Sexual Healing

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Sexual Healing SEXUAL HEALING Hoe pornoverslaafden zichzelf en hun seksualiteit reguleren Peter Balm 6147925 [email protected] Masterthesis Algeme ne Sociologie 1e begeleider: Gert Hekma 2e begeleider: Marie-Louise Janssen 29 juni 2016 2 Samenvatting Deze masterthesis voor de opleiding Algemene Sociologie behandelt de culturele constructie van pornoverslaving als ziekte. Ondanks wetenschappelijke discussie over de legitimiteit van pornoverslaving en het feit dat de ziekte tot op heden niet is opgenomen is de DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), is de populariteit rondom het concept in de afgelopen decennia toegenomen. In dit onderzoek zal ik geen uitspraken doen over de medische kant van de ziekte, maar geef ik antwoord op de vraag hoe pornoverslaving wordt geconstrueerd als ziekte en hoe individue n dit ziektebeeld toepassen op zichzelf en hun seksualiteit. Ik heb een discourse-analyse uitgevoerd op de specifieke culturele context van zelfhulpwebsites. Op deze websites wordt kennis over pornoverslaving verspreid met als doel de bezoeker in staat te stellen zichzelf te diagnosticeren. Ook verschaft de website uitgebreide informatie over de behandeling van pornoverslaving. De drie websites die ik heb onderzocht zijn opgericht in de Verenigde Staten en hebben bezoekers van over de hele wereld. Op de websites staan artikelen over pornoverslaving en is er de mogelijkheid om vragen te stellen, ervaringen te delen, dagboeken bij te houden en op elkaars berichten te reageren. In het onderzoek heb ik mij gefocust op de culturele context van de websites, gebruikmakende van observatie van de websites en discourse-analyse van de content. Ik beantwoord mijn onderzoeksvraag vanuit het perspectief van het individu in de postmoderne samenleving, waarin ervaringen van het individu worden geplaatst binnen maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen met betrekking tot kennis en gezondheid. Ik maak een vergelijking tussen het pornoverslavingsconcept en 18de en 19de-eeuwse anti- masturbatiecampagne die leidde tot morele paniek rondom onanie. De opvattingen over seksualiteit en mannelijkheid die zijn te vinden in de content van de websites zal ik beschrijven vanuit de hedendaagse heteroseksuele norm voor mannen. De content op de websites verklaart pornoverslaving met een argumentatie gebaseerd op de neurologische wetenschap. Er wordt een wetenschappelijke objectiviteit gebruikt om morele uitspraken te doen over seksuele gedragingen. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat de constructie van pornoverslaving sterke overeenkomsten heeft met de onaniegeschriften uit de 18de en 19de eeuw. Het versterkt en bevestigt de mannelijke heteroseksuele norm waarin coitus, de beheersing van seksualiteit en emotionele intimiteit centraal staan. Schaamte en wanhoop voortkomende uit zeer uiteenlopende klachten zoals depressie, erectiestoornissen, seksuele fetisjen en sociale angst leiden mannen tot de zelfdiagnose van pornoverslaving, die wordt 3 gebruikt als verklaring voor deze klachten. De mannen die samenkomen op de websites zijn op eigen initiatie f op zoek gegaan naar een antwoord op hun problemen. Zelfdiagnose en zelfhulp wijst op een zelfregulerend individu dat zich laat leiden door een sterke sociale norm over seksualiteit en mannelijkheid. Door het eenzijdige beeld dat van pornoconsumptie wordt geschetst op de websites brengt de diagnose en behandeling van pornoverslaving de mannen, die bestaat uit een zeer diverse groep, vaak meer problemen op dan dat het oplost. In mijn onderzoek heb ik mij gericht op de culturele context van de zelfhulpwebsites. Verder onderzoek naar specifieke groepen onder de pornoverslaafden, zoals vrouwen, partners van verslaafden en homoseksuelen, zou meer inzic ht kunnen bieden op hoe het pornoverslavingsconcept wordt toegepast op de identiteit van het individu. Vergelijkend onderzoek tussen verschillende landen en culturen zou meer inzicht kunnen geven op hoe sterk de mannelijk heteroseksuele norm in westerse culturen wordt nageleefd. In mijn onderzoek ben ik veel onwetendheid over seksualiteit tegengekomen, die een belangrijke rol speelt in de diagnose van pornoverslaving. Ik geloof dat hierin op het gebied van voorlichting over seksualiteit in het algemeen en pornografie in het bijzonder veel te winnen valt, met als doel dat mensen meer bewust worden van en kritisch kunnen kijken naar de maatschappelijke norm in plaats van zichzelf verkeerde ziektebeelden aan te praten. 4 Voorwoord De totstandkoming van mijn masterthesis is een lang proces geweest. Vier jaar geleden kwam ik via persoonlijke omstandigheden in contact met pornoverslaving en het onderwerp heeft mij sindsdien gefascineerd. Ik wist toen al dat ik deze interesse wilde gebruiken bij mijn afstuderen, maar helaas was het niet eenvoudig de juiste persoon te vinden die mij daarin kon begeleiden. Daarom wil ik Gert Hekma bijzonder bedanken. Voor de nieuwe inzichten die hij mij heeft gegeven, de literatuur die ik op zijn aanraden heb gebruikt en alle kopjes thee die we hebben gedronken. Ik wil Marie-Louise Janssen bedanken voor haar bijdrage als tweede begeleider en de bruikbare feedback op mijn voorstel. Ik hoop dat ik als student van de master Algemene Sociologie een interessante masterthesis heb kunnen toevoegen aan de lichting Gender, Sexuality and Society van dit jaar. 5 INHOUDSOPGAVE INTRODUCTIE......................................................................................................................... 8 THEORETISCH K ADER ....................................................................................................... 11 Seksuele agency en structuur ............................................................................................... 11 Onanie en de geschiedenis van seksuele afwijkingen .......................................................... 13 De hedendaagse seksuele norm ............................................................................................ 16 PORNOVERSLAVING .......................................................................................................... 18 Culturele zorgen ................................................................................................................... 18 Medische voorschriften ........................................................................................................ 20 Wetenschappelijke discussie ................................................................................................ 22 Individuele ervaringen en de vraag naar remedie ................................................................ 24 METHODOLOGIE.................................................................................................................. 26 De websites .......................................................................................................................... 27 Correspondentie ................................................................................................................... 28 DE ZIEK TE EN DE SYMPTOMEN ...................................................................................... 31 De ziekte............................................................................................................................... 31 Erectiestoornissen................................................................................................................. 32 Objectiveren ......................................................................................................................... 33 Fetis je n ................................................................................................................................. 34 Het delen van een partner ................................................................................................. 35 Homoseksuele en transseksuele pornografie .................................................................... 36 Sociale angst en eenzaamheid .............................................................................................. 37 DIAGNOSE ............................................................................................................................. 40 Het onderscheid tussen fantaseren en uitvoeren .................................................................. 40 Schaamte en schuldgevoelens .............................................................................................. 41 Dokters en Therapeuten ....................................................................................................... 41 DE BEHANDELING............................................................................................................... 44 6 Reboot .................................................................................................................................. 44 Kennis en steun .................................................................................................................... 45 Onthouding ........................................................................................................................... 46 Het gevecht........................................................................................................................... 47 Triggers & drang............................................................................................................... 48 Terugval ............................................................................................................................ 49 Ontwenningsverschijnselen .............................................................................................
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