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Geography, M.V RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY, M.V. LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 04 [v. 04] 2011 GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY EDITORIAL BOARD EDITORS-IN-CHIEF: Kasimov Nikolay S. Kotlyakov Vladimir M. Vandermotten Christian M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Russian Academy of Sciences Université Libre de Bruxelles 04|2011 University, Faculty of Geography Institute of Geography Belgique Russia Russia 2 GES Tikunov Vladimir S. (Secretary-General) Kroonenberg Salomon, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Delft University of Technology Faculty of Geography, Russia. Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Babaev Agadzhan G. The Netherlands Turkmenistan Academy of Sciences, O’Loughlin John Institute of deserts, Turkmenistan University of Colorado at Boulder, Baklanov Petr Ya. Institute of Behavioral Sciences, USA Russian Academy of Sciences, Malkhazova Svetlana M. Pacific Institute of Geography, Russia M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Baume Otfried, Faculty of Geography, Russia Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Mamedov Ramiz Institut fur Geographie, Germany Baku State University, Chalkley Brian Faculty of Geography, Azerbaijan University of Plymouth, UK Mironenko Nikolay S. Dmitriev Vasily V. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Sankt-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Faculty of Geography, Russia. Geography and Geoecology, Russia Palacio-Prieto Jose Dobrolubov Sergey A. National Autonomous University of Mexico, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Geography, Mexico Faculty of Geography, Russia Palagiano Cosimo, D’yakonov Kirill N. Universita degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Instituto di Geografia, Italy Faculty of Geography, Russia Richling Andrzej Gritsay Olga V. University Warsaw, Faculty of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences, and Regional Studies, Poland Institute of Geography, Russia Rudenko Leonid G. Gunin Petr D. National Ukrainean Academy Russian Academy of Sciences, of Sciences, Institute of Geography Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russia Ukraine Guo Hua Tong Solomina Olga N. Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Russian Academy of Sciences, Gutenev Vladimir V. Institute of Geography, Russia Rosoboronexport, Russia Tishkov Arkady A. Hayder Adnane Russian Academy of Sciences, Association of Tunisian Geographers, Tunisia Institute of Geography, Russia Himiyama Yukio Thorez Pierre Hokkaido University of Education, Université du Havre – UFR “Lettres Institute of Geography, Japan et Sciences Humaines” France Kochurov Boris I. Vargas Rodrigo Barriga Russian Academy of Sciences, Military Geographic Institute, Chile Institute of Geography, Russia Viktorov Alexey S. Kolosov Vladimir A. Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Russia Russia Konečný Milan Zilitinkevich Sergey S. Masaryk University, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic Finland CONTENTS GEOGRAPHY Gerard R. Rostom 04|2011 AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO MEASURE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA . 4 Tatyana G. Nefedova 3 GES RUSSIAN RURAL NECHERNOZEMYE: COLLAPSE OR NEW WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT? . 10 Cristiano Pesaresi, Miriam Marta, Cosimo Palagiano THE CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE PROVINCE OF ROME BETWEEN 1981 AND 2007: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS . 24 ENVIRONMENT Diana Dushkova, Sebastian Lentz, Monika Micheel, Alexander Evseev, Boris Kochurov ENVIRONMENT IN THE HUMAN PERCEPTION: GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS . 48 Yunjun Yu, Baoxin Han, Taicheng An LONG-TERM ECOSYSTEM CHANGE IN JIAOZHOU BAY AND ITS CATCHMENT: THE DPSIR APPROACH . 57 Maria S. Gunko ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS RELATED TO ACCIDENTS AT PULP AND PAPER PLANTS: THE CASE OF THE MANTUROVO PULP AND PAPER PLANT PROJECT . 76 SUSTAINABILITY Yaroslav Oliynyk, Anatoliy Melnychuk, Olena Kononenko GEOGRAPHICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE REGIONAL NATURAL AND MANMADE DISASTER SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE . 84 Natalia N. Mitina, Boris M. Malashenkov, Leonora A. Telitchenko CRITERIA OF THE ECOSYSTEM STABILITY IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF THE CASPIAN SEA . 98 Naima Friha UN LIEU, UN TOPONYME, UN HÉRITAGE CULTUREL: L’HISTOIRE LÉGENDAIRE DE LA FONDATION DE CARTHAGE-BYRSA . 119 NEWS & REVIEWS Arkady A. Tishkov A LIFE IN SCIENCE WHICH IS LIFE ITSELF ON THE 80TH ANNIVERSARY OF ACADEMICIAN V.M. KOTLYAKOV . 125 Sergei P. Gorshkov FRIDTJOF NANSEN (ON THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH) . 132 Mikhail G. Malakhov, Alexander Yu. Petrov, Viktor G. Shlyakhin EXPEDITION “IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF L.A. ZAGOSKIN. YUKON-2009. ALASKA-2010” . 139 Gerard R. Rostom Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; S-Shedrina 156, Lipetsk, Russia, Tel.: +7 950 8007967; e-mail: [email protected] AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO MEASURE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHY 4 IN RUSSIA ABSTRACT. The article deals with finding competing on who was stronger physically. optimal ways to measure the level of Human The further the human society developed, Development in Russia’s regions. In the past, the more “humanized” were the priorities it was common to measure the level of of development. If we compare different regional development by the Gross Regional approaches to the final goal of Human Income indicator. Nowadays, we shifted to Development (HD) in different economic more “humanized” indicators of regional theories (Table 1), we could notice the shift development. The Human Development towards human needs. index is one of them. A way to improve methods of calculating this index to reflect In the XXI century, humans have achieved the closest to reality situation is suggested. a certain acceptable level of wealth. Thus, it was possible to shift to the HD concept. In a KEY WORDS: human development, simple language, HD is a world development sustainable development, human concept, which shows the most important development index, Russia regions direction of today’s development of each country. The final result of different approaches in achieving this goal should INTRODUCTION be enhancing human capabilities and Through all the history of human functioning. development, there were different accents and aims that people tried to achieve. The The concept of HD coincides with the first aim was to survive and people were concept of Sustainable Development (SD). Table 1. Diff erent approaches to HD Role of people Final goal Measurement Economic growth theory Production factor Enlarge output and GDP growth rate income Theory of human capital Proprietors of labor ability Improve human abilities Productivity of labor, economic effi ciency Concept of basic needs Consumers of goods and Reduce poverty Poverty line, basic con- services sumer’s basket Well-being concept Focus of economic deve- Increase standards of Income, health, educa- lopment living tion, employment, envi- ronment etc. Human development Focus of economic deve- Create a favorable envi- HDI (Human Develop- concept lopment ronment for human deve- ment Index) lopment Table 2. Indicators for the “Classic” and “Alternative” HDI Dimensions Classic HDI Alternative HDI Long and healthy life Life expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth Knowledge 1) Adult literacy rate; Number of children at the age of 7–18, 2) The rate of people aged 7–24, not attending educational institutions, attending educational institutions on 10 000 children of corresponding age GEOGRAPHY A decent standard of living GNI per capita (PPP US$) Share of population with monetary incomes below living standards, % 5 Initially, the main idea of the SD concept cultural settings, should develop and adjust included coexistence of developing and the accounting of HD inside the country. ascending socio-economic indicators with lesser emphasis on environmental and This was the reason to introduce an resource supply indicators. Nowadays, the “Alternative” HDI measurement. The HDI, in term “SD” has expanded and is used in the all cases, is calculated for the standard HD meaning of the “direction of HD,” in general. dimensions proposed in the “UNDP Human The main elements of Sustainable HD could Development Report 2010” [UNDP. NHDR be: 1) sustainable social, 2) sustainable 2010]. The “Alternative” HDI is calculated economic, and 3) sustainable environmental with the means of two different indicators development. for the same standard HD dimensions (Table 2). INITIAL DATA AND RESEARCH METHODS The “Alternative” HDI is associated with The HDI is used to measure and compare the measuring different aspects of knowledge level of the country’s achieved conditions and living standard dimensions. For the for people. Over the years, the index knowledge dimension, it measures the has been improved. Initially it measured literacy rate of a narrow but the most three dimensions: 1) long and healthy life, important inhabitant group – children. They 2) knowledge, and 3) the decency of the are the ones who have to proceed through living standard. Now, it has four main compulsory secondary education. The rest adjustments: of the adult population could continue their education by correspondence or a) taking into account human poverty, by new technology means remotely. The “Alternative” HDI for the living standard b) taking into account gender inequalities, dimensions measures the poverty rate of people. It indicates the real living standard c) taking into account inequalities in of people more precisely than the per capita distribution of each dimension, GNI. And it better reflects Russia’s realities. For the knowledge and living standard d) avoiding the impact of the largest (or
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