Enteric Nervous System: a Review
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
Oxytocin Effects in Mothers and Infants During Breastfeeding
© 2013 SNL All rights reserved REVIEW Oxytocin effects in mothers and infants during breastfeeding Oxytocin integrates the function of several body systems and exerts many effects in mothers and infants during breastfeeding. This article explains the pathways of oxytocin release and reviews how oxytocin can affect behaviour due to its parallel release into the blood circulation and the brain. Oxytocin levels are higher in the infant than in the mother and these levels are affected by mode of birth. The importance of skin-to-skin contact and its association with breastfeeding and mother-infant bonding is discussed. Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg Oxytocin – a system activator increased function of inhibitory alpha-2 3 MD, PhD xytocin, a small peptide of just nine adrenoceptors . Professor of Physiology amino acids, is normally associated The regulation of the release of oxytocin Swedish University of Agriculture O with labour and the milk ejection reflex. is complex and can be affected by different [email protected] However, oxytocin is not only a hormone types of sensory inputs, by hormones such Danielle K. Prime but also a neurotransmitter and a as oestrogen and even by the oxytocin 1,2 molecule itself. This article will focus on PhD paracrine substance in the brain . During Breastfeeding Research Associate breastfeeding it is released into the brain of four major sensory input nervous Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland both mother and infant where it induces a pathways (FIGURES 2 and 3) activated by: great variety of functional responses. 1. Sucking of the mother’s nipple, in which Through three different release pathways the sensory nerves originate in the (FIGURE 1), oxytocin functions rather like a breast. -
The Enteric Nervous System: a Second Brain
The Enteric Nervous System: A Second Brain MICHAEL D. GERSHON Columbia University Once dismissed as a simple collection of relay ganglia, the enteric nervous system is now recognized as a complex, integrative brain in its own right. Although we still are unable to relate complex behaviors such as gut motility and secretion to the activity of individual neurons, work in that area is proceeding briskly--and will lead to rapid advances in the management of functional bowel disease. Dr. Gershon is Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. In addition to numerous scientific publications, he is the author of The Second Brain (Harper Collins, New York, 1998). Structurally and neurochemically, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is a brain unto itself. Within those yards of tubing lies a complex web of microcircuitry driven by more neurotransmitters and neuromodulators than can be found anywhere else in the peripheral nervous system. These allow the ENS to perform many of its tasks in the absence of central nervous system (CNS) control--a unique endowment that has permitted enteric neurobiologists to investigate nerve cell ontogeny and chemical mediation of reflex behavior in a laboratory setting. Recognition of the importance of this work as a basis for developing effective therapies for functional bowel disease, coupled with the recent, unexpected discovery of major enteric defects following the knockout of murine genes not previously known to affect the gut, has produced a groundswell of interest that has attracted some of the best investigators to the field. Add to this that the ENS provides the closest thing we have to a window on the brain, and one begins to understand why the bowel--the second brain--is finally receiving the attention it deserves. -
Neurotransmitter Actions
Central University of South Bihar Panchanpur, Gaya, India E-Learning Resources Department of Biotechnology NB: These materials are taken/borrowed/modified/compiled from various resources like research articles and freely available internet websites, and are meant to be used solely for the teaching purpose in a public university, and for serving the needs of specified educational programmes. Dr. Jawaid Ahsan Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology Central University of South Bihar (CUSB) Course Code: MSBTN2003E04 Course Name: Neuroscience Neurotransmitter Actions • Excitatory Action: – A neurotransmitter that puts a neuron closer to an action potential (facilitation) or causes an action potential • Inhibitory Action: – A neurotransmitter that moves a neuron further away from an action potential • Response of neuron: – Responds according to the sum of all the neurotransmitters received at one time Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Monoamines – modified amino acids • Amino acids • Neuropeptides- short chains of amino acids • Depression: – Caused by the imbalances of neurotransmitters • Many drugs imitate neurotransmitters – Ex: Prozac, zoloft, alcohol, drugs, tobacco Release of Neurotransmitters • When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, Ca+ channels in the neuron open • Causes Ca+ to rush in – Cause the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane – Release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft • After binding, neurotransmitters will either: – Be destroyed in the synaptic cleft OR – Taken back in to surrounding neurons (reuptake) Excitable cells: Definition: Refers to the ability of some cells to be electrically excited resulting in the generation of action potentials. Neurons, muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), and some endocrine cells (e.g., insulin- releasing pancreatic β cells) are excitable cells. -
Pin Faculty Directory
Harvard University Program in Neuroscience Faculty Directory 2019—2020 April 22, 2020 Disclaimer Please note that in the following descripons of faculty members, only students from the Program in Neuroscience are listed. You cannot assume that if no students are listed, it is a small or inacve lab. Many faculty members are very acve in other programs such as Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology, etc. If you find you are interested in the descripon of a lab’s research, you should contact the faculty member (or go to the lab’s website) to find out how big the lab is, how many graduate students are doing there thesis work there, etc. Program in Neuroscience Faculty Albers, Mark (MGH-East)) De Bivort, Benjamin (Harvard/OEB) Kaplan, Joshua (MGH/HMS/Neurobio) Rosenberg, Paul (BCH/Neurology) Andermann, Mark (BIDMC) Dettmer, Ulf (BWH) Karmacharya, Rakesh (MGH) Rotenberg, Alex (BCH/Neurology) Anderson, Matthew (BIDMC) Do, Michael (BCH—Neurobio) Khurana, Vikram (BWH) Sabatini, Bernardo (HMS/Neurobio) Anthony, Todd (BCH/Neurobio) Dong, Min (BCH) Kim, Kwang-Soo (McLean) Sahay, Amar (MGH) Arlotta, Paola (Harvard/SCRB) Drugowitsch, Jan (HMS/Neurobio) Kocsis, Bernat (BIDMC) Sahin, Mustafa (BCH/Neurobio) Assad, John (HMS/Neurobio) Dulac, Catherine (Harvard/MCB) Kreiman, Gabriel (BCH/Neurobio) Samuel, Aravi (Harvard/ Physics) Bacskai, Brian (MGH/East) Dymecki, Susan(HMS/Genetics) LaVoie, Matthew (BWH) Sanes, Joshua (Harvard/MCB) Baker, Justin (McLean) Engert, Florian (Harvard/MCB) Lee, Wei-Chung (BCH/Neurobio) Saper, Clifford -
Oxytocinergic-System-A-Proposal.Pdf
Opinion Article iMedPub Journals ACTA PSYCHOPATHOLOGICA 2018 www.imedpub.com ISSN 2469-6676 Vol.4 No.3:14 DOI: 10.4172/2469-6676.100170 Oxytocinergic System: A Proposal João Paulo Correia Lima* and Avelino Luiz Rodrigues Received: April 17, 2018; Accepted: May 07, 2018; Published: May 18, 2018 Department of Clinical Psychology and Nucleus of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Introduction Paulo, Brazil Since 1910, when Ott and Scott [1] published their discovers about the oxytocin participation in milk ejection, the comprehension *Corresponding author: about function and role of oxytocin in several physiological João Paulo Correia Lima functions didn’t stop enlarging and growing. In birth, through his action over uterus contractions, in uterus contractions in [email protected] women’s orgasm and men’s erection [2,3], for instance. However, this approach always considers its peripheral effects. After this, Psychologist for Neuroscience and Behavior, some oxytocin effects had been reported to have actions over Institute of Psychology, University of Sao behavioural traits, like we can see in publishings of Pedersen and Paulo, Brazil. Prange [4] and Winslow and co-workers [5], reporting the oxytocin actions over, respectively, maternal behaviour and pair bonding. Tel: +55-11-32852420; +55-11-983439754 Since then, the increasing data about the oxytocin’s function in behaviour and its central action can’t be ignored. In this short proposal, we’ll consider the opportunity or utility of thinking Citation about oxytocin as a system, instead of a single neurotransmitter. : Lima JPC, Rodrigues AL (2018) Oxytocinergic System: A Proposal. Acta Neurotransmitter or Hormone: Central Psychopathol Vol.4 No.3:14 and Peripheral Actions of Oxytocin Once a molecule could have his function defined through the way death, passive avoidance). -
Identification of a Rhythmic Firing Pattern in the Enteric Nervous System That Generates Rhythmic Electrical Activity in Smooth Muscle
This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. A link to any extended data will be provided when the final version is posted online. Research Articles: Systems/Circuits Identification of a rhythmic firing pattern in the enteric nervous system that generates rhythmic electrical activity in smooth muscle Nick J Spencer1, Timothy J Hibberd1, Lee Travis1, Lukasz Wiklendt1, Marcello Costa1, Hongzhen Hu2, Simon J Brookes1, David A Wattchow3, Phil G Dinning1,3, Damien J Keating1 and Julian Sorensen4 1College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 2Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 3Discipline of Surgery and Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia. 4Cyber Sensing and Shaping, Cyber & Electronic Warfare Division, Defence, Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, South Australia, Australia. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-17.2018 Received: 7 December 2017 Revised: 30 April 2018 Accepted: 9 May 2018 Published: 28 May 2018 Author contributions: N.J.S., M.C., and H.H. designed research; N.J.S. wrote the first draft of the paper; N.J.S., S.J.B., D.A.W., P.D., D.J.K., and J.S. edited the paper; N.J.S., T.H., M.C., H.H., and J.S. wrote the paper; T.H. and L.T. performed research; T.H. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; T.H., L.T., L.W., and J.S. analyzed data. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. The experiments carried out in this study were funded by grants to NJS (grant # 1067317 & 1127140) from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH & MRC) of Australia. -
The Autonomic Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
NEUROMODULATION THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTROINTESTINALTRACT DISORDERS TERRY L. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE UNIVERSITY • MULTIPLE REFRACTORY GI DISORDERS EXIST. • VISCERAL ATLASES OF THE GI TRACT ARE AVAILABLE. • REMEDIATION WITH ELECTROMODULATION MAY BE PRACTICAL. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 50 INTERNATIONAL I:"' NEUROMODULATION SOCIETY 0 40 ·IS 12TH WORLD CONGRESS -I: -• 30 !"' A. -..0 20 ..a• E 10 z::::t TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY DISORDERS TO TREAT WITH NEUROMODULATION ACHALASIA DYSPHAGIA GASTROPARESIS GERD GUT DYSMOTILITY MEGA ESOPHAGUS DYSPEPSIA ,, VISCERAL PAIN l1 ' I NAUSEA, EMESIS OBESITY ,, ' 11 I PYLORIC STENOSIS ==..:.= --- "" .:.= --- .. _ _, DUMPING REFLUX COLITIS I:' . - IBS -·-- - CROHN'S DISEASE HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE CHAGAS DISUSE Gastrointestinal Tract Awodesk@ Ma;·a@ TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY TIME The Obesity Epidemic in America ·. TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION : THE AUTO N OMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D G A STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNI V E R SI TY ROUX-EN-Y BYPASS Bypassed portion of stomach Gastric -"'~ pouch Bypassed - Jejunum duodenum -1" food -___----_,,.,. digestivejuice TERRY l. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEU ROMODUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A N D GASTP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UNIVERSITY 8y~s~ portionof i t()(l\3Ch • TERRYl. POWLEY, PH.D. PURDUE NEUROMOOUlATION: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ANO 0.-STP.OINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS UHIVlflSITY • DESPERATE PATIENTS • ABSENCE OF SATISFACTORY PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS • POPULAR MEDIA HYPE • ABSENCE OF A SOLID MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING • UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE OF PROPONENT'S CLAIMS • MYOPIA REGARDING SIDE EFFECTS TERRY l. -
Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor Promotes Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Protects the Enteric Nervous System After Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Articles | Translational Investigation nature publishing group Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor promotes neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and protects the enteric nervous system after necrotizing enterocolitis Yu Zhou1, Yijie Wang1, Jacob Olson1, Jixin Yang1 and Gail E. Besner1 BACKGROUND: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is produced by myenteric neurons. Neuronal nitric oxide associated with alterations of the enteric nervous system synthase (nNOS)-producing neurons and choline acetyl (ENS), with loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)- transferase (ChAT)-producing neurons are two major intest- expressing neurons in the intestine. The aim of this study was inal neuronal subpopulations involved in the regulation of to investigate the roles of heparin-binding EGF-like growth intestinal motility, and nNOS/ChAT misbalance has been factor (HB-EGF) in neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, nNOS reported in certain inflammatory intestinal diseases and expression, and effects on ENS integrity during genetic intestinal motility disorders (2,3). We have shown experimental NEC. that neonatal NEC is associated with alterations of the ENS, METHODS: The effects of HB-EGF on NSC differentiation and with significant loss of nNOS-expressing neurons not only in nNOS production were determined using cultured enteric the acute stages of the disease but also months later at the NSCs. Myenteric neuronal subpopulations were examined in time of stoma closure (4). This decreased nNOS expression HB-EGF knockout mice. Rat pups were exposed to experi- may explain the intestinal dysmotility seen in NEC patients mental NEC, and the effects of HB-EGF treatment on nNOS even after recovery from the acute event. Current therapy for production and intestinal neuronal apoptosis were intestinal dysmotility is limited mainly to palliation, and new determined. -
Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain
NEUROSCIENCE SCIENCE OF THE BRAIN AN INTRODUCTION FOR YOUNG STUDENTS British Neuroscience Association European Dana Alliance for the Brain Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain 1 The Nervous System P2 2 Neurons and the Action Potential P4 3 Chemical Messengers P7 4 Drugs and the Brain P9 5 Touch and Pain P11 6 Vision P14 Inside our heads, weighing about 1.5 kg, is an astonishing living organ consisting of 7 Movement P19 billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most 8 The Developing P22 complex thing on earth. This booklet is an introduction for young students. Nervous System In this booklet, we describe what we know about how the brain works and how much 9 Dyslexia P25 there still is to learn. Its study involves scientists and medical doctors from many disciplines, ranging from molecular biology through to experimental psychology, as well as the disciplines of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Their shared 10 Plasticity P27 interest has led to a new discipline called neuroscience - the science of the brain. 11 Learning and Memory P30 The brain described in our booklet can do a lot but not everything. It has nerve cells - its building blocks - and these are connected together in networks. These 12 Stress P35 networks are in a constant state of electrical and chemical activity. The brain we describe can see and feel. It can sense pain and its chemical tricks help control the uncomfortable effects of pain. -
Regional Complexity in Enteric Neuron Wiring Reflects Diversity of Motility
RESEARCH ARTICLE Regional complexity in enteric neuron wiring reflects diversity of motility patterns in the mouse large intestine Zhiling Li1, Marlene M Hao2, Chris Van den Haute3,4, Veerle Baekelandt3, Werend Boesmans1,5,6*, Pieter Vanden Berghe1* 1Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 2Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; 3Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 4Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 5Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; 6Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium Abstract The enteric nervous system controls a variety of gastrointestinal functions including intestinal motility. The minimal neuronal circuit necessary to direct peristalsis is well-characterized but several intestinal regions display also other motility patterns for which the underlying circuits and connectivity schemes that coordinate the transition between those patterns are poorly understood. We investigated whether in regions with a richer palette of motility patterns, the underlying nerve circuits reflect this complexity. Using Ca2+ imaging, we determined the location *For correspondence: and response fingerprint of large populations of enteric neurons upon focal network -
Mechanism for Neurotransmitter-Receptor Matching
Mechanism for neurotransmitter-receptor matching Dena R. Hammond-Weinbergera,1,2, Yunxin Wanga, Alex Glavis-Blooma, and Nicholas C. Spitzera,b,1 aNeurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357; and bCenter for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161 Contributed by Nicholas C. Spitzer, January 6, 2020 (sent for review September 25, 2019; reviewed by Laura N. Borodinsky and Joshua R. Sanes) Synaptic communication requires the expression of functional neurons lead to the appearance of functional neuromuscular postsynaptic receptors that match the presynaptically released junctions expressing GluR1 and GluR2 (alias GluA1 and GluA2) neurotransmitter. The ability of neurons to switch the transmitter subunits, which are blocked by the AMPA receptor antagonist they release is increasingly well documented, and these switches GYKI 52466 (16, 17). In the central nervous system, the natural require changes in the postsynaptic receptor population. Al- developmental transmitter switch from GABA to glycine in the though the activity-dependent molecular mechanism of neuro- auditory nervous system is accompanied by alterations in the transmitter switching is increasingly well understood, the basis properties of postsynaptic receptors (18, 19). Changes in illumi- of specification of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors match- nation during development or in photoperiod in the adult lead to ing the newly expressed transmitter is unknown. Using a func- changes in the numbers of neurons expressing dopamine in the tional assay, we show that sustained application of glutamate to embryonic vertebrate skeletal muscle cells cultured before hypothalamus that are accompanied by corresponding up- or innervation is necessary and sufficient to up-regulate ionotropic down-regulation of dopamine receptor expression in postsynaptic glutamate receptors from a pool of different receptors expressed neurons (5, 7).