2 Velike Seobe Srba I Učvršćivanje Osmanlijske

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2 Velike Seobe Srba I Učvršćivanje Osmanlijske 2 VELIKE SEOBE SRBA I UČVRŠĆIVANJE OSMANLIJSKE VLADAVINE Osmanlijsko osvajanje Balkana dovelo je do značajnih, ali pojedinačnih pokreta stanovništva, jer se lokalno stanovništvo selilo ili na sever ili na jug, a nove etničke skupine dolazile su sa istoka. Osmanlijsku vojsku su na Kosovu pratili i pripadnici tursko-tatarskih plemena koji su se najčešće nastanjivali po gradovima. Njima su se kasnije pridružili Cigani i Čerkezi, koje su osmanlijske vlasti podsticale da se naseljavaju na novokolonizovanom prostoru Balkana. To je uzrok stvaranja relativno kosmopolitskog okruženja u gradovima kao što je Prizren, koji je sačuvao svoju bogatu mešavinu stanovništva sve do povlačenja Turaka, pedesetih godina devetnaestog veka. Krajem šesnaestog veka, čobani su počeli da silaze sa severnih albanskih planina u kosovske ravnice i da polako osnivaju male naseobine. Većina je došla iz surovog Dukađin područja, bežeći od krvne osvete ili nestašice zemlje za ispašu. Taj stalni priliv albanskih porodica na Kosovo svakako nije izazvalo dramatičnu demografsku promenu etničkog sastava kosovskog stanovništva, uprkos tome što se u savremenoj srpskoj istoriografiji koriste fraze kao što je "pljačkaška plemena sa albanskih planina",1 što stvara utisak da su se horde albanskih razbojnika, rešenih da siluju i pljačkaju, prosto izlile na Kosovo.Oko 1610. godine, na Kosovu je još uvek bilo deset puta više katolika nego muslimana.Centri rimokatoličanstva na Kosovu bili su Gnjilane, Peć, Đakovica i Prizren, a mnogi tamošnji katolici bili su potomci Dubrovčana koji su se doselili u srednjem veku. Katoličko stanovništvo povremeno je dopunjavano pridošlicama iz albanskih planina. Crkveni izveštaji iz tog vremena daju korisne statističke podatke o rasporedjenosti pripadnika raznih vera u nekima od većih gradova tadašnjeg Kosova. Priština, na primer, iako nije bila parohija, imala je dvadeset katoličkih domaćinstava (činjenica 1 D.Bataković, The Kosovo Chronicles, Beograd, 1992, str. 44. 16 navedena u izveštaju katoličkog sveštenika, Pjetra Mazrekua koji je 1623. godine propovedao veru u jugozapadnom Kosovu). Pored brojnih "Turaka", naročito spahija (istaknutih ratnika kojima je davan zemljišni posed, timar/spahiluk bez gašenja njihove vojne obaveze) tu su živeli i mnogi Srbi. Prizrenska domaćinstva su se, 1638. godine, delila na dvadeset dva katolička, trideset četiri pravoslavna i 3.000 muslimanskih. Te iste, 1638. godine, u Đakovici je bilo dvadeset katoličkih, dvadeset pravoslavnih i 320 muslimanskih domaćinstava. Ovi izveštaji, kao što se i moglo očekivati, sadrže i podatke o ekspanziji i naseljavanju Albanaca, prvenstveno katolika. Mazreku, 1623.-24. godine, zapisuje da se deset katoličkih porodica nedavno preselilo u Prištinu, a deset se iz Pulata preselilo u Prokuplje. Šest porodica se, 1638. godine, iselilo iz Pulata u Prizren. Petnaest albanskih porodica iz Dukađina - ukupno 120 lica - naselilo se u Suvoj Reci, selu kraj Prizrena. Bardi (Bardhi) je 1638. pronašao dve porodice sa ukupno trideset šest članova, koje su nešto pre toga napustile Dukadjin i doselile se u Dobruš. Svi katolici u Kratovu bili su albanski doseljenici iz Debra.2 Tako se, sredinom sedamnaestog veka, više stotina katoličkih albanskih porodica preselilo iz prenaseljenih oblasti, kao što je bio Debar, na Kosovo gde su prihvatili srpski, a povremeno i turski jezik, ali su one, izgleda, postepeno više islamizovane nego posrbljene. U Novom Brdu i Trepči je,po svemu sudeći, prestanak obimnih iskopavanja u rudnicima doveo do jenjavanja katoličanstva. Mazreku je, 1623. godine, naveo da su, trideset godina pre toga, ovi gradovi bili bogata nalazišta zlata i srebra, {to je privuklo katolike iz Albanije, Bosne i sa drugih mesta. Ipak, oko 1633. godine, katolici iz Trepče više nisu mogli čak ni da izdržavaju sveštenika3 jer ih je sve više preobraćano u islam. Broj preobraženih povećavao se najpre zbog naglog povećanja glavarine za hrišćane u strateški značajnim oblastima na zapadnim granicama carstva. Porta je katolike smatrala 2 A. Pipa and S. Repishti, Studies on Kosovo, Columbia University Press, New York, 1984, str. 30. 3 Ibid., str. 26. "Policies in Kosova", Kosova Historical Review (Tirana), broj 3, 1994, str. 16. 17 neprijateljima, pa je povećanje glavarine u područjima naseljenim hrišćanima, po svemu sudeći, namerno uvođeno kako bi se podstaklo brzo preobraćanje albanskih katolika u islam. Osmanlijsko carstvo je katolicizam smatralo protivnikom sa kojim se ne pregovara. Zapadne sile, s obzirom na to da su bile bliske papskom Rimu, mogle su da napadnu u ime katoličanstva, a kada je, 1645. godine, izbio osmanlijsko-mletački rat, albanski katolici, ohrabreni od visokog sveštenstva, stali su na stranu Mletačke Republike. Zbog toga su protiv njih preduzete oštre mere, tako da su mnogi među njima prevedeni u islam ili su, u nekim slučajevima, prišli pravoslavnoj crkvi i na taj način ostali odani Osmanlijskom carstvu. Osmanlije su, 1649. godine, ugušile još jedan promletački ustanak, što je izazvalo novi talas odmetanja od katoličke vere. Progon je bio dovoljno surov da primora misionare da napuste Albaniju.4 Posle poraza Osmanlija pred Bečom, 1683. godine, i Peloponeskog rata, 1684., u kome su njihove snage pretrpele težak poraz od Mlečana, nastupilo je razdoblje prinudnog preobraćanja, tokom kojeg je pećki paša proterao stotine stanovnika, pretežno katolika, iz severne Albanije u srpsku ravnicu, gde je većina bila prinuđena da primi islam. To je obeležilo početak rata koji je Osmanlijsko carstvo, na raznim frontovima, vodilo sa habsburškim carstvom, Mletačkom Republikom, Poljskom i Rusijom, a čiji vrhunac je bio ponižavajući Karlovački ugovor iz 1699. godine. Njime se predvidjalo pravo Beča da radi u prilog katoličke crkve, i time ga učinio zaštitnikom jezika i kulturnog nasleđa Albanaca katolika u severnoj Albaniji i na Kosovu. Pre toga, tu nije bilo velike potrebe za prinudnom islamizacijom, jer je većina područja u niziji bila pod kontrolom novodošavših turskih naseljenika i vojnih garnizona. Ipak, tada je sve više Albanaca katoličke vere prelazilo u islam, naročito u gradovima. Deo srpskog stanovništva je, takođe, promenio veru da bi izbegao sve veće dažbine nametnute hrišćanima. I Srbi i Albanci bili su pod stalnim pritiskom da pređu u islam, ne samo da bi izbegli novčane namete, već i sve veće vojne dažbine 4 S. Skendi, Religion in Albania during Ottoman Rule, Balkan Cultural Studies, Boulder, Co., 1980, str. 155. 18 koje su morali da plaćaju muškarci hrišćanske vere. Istovremeno, žene su i dalje ispovedale hrišćansku veru. Takva preobraćanja opisuju mnogi putnici iz tog vremena, kao što je Gregori Masareki, katolički misionar iz Prizrena, koji je u izveštaju iz 1651. godine napisao da je u selu Suva Reka, na levoj obali Belog Drima, gde je nekad bilo 150 hrišćanskih kuća, pronašao jedva nekih 36 žena hrišćanske vere, jer su svi muškarci bili prešli u islam.5 Ta pojava, poznata kao kriptohrišćanstvo, bila je česta u to vreme na čitavom Balkanu.Kriptohrišćani su živeli u oblastima koje su se nalazile blizu onih u kojima su živeli muslimani i ispovedali su islam, ali su umirivali savest time {to su privatno ispovedali hrišćanstvo i slovili kao muslimani samo za vreme izliva antihrišćanskog fanatizma. Na Kosovu je kriptohrišćana, koje su nazivali laramani (Šareni), bilo najviše u Prizrenskom pašaluku i živeli su uglavnom oko Peći i u kosovskoj ravnici. Kriptokatolici ukazuju da preobraćanje u islam nije bilo dobrovoljno, i dugo pošto su svi članovi porodice bili preobraćeni, bili su poštovani mnogi hrišćanski običaji. Ta dvojakost je preovladavala do početka osamnaestog veka, kada je osmanlijska verska trpeljivost opala. Jer, Albanci su sopstveni verski status videli kao nešto maglovito i prolazno, veomo dobro iskazano njihovom izrekom "Ku eshte shpata eshte feja" - "Gde je mač tu je i vera". Jedan albanski naučnik je, 1994. godine, pravilno ocenio albanski stav prema veri: "Albanci nikada nisu bili dobri vernici ni jedne crkve. Njihova vera je sadržana u tradicionalnom, visokom moralu, a ne u verskim dogmama".6 Verske podele na Kosovu Pre nacionalizma, verske razlike su bile te koje su obeležile najoštriju i najvažniju liniju podele između Srba i Albanaca. Značaj verske pripadnosti odražavao se, isto tako, i kroz društvenu stvarnost: 5 H. Baerlin, A Difficult Frontier, Leonard Parsons, London, 1992, str. 19. 6 M. Krasniqi, "The Role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Anti-Albanian Policies in Kosova", Kosova Historical Review (Tirana), br. 3, 1994, str. 16. 19 mnogi Albanci na Kosovu gledali su na islam kao na veru slobodnih ljudi, dok je hrišćanstvo - posebno pravoslavlje - bilo vera robova.i Što se srpskog stava o toj verskoj dilemi tiče, sva je prilika da njih pravoslavni kaludjeri i sveštenici nisu podvrgavali previše istančanom negovanju moralne svesti. Uporedo sa nacionalnom politikom koju je vodila pravoslavna crkva u tradicionalno patrijarhalnim društvima, narodne priče su postepeno prerasle u usmene epske hronike. One su pevane uz gusle, slavile su narodne heroje i vladare, negovale duh nepokoravanja, nadu u oslobađanje od osmanlijskog jarma. Narodne pesme o Kosovskom boju, o tragičnoj sudbini poslednjih Nemanjića, o junaštvu kneza Lazara i njegovog viteza Miloša Obilića, a naročito o plemenitom i neustrašivom Kraljeviću Marku, koji je uvek pobeđivao Turke i spasavao Srbe, izražavale su poseban moralni kodeks koji se vremenom oblikovao kao zajednički stav prema životu, definisan tokom prvih vekova osmanlijske vladavine.7 Stalno rastući broj Albanaca preobraćenih u islam,
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