SR- 0 SR-6 C308 SR- JOAQUIN Accretion: NHL C29 RIVER 81 CHOWCHILLA American River RIVER New Don Lake McClure Folsom to Fair D9 DRY Pardee Pedro SR- New Exchequer RIVER Oaks Reservoir 20 CREEK Reservoir Dam SR- Hensley Lake DA 14 Tulloch Reservoir SR- C33 Lake Natoma PR Hidden Dam Nimbus Dam TR Millerton Lake SR-52 Friant Dam C23 KELLY RIDGE Accretion: Eastside Eastman Lake Bypass Accretion: Accretion: Buchanan Dam C24 Yuba Urban DA 59 Camanche Melones to D16 Upper Merced D64 SR- C37 Reservoir C40 2 SR-18 Goodwin River 53 D62 SR- La Grange Dam 2 CR Goodwin Reservoir D66 Folsom South Canal Mokelumne River Aqueduct Accretion: 2 D64 depletion: Upper C17 D65 Losses D85 C39 Goodwin to 3 Merced River 3 3a D63 DEPLETION mouth C31 2 C25 C31 D37
    [Show full text]
  • "A Review of Pertinent Literature on Volcanic-Magmatic and Tectonic
    CNWRA 92 025 ~~~_- _ -N A A0on 0 ~~~~~~~~- 0 -~~~ A I M Prepared for Nuclear Regulatory Commission Contract NRC-02-88-005 Prepared by Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses San Antonio, Texas September 1992 462.2 --- T1993032400 0 1 A Review of Pertinent Lite-rture on Volcanic-Magmatic and Tectonic History of the Basin CNWRA 92-025 Property of CNWRA Library A REVIEW OF PERTINENT LITERATURE ON VOLCANIC- MAGMATIC AND TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE BASIN AND RANGE Prepared for Nuclear Regulatory Commission Contract NRC-02-88-005 Prepared by Gerry L. Stirewalt Stephen R. Young Kenneth D. Mahrer Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses San Antonio, Texas September 1992 ABSTRACT The long-range goal of the Volcanism Research Project is to assess likelihood of volcanic and magmatic activity in the Yucca Mountain area and the potential for disruption of a repository at Yucca Mountain by that activity. To this end, this report discusses extent of available volcanic and tectonic data for the Basin and Range Physiographic Province, assesses usefulness of these data for constraining conceptual models of tectonism and associated volcanism in the Basin and Range, and addresses use of nonlinear dynamics for analyzing patterns of volcanism. Based on data from review of existing literature, the following conclusions and recommendations are drawn to provide guidance for future work in the remaining tasks of this project: (i) middle to late Cenozoic (i.e., less than 55 million years ago) volcanism in the Basin and Range Province can be broadly correlated
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Interagency Geothermal Activities 2011
    FEDERAL INTERAGENCY GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITIES Updated JUNE 2011 WORKING DRAFT Geothermal Technologies Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy FEDERAL INTERAGENCY GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITIES The principal organizers of this updated document were Arlene Anderson of the Geothermal Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, and Loretta Prencipe, Richard M. Todaro (technical editor), New West Technologies, LLC, and David Cuyler, Distinguished Technical Fellow, Sandia National Laboratory, Contractor to DOE, in cooperation with the Federal Interagency Geothermal Working Group facilitated by Elizabeth Eide of the National Research Council’s Committee on Earth Resources. Arlene Anderson U.S. Department of Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program Seth Broadfoot U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Chris Cassidy U.S. Department of Agriculture Kara Chadwick U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service Paul Crigler U.S. Department of Defense, Army National Guard James Critchfield U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Jennifer Derstine U.S. Department of Commerce Ronald Diehl U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army Robert Fujimoto U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service Al McKee U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management Jason McKenna U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Elena Melchert U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy David Meyer U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Brenda Pierce Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Andrew Sabin U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Naval Air Weapons Station, Geothermal Program Office Christopher Swihart U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8 Manzanar
    CHAPTER 8 MANZANAR Introduction The Manzanar Relocation Center, initially referred to as the “Owens Valley Reception Center”, was located at about 36oo44' N latitude and 118 09'W longitude, and at about 3,900 feet elevation in east-central California’s Inyo County (Figure 8.1). Independence lay about six miles north and Lone Pine approximately ten miles south along U.S. highway 395. Los Angeles is about 225 miles to the south and Las Vegas approximately 230 miles to the southeast. The relocation center was named after Manzanar, a turn-of-the-century fruit town at the site that disappeared after the City of Los Angeles purchased its land and water. The Los Angeles Aqueduct lies about a mile to the east. The Works Progress Administration (1939, p. 517-518), on the eve of World War II, described this area as: This section of US 395 penetrates a land of contrasts–cool crests and burning lowlands, fertile agricultural regions and untamed deserts. It is a land where Indians made a last stand against the invading white man, where bandits sought refuge from early vigilante retribution; a land of fortunes–past and present–in gold, silver, tungsten, marble, soda, and borax; and a land esteemed by sportsmen because of scores of lakes and streams abounding with trout and forests alive with game. The highway follows the irregular base of the towering Sierra Nevada, past the highest peak in any of the States–Mount Whitney–at the western approach to Death Valley, the Nation’s lowest, and hottest, area. The following pages address: 1) the physical and human setting in which Manzanar was located; 2) why east central California was selected for a relocation center; 3) the structural layout of Manzanar; 4) the origins of Manzanar’s evacuees; 5) how Manzanar’s evacuees interacted with the physical and human environments of east central California; 6) relocation patterns of Manzanar’s evacuees; 7) the fate of Manzanar after closing; and 8) the impact of Manzanar on east central California some 60 years after closing.
    [Show full text]
  • 150 Geologic Facts About California
    California Geological Survey - 150th Anniversary 150 Geologic Facts about California California’s geology is varied and complex. The high mountains and broad valleys we see today were created over long periods of time by geologic processes such as fault movement, volcanism, sea level change, erosion and sedimentation. Below are 150 facts about the geology of California and the California Geological Survey (CGS). General Geology and Landforms 1 California has more than 800 different geologic units that provide a variety of rock types, mineral resources, geologic structures and spectacular scenery. 2 Both the highest and lowest elevations in the 48 contiguous states are in California, only 80 miles apart. The tallest mountain peak is Mt. Whitney at 14,496 feet; the lowest elevation in California and North America is in Death Valley at 282 feet below sea level. 3 California’s state mineral is gold. The Gold Rush of 1849 caused an influx of settlers and led to California becoming the 31st state in 1850. 4 California’s state rock is serpentine. It is apple-green to black in color and is often mottled with light and dark colors, similar to a snake. It is a metamorphic rock typically derived from iron- and magnesium-rich igneous rocks from the Earth’s mantle (the layer below the Earth’s crust). It is sometimes associated with fault zones and often has a greasy or silky luster and a soapy feel. 5 California’s state fossil is the saber-toothed cat. In California, the most abundant fossils of the saber-toothed cat are found at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Abandonment of the Cerro Gordo Silver Mining Claim 1869-1879: Abstracted to the Exchange of Energies Marley Mclaughlin Chapman University
    Voces Novae Volume 6 Article 4 2018 The Abandonment of the Cerro Gordo Silver Mining Claim 1869-1879: Abstracted to the Exchange of Energies Marley McLaughlin Chapman University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae Recommended Citation McLaughlin, Marley (2018) "The Abandonment of the Cerro Gordo Silver Mining Claim 1869-1879: Abstracted to the Exchange of Energies," Voces Novae: Vol. 6 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae/vol6/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Voces Novae by an authorized editor of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. McLaughlin: The Abandonment of the Cerro Gordo Silver Mining Claim 1869-1879: The Abandonment of Cerro Gordo Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review, Vol 6, No 1 (2014) HOME ABOUT USER HOME SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES PHI ALPHA THETA Home > Vol 6, No 1 (2014) The Abandonment of the Cerro Gordo Silver Mining Claim 1869--1879: Abstracted to the Exchange of Energies Marley McLaughlin The mountain air of November echoed the screeching of brake pads from one lone stagecoach as it bumped down the Inyo mountain range's Yellow Grade Road in 1879. The 8,000--foot descent down the wagon road sent that last sound careening from the mine of Cerro Gordo as if the land was celebrating its own emptiness. After the fall of the mine's heyday years, all but the physical body of the town proved evanescent. Pioneers loaded the last wagon with only a couple bars of lead and one 420--pound ingot of pure silver despite the town's promise of wealth.[1]The metals, brick, and wood left scattered in the town were more enduring than men.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply and Demand in California
    Water Supply and Demand in California By Stephanie Anagnoson College of the Canyons 2018 Version 1 By StephaniePhoto By Jan Anagi Brumat noson College of the Canyons 2018 Version 1.2 Photo by Nathan Roser on Unsplash 1 | W a t e r S u p p l y Attributions Castaic Lake Water Agency College of the Canyons College of the Canyons - Water Systems Technology College of the Canyons - Open Educational Resources This textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 2 | Water Supply Table of Contents Introduction to Water Supply 4 Part One: Water All Around Us 5 Section 1.1 Water Cycle 6 Section 1.2 Water Management Concepts 10 Section 1.3 Water Rights 16 Section 1.4 Stakeholder Concepts 20 Part Two: Supply-Side Management 24 Section 2.1 Los Angeles Aqueduct 26 Section 2.2 Central Valley Project 30 Section 2.3 Colorado River Aqueduct 34 Section 2.4 State Water Project 38 Section 2.5 Alternative Water Supplies 42 Part Three: Demand-Side Management 50 Section 3.1 Regulations 51 Section 3.2 Water Loss 56 Section 3.3 Water Rates 59 Section 3.4 Indoor Water Use 62 Section 3.5 Outdoor Water Use 67 Section 3.6 CII Water Use 73 Section 3.7 Social Marketing Campaigns 78 3 | Water Supply Introduction to Water Supply You’re about to understand water demand and water supply more deeply. This understanding is going to change how you look at your water bill, grass in your yard and around town, and all those canals you see while driving around in California.
    [Show full text]