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Crites Utilis ÉTUDES DU CORPUS DES INSCRIPTIONS DU CAMPA IV. Les inscriptions du temple de Svayamutpanna: contribution à l’histoire des relations entre les pouvoirs cam et khmer (de la fin du XIIe siècle au début du XIIIe siècle)* AMANDINE LEPOUTRE Parmi les nombreuses sources épigraphiques, iconographiques ou manus- crites utilisées pour écrire le riche morceau d’histoire du Campa d’entre la fin du XIIe siècle et le début du XIIIe siècle, qu’elles soient cam, khmères, vietnamiennes ou chinoises, une fut délaissée. Il s’agit des inscriptions cam du temple de Svayamutpanna. Elles furent à l’occasion employées par les chercheurs, mais, pour n’en citer qu’une, la plus importante d’entre elles, l’«inscription du premier piédroit de Phanrang» (C. 4) n’a été lue qu’une seule fois, partiellement, en 1891; et c’est à partir de ces informations frag- mentaires qu’on a tenté de comprendre, de rassembler, les faits entre eux. Il faut reconnaître que ces sources sont difficilement abordables puisqu’elles sont rédigées en cam et que pendant longtemps, ce sont les inscriptions du Campa rédigées en sanskrit qui ont eu la faveur des cher- cheurs. À l’exception d’Étienne Aymonier, le père fondateur des études cam, qui a fourni un travail considérable sur la langue cam, les épi- graphes rédigées dans cette langue restent, et ce jusqu’à aujourd’hui, une annexe aux études d’épigraphie du Campa. * Les numéros I et II de cette série (ECIC) sont les articles d’Arlo Griffiths et William Southworth 2007 et 2011. ECIC III a été publié en 2012 ; il est signé par l’ensemble de l’équipe du Corpus des inscriptions du Campa (CIC), à savoir les deux auteurs précédem- ment cités, le professeur Thành Phån et moi-même. Les références de ces articles sont indiquées dans la bibliographie. Au moment où je termine les dernières corrections de cet article, je tiens à remercier les collègues et amis qui ont participé à sa réalisation: l’équipe du CIC, Andrew Hardy, Christian Lammerts, † Philipp Jenner, Julia Estève, Dominique Soutif, Philippe Papin, Philippe le Failler, Claude Jacques et † Gérard Moussay. Journal Asiatique 301.1 (2013): 205-278 doi: 10.2143/JA.301.1.2994464 96408_JA_2013/1_08_Lepoutre.indd 205 29/10/13 08:49 206 A. LEPOUTRE Le post-doctorat que j’ai effectué à Hanoi1 m’a permis de passer de nom- breuses heures dans les réserves du musée d’histoire du Vietnam où sont conservées les inscriptions du temple de Svayamutpanna. J’ai repris les lec- tures entières de ces textes que je présente dans cet article, assorties d’une interprétation historique. Ces lectures permettent de mieux comprendre les relations entre les pouvoirs cam et khmer à cette époque, et parfois même, par la présentation d’événements jusqu’alors compris différemment – la guerre de trente-deux ans par exemple – elles demandent une remise en perspective des relations de pouvoir khméro-cam telles qu’elles avaient été perçues. Avant même de présenter les inscriptions, la relative confusion qui règne sur le sujet abordé dans cet article ainsi que la disparité des publications laissent penser qu’il n’est pas inutile de rappeler, en guise de prologue, l’état des connaissances et les hypothèses existantes sur le sujet. Le résumé proposé ci-dessous est fondé sur les travaux d’Étienne Aymonier, de Georges Maspero, de Georges Cœdès, de Louis Finot, de Claude Jacques, d’Anne- Valérie Schweyer et de Mickael Vickery. Afin de le rendre plus intelligible, je l’ai construit en deux parties: le corps du résumé est l’histoire telle qu’elle est racontée dans les deux ouvrages généraux sur le Campa qui, selon moi, font référence: le Royaume du Champa (1928, p. 163-169) de Maspero et les États hindouisés d’Indochine et d’Indonésie (1964, p. 299-332) de Cœdès. Les points de vue divergeants, les observations et les critiques émises par les autres chercheurs sont présentés en notes de bas de pages puisque, bien qu’essentiels au débat, nombre de ces questionnements restent sans réponse et rendent ainsi la compréhension des faits particulièrement ardue. Ce rappel des connaissances est une entrée en matière qui permettra ensuite de souligner les points qui seront développés dans l’article2. La prise d’Angkor par les Cams (1177) C’est sous le règne de Jaya Indravarman IV3 que les Cams s’emparèrent d’Angkor. Au pouvoir depuis 1166-7, ce souverain s’assura la neutralité du 1 De septembre 2010 à avril 2011. Ces sept mois de recherche ont été financés par l’École française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO) via une bourse de recherche puis un finance- ment de la Fondation Toyota pour le programme EFEO du CIC. 2 Sauf mention particulière, les dates citées dans le résumé et dans l’article sont de l’ère chrétienne. 3 Vickery (2005, p. 60) note que Maspero et Cœdès confondaient, sous ce même nom, Jaya Indravarman de Gramapuravijaya et Jaya Indravarman On Vatuv. C’est le premier qui attaqua Angkor et détrôna Tribhuvanadityavarman. Les dates des inscriptions rédigées sous le règne Journal Asiatique 301.1 (2013): 205-278 96408_JA_2013/1_08_Lepoutre.indd 206 29/10/13 08:49 LES INSCRIPTIONS DU TEMPLE DE SVAYAMUTPANNA 207 ∑æi Viπt en 1170 avant d’attaquer le royaume khmer. La première tentative fut par voie terrestre4 cette même année, mais elle resta «sans vainqueur ni vaincu5». Alors en 1177, guidés par un naufragé chinois, les Cams organi- sèrent une seconde attaque du pays khmer, cette fois-ci par mer: leur flotte longea la côte en direction du Sud jusqu’aux bouches du Mékong et de là, elle remonta le Tonlé Sap pour atteindre Angkor. Les Khmers furent surpris, Ang- kor fut pillée et Tribhuvanadityavarman, l’usurpateur alors au pouvoir, fut tué6. Cet usurpateur était à la tête du royaume khmer depuis 1166. Auparavant avait régné le roi Yasovarman II, le successeur du roi Dhara∞indravarman II. Lors du décès de ce dernier roi, son fils, le futur Jayavarman VII, se trouvait au Campa, à Vijaya (actuelle province de Bình ∑înh) où il conduisait une expédition mili- taire. La nouvelle de la mort de son père l’avait incité à rentrer au Cambodge afin de secourir le roi Yasovarman dont le pouvoir était menacé par Tribhuva- nadityavarman, et surtout de faire valoir ses droits sur le trône. Mais rien n’y fit: Yasovarman fut tué et l’usurpateur monta sur le trône du royaume khmer. Le futur Jayavarman devait attendre quinze années avant d’accéder au pouvoir7. de Jaya Indravarman de Gramapuravijaya sont 1163, 1164, 1165, 1167, 1168, 1170 et peut-être 1183. Schweyer (2007, p. 67) note qu’aucun lien ne peut être établi entre ces deux rois. 4 Vickery (2005, p. 58-59): la stèle du Phimeanakas (K. 485) nous informerait de cet événement. Elle fut gravée entre 1166, date de la prise du pouvoir par Tribhuvanaditya- varman qui régnait sur le royaume khmer, et 1181, date de l’avènement de Jayavarman VII, mais elle n’est pas datée. L’invasion terrestre qui est mentionnée dans cette inscription pourrait être cam, bien que cela ne soit pas explicitement énoncé. 5 Maspero (1928, p. 163). Cette première attaque d’Angkor n’est pas présentée dans l’ouvrage de Cœdès. 6 Vickery (2005, p. 58-59, 66 et 69): les Cams devaient connaître les routes qui menaient au royaume khmer et n’avaient nul besoin de l’aide d’un chinois pour les guider. Par ailleurs, quel que soit le chemin emprunté, le trajet jusqu’au Cambodge devait durer un certain temps. Il dut être difficile de surprendre les Khmers. On ne trouve aucune mention de la date 1177 dans les inscriptions khmères. Les sources khmères qui présentent les luttes entre les Cams et le Khmers à cette époque, sont: – L’inscription du Phimeanakas (K. 485), mentionnée dans la note précédente, qui évoque une invasion terrestre, non datée, mais que l’on estime s’être déroulée entre 1166 et 1181. Elle renvoie peut-être à l’invasion cam de 1170. – L’inscription de Banteay Chhmar (K. 227) dont la lecture est incomplète mais qui laisse néanmoins apparaître une bataille entre les Cams et les Khmers au Campa au cours de laquelle les Khmers furent vaincus. Les faits rapportés dans cette inscription furent iden- tifiés par Cœdès comme ceux impliquant le fils de Jayavarman VII dans les années 1160. – Les bas-reliefs du Bayon et de Banteay Chhmar qui représentent les combats entre deux flottes. Ces derniers furent interprétés comme ceux entre les Cams et les Khmers. Des combats terrestres sont aussi représentés. La date de 1177 fut extrapolée depuis la lecture des sources chinoises. Elle n’est citée ni dans les textes khmers, ni dans les textes cam. Voir aussi Schweyer (2007, p. 66-67). 7 Vickery (2005, p. 61) pose les questions suivantes: quelles étaient les relations entre Jayavarman et les rois cam à Vijaya? Quelle était notamment la relation du futur souverain Journal Asiatique 301.1 (2013): 205-278 96408_JA_2013/1_08_Lepoutre.indd 207 29/10/13 08:49 208 A. LEPOUTRE Antérieurement à sa consécration, Jayavarman devait mener plusieurs batailles, dont une navale qui libéra le pays des envahisseurs8. Quatre années après l’invasion de 1177, en 1181, Jayavarman fut sacré9. Avant de partir à la conquête du Campa, le souverain khmer dut réprimer une révolte à Malyan (dans le sud de l’actuelle province de Battambang). À cette fin, il fit appel à un prince cam nommé Vidyanandana dont on sait qu’«Au temps de sa prime jeunesse, en çaka 1104 [1182 de n. è.], il alla au Cam- bodge. Le roi du Cambodge, voyant qu’il avait les trente-trois marques au complet, le prit en affection et lui enseigna, comme à un prince, toutes les sciences et toutes les armes.
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