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Enmarcando Attica: Construcción Mediática De La Prensa Acerca De La

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Enmarcando Attica: Construcción Mediática De La Prensa Acerca De La Enmarcando Attica: construcción mediática de la prensa acerca de la rebelión en la prisión de Attica: los reclamantes, la prominencia del marco y la geografía cultural de los lectores Framing Attica: Newsprint Media Construction of the 1971 Attica Prison Riot: Claims-Makers, Frame Salience, and the Cultural Geography of Readership Autores: John P. Walsh, Joanne Ziembo-Vogl, Jacquelynn Martin DOI: https://doi.org/10.25058/1794600X.129 Revista Misión Jurídica / ISSN 1794-600X / E-ISSN 2661-9067 Vol. 9 - Núm. 11/ Julio - Diciembre de 2016 / pp. 29 - 48 FRAMING ATTICA: NEWSPRINT MEDIA CONSTRUCTION OF THE 1971 ATTICA PRISON RIOT: CLAIMS-MAKERS, FRAME SALIENCE AND THE CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF READERSHIP* ENMARCANDO ATTICA: CONSTRUCCIÓN MEDIÁTICA DE LA PRENSA ACERCA DE LA REBELIÓN EN LA PRISIÓN DE ATTICA: LOS RECLAMANTES, LA PROMINENCIA DEL MARCO Y LA GEOGRAFÍA CULTURAL DE LOS LECTORES ENQUADRAMENTO DA ÁTICA: CONSTRUÇÃO DE MÍDIA DA IMPRENSA SOBRE A REBELIÃO NA PRISÃO DE ATTICA: RECLAMANTES, A PROEMINÊNCIA DO QUADRO E A GEOGRAFIA CULTURAL DOS LEITORES John P. Walsh, Ph.D.a [email protected] Joanne Ziembo-Vogl, , Ph.D.b [email protected] Jacquelynn Martin Ph.D.c [email protected] Fecha de recepción: 1 de diciembre de 2015 Fecha de revisión: 28 de marzo de 2016 Fecha de aceptación: 2 de abril 2016 ABSTRACT Using frame analysis, the authors examine how historical narratives of the 1971 Attica Prison riot were driven in part by frame diversity and salience across differing cultural geographies. Comparison of constructed meaning in news articles published by the New York Times, the Chicago Tribune, and the Chicago Defender is presented. Viewpoints regarding the prison riot are linked to claims-makers sourced by the differing news outlets and contextual differences in portrayal are discussed with regard to the media's role in socially constructing perceptions of the Attica riot. Included is discussion regarding public policy agenda setting, triggering events, and the capacity of news media to shape local ways of knowing. Methodological considerations are presented linking media analysis, claims-making research, and cultura criminology theory to current forms of media presentation and future qualitative approaches to media analysis. * Article of scientific investigation that shows the result of a finished investigation project about the media construction of the 1971 Attica, New York, U.S.A. prison riot. Investigation conducted at Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A.. a. School of Criminal Justice, Grand Valley State University, USA b. School of Criminal Justice, Grand Valley State University, USA c. School of Criminal Justice, Grand Valley State University, USA NOTE A poster version of this study, The 1971 Attica Prison Uprising in Mainstream and Alternative Newsprint, was presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences in To- ronto, Canada in March, 2011. A preliminary version, The Construction and Representation of Social MISIÓN JURÍDICA Order in the Prison Environment, was presented at the Midwest Criminal Justice Association annual Revista de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales meeting in Chicago, USA in September, 2011 and a concluding version, Media Construction of the Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia) 1971 Attica Prison Riot: Claims-Makers Frame Salience, and the Cultural Geography of Readership, Colaboradores Externos Internacionales Núm. 11 Año 2016 was presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology in Chicago, USA in Nov- Julio - Diciembre, pp. 29-48 ember, 2012. The authors wish to thank Maximo Anguiano for his assistance with data-entry. ISSN 1794-600X 29 FRAMING ATTICA: NEWSPRINT MEDIA CONSTRUCTION OF THE 1971 ATTICA PRISON RIOT: CLAIMS-MAKERS, FRAME SALIENCE AND THE CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF READERSHIP KEYWORDS Está incluído o debate sobre a criação da agenda Attica Prison Riot, News Media, Frame de políticas públicas, os disparadores de eventos Analysis, Salience, Constructed Meaning, e a capacidade dos meios de comunicação para Claimsmakers, Cultural Criminology moldar as formas de conhecimento local. São expostas considerações metodológicas ligando análise de mídia, pesquisa em reivindicações e RESUMEN teoria da criminologia cultural com os modos Usando análisis de marco, los autores examinan atuais de mídia e futuras abordagens qualitativas cómo las narrativas históricas del motín en la para a análise de mídia prisión de Attica de 1971 fueron impulsadas en parte por la diversidad y prominencia de marco PALAVRAS-CHAVE entre geografías culturales discrepantes. Se compara la construcción de sentido en artículos Rebelião na prisão de Attica, mídia, quadro periodísticos publicados por New York Times, de análise, destaque, construção de significado, Chicago Tribune y Chicago Defender. Los puntos de reclamantes, criminologia cultural. vista acerca de la rebelión en la prisión vinculados a reclamantes cuya fuente eran las diferentes vertientes mediáticas y las diferencias contextuales INTRODUCTION de interpretación son discutidos con respecto al Attica. One of those singular words in papel de los medios en la construcción social de American history that in September, 1971 and la percepción del motín de Attica. Está incluido still today overflows with a ripeness of meaning el debate sobre el establecimiento de la agenda unmatched by any other prison riot before or de políticas públicas, los eventos disparadores after. But reflective of what and who’s meaning? y la capacidad de los medios de noticias para A racist meaning exemplified by the warden's 1 moldear las formas de conocimiento locales. Son comment that the prison riot was led by "coloured expuestas consideraciones metodológicas que Communist Maoist inmates" (Apple, 2006: 62)? vinculan el análisis mediático, las investigaciones Calls for prison reform by liberals outraged by the en efectuar reclamos y la teoría de criminología conservative 'doctrine of crushing power' used cultural con modos actuales de presentaciones to quell prison rioting (Garson, 1972: 411)? Do mediáticas y futuras aproximaciones cualitativas politics combine with the view of an open versus al análisis de los medios. closed organizational system as suggested by Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas who comment that Attica, like earlier prison riots, 'cannot be PALABRAS CLAVE understood without reference to conservative Rebelión en la prisión de Attica, medios de criminal justice polices and the resulting comunicación, análisis de marco, prominencia, overcrowding of prisons' (2008: 8)? Or, is the construcción de sentido, reclamantes, reflected meaning that of a closed organizational criminología cultural. system permeated and made open by a new and more vocal class of inmate, an inmate bringing to the prison setting the social problems inherent in RESUMO American society (Mahan and Lawrence, 1996, Usando quadro de análise, os autores examinam Williams, 1997, Starr, 1973, Benjamin and Rapport, como as narrativas históricas do motim na prisão de 1974)? Regardless of the answer, many cite Attica Attica em 1971 foram impulsionadas, em parte, pela as the deadliest, bloodiest prison uprising in the estrutura, diversidade e destaque entre diferentes history of the United States (Time, 1972, Mahan, geografias culturais. A construção de sentido é 1994, Mahan and Lawrence, 1996) and a symbol of comparada em artigos de jornal publicados pelo New this turbulent era in American history (Columbia York Times, Chicago Tribune e Chicago Defender. Os Journalism Review, 1971: 2). With hindsight, much pontos de vista sobre a rebelião no presídio ligada has been written, then and now, of the meaning aos requerentes cuja fonte foi os diferentes aspectos of Attica (Wicker, 1975; New York State Special da mídia e diferenças contextuais de interpretação são discutidas em relação ao papel da mídia na 1. Words such as "coloured" and "negro" are unedited quotes construção social da percepção do motim de Attica. and reflective of the racist views existing at this time in Ame- rican history. 30 Walsh, J., Ziembo-Vogl, J., Martin, J. Commission on Attica, 1972; Roberts, 2011; Useem politically astute leaders of the black and student and Kimball, 1989, Carrabine, 2005, Thompson, movements in and out of prison themselves, but 2011). The focus of this study is to determine much of the prison population was increasingly how the Attica Prison riot was portrayed in the politically aware...Recurring political trials such as newsprint media of the day - what meaning the trial of the Chicago Seven were on the evening was being proffered to inform and influence the news. Black, Hispanic, Native American, and American public? The New York Times, the Chicago white political organizations such as the Black Tribune, and the Chicago Defender are examined to Panther Party, Weathermen, and the American determine the forces and claims-makers driving Indian Movement had members both inside and the narrative of Attica across differing readership outside of prison, as radical political actions came and cultural geographies. to routinely result in prison time (2010: 1). Indeed, the 1970s prison system was moving 1. LITERATURE REVIEW away from the concept of a 'total institution' as it had been previously conceived by Erving Goffman, (1961: 6) toward an open-system environment 1.1 The Attica Prison Riot - Spectacle, where societal influences and social issues Revolution, and Race drifted in and out of the corrections system along September 9, 1971 marked the beginning of with its inmates. The New York State
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