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Fiber Optofluidic Technology Based on Optical Force and Photothermal micromachines Review Fiber Optofluidic Technology Based on Optical Force and Photothermal Effects Chenlin Zhang 1, Bingjie Xu 1,*, Chaoyang Gong 2, Jingtang Luo 3, Quanming Zhang 3 and Yuan Gong 2,* 1 Science and Technology on Security Communication Laboratory, Institute of Southwestern Communication, Chengdu 610041, China 2 Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China 3 State Grid Sichuan Economic Research Institute, Chengdu 610041, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.X.); [email protected] (Y.G.) Received: 25 May 2019; Accepted: 19 July 2019; Published: 26 July 2019 Abstract: Optofluidics is an exciting new area of study resulting from the fusion of microfluidics and photonics. It broadens the application and extends the functionality of microfluidics and has been extensively investigated in biocontrol, molecular diagnosis, material synthesis, and drug delivery. When light interacts with a microfluidic system, optical force and/or photothermal effects may occur due to the strong interaction between light and liquid. Such opto-physical effects can be used for optical manipulation and sensing due to their unique advantages over conventional microfluidics and photonics, including their simple fabrication process, flexible manipulation capability, compact configuration, and low cost. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in fiber optofluidic (FOF) technology based on optical force and photothermal effects in manipulation and sensing applications. Optical force can be used for optofluidic manipulation and sensing in two categories: stable single optical traps and stable combined optical traps. The photothermal effect can be applied to optofluidics based on two major structures: optical microfibers and optical fiber tips. The advantages and disadvantages of each FOF technology are also discussed. Keywords: optofluidics; optical force; photothermal effect; optical manipulation; optical fiber sensors 1. Introduction Optofluidics is a reconfigurable, sensitive, and portable technology that combines microfluidic systems and the optical systems [1]. Microfluidic technology makes an optofluidic system more reconfigurable because the liquid of microfluidics has a unique flexibility for solid materials. Optical technology can enhance the sensitivity of optofluidics by introducing new functionality and opto-physical effects and can work at very small sizes in microfluidic channels. As a result, with the integration of microfluidics and an optical system, optofluidics has become suitable for multiple applications, such as medical diagnosis and treatment, environmental analysis, and substance analysis [2]. Fiber optofluidic (FOF) technology is an important branch of optofluidics. As shown in Figure1, FOF has four major types of structures, the fiber-optic interferometer, fiber grating, microstructured optical fibers (MOFs), and optical micro/nano fibers. In practice, FOFs show several notable superiorities [3,4]. FOF devices are inexpensive and simple thanks to the mature manufacturing technology of optical fibers. An FOF system can easily couple light into a chip with channels at a submillimeter scale because of the tiny cross-section of optical fibers and can accurately interact Micromachines 2019, 10, 499; doi:10.3390/mi10080499 www.mdpi.com/journal/micromachines Micromachines 2019, 10, 499 2 of 25 Micromachines 2019, 10, x 2 of 25 withinteract liquid with samples liquid based samples on based its low on loss its transmission.low loss transmission. Additionally, Additionally, an FOF an system FOF system can improve can performanceimprove performance with the notable with the fabricability notable fabricabilit of its opticaly of fibers.its optical For fibers. example, For opticalexample, micro optical/nano fibersmicro/nano fabricated fibers with fabricated commercial with fiberscommercial can enhance fibers can the enhance sensitivity the ofsensitivity the environment of the environment through the evanescentthrough the field. evanescent Microstructured field. Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs)optical fibers can serve (MOFs) as both can lightserve transmission as both light and microfluidictransmission channels, and microfluidic due to their channels, specific due structures, to their specific such as structures, a suspended such core, as a a suspended hollow core, core, and a air claddinghollow [core,5]. and air cladding [5]. FigureFigure 1. 1.Fiber Fiber optofluidic optofluidic (FOF)(FOF) studiesstudies based on on the the structures structures of of (a ()a the) the fiber-optic fiber-optic interferometer, interferometer, (b)(b fiber) fiber grating, grating, (c ()c microstructured) microstructured optical optical fibers,fibers, andand (d) optical microfibers. microfibers. Fiber-opticFiber-optic interferometers interferometers cancan bebe divideddivided into several several major major categories categories according according to totheir their structures,structures, including including a a Fabry–Perot Fabry–Perot interferometerinterferometer (F (FPI),PI), whose whose interference interference is isbased based on on single single arm arm incidentincident laser laser oscillated oscillated in in a a cavity; cavity; andand Mach-Zehnder,Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, Michelson, and and Sagnac, Sagnac, whose whose interference interference occursoccurs via via a two-arm a two-arm optical optical laser laser split split from from the incident the incident laser [6laser]. The [6]. typical The structurestypical structures of fiber-optic of interferometersfiber-optic interferometers are summarized are summarized in Table1. in Table 1. AA Fabry–Perot Fabry–Perot interferometer interferometer (FPI) (FPI) can can be usedbe used for optofluidicfor optofluidic sensing sensing based based on either on either an extrinsic an orextrinsic intrinsic or cavity, intrinsic which cavity, is usually which fabricatedis usually fabricated with two parallelwith two mirrors, parallel as mirrors, shown as in shown Figure 1ina. Figure The FPI can1a. be The designed FPI can for be sensing designed with for highsensing performance with high byperformance filling the by special filling material the special or optimizing material or the mirrorsoptimizing of the the cavity. mirrors A high-visibility of the cavity. in-lineA high-visibility with the optofluidic in-line with Fabry–Perot the optofluidic cavity Fabry–Perot was demonstrated cavity bywas splicing demonstrated a silica capillary by splicing tube a silica into capillary two single tube mode into fibertwo single (SMFs) mode and fiber polishing (SMFs) the and latter polishing optical fibertheof latter the FPIoptical [7]. Refractivefiber of the index FPI [7]. detection Refractive with index a high detection sensitivity with of a 1148.93 high sensitivity nm/RIU wasof 1148.93 achieved nm/RIU was achieved thanks to the smooth end faces of the SMFs. Another sensing probe based on thanks to the smooth end faces of the SMFs. Another sensing probe based on FPI was fabricated by FPI was fabricated by sandwiching a cavity between the single mode fiber (SMF) facet and a Nafion sandwiching a cavity between the single mode fiber (SMF) facet and a Nafion film [8]. The results film [8]. The results indicated that Nafion could be used for temperature and humidity sensing. indicated that Nafion could be used for temperature and humidity sensing. Traditionally, two-arm interferometric structures, i.e., a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), a Traditionally, two-arm interferometric structures, i.e., a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), Michelson interferometer (MI), and a Sagnac interferometer (SI), are composed of two separate fibers a Michelson[6]. Recent interferometer studies show that (MI), these and two-arm a Sagnac interfer interferometerometric (SI),structures are composed can also ofbe twoimplemented separate fibers as an [6]. Recentin-line studies fiber optic show core-cladding-mode that these two-arm interferometricinterferometer, structuresand thus have can alsothe advantage be implemented of compactness, as an in-line fibersimplicity, optic core-cladding-mode easy alignment, interferometer,high coupling andefficiency, thus have high the advantagestability, and of compactness, low-cost. Two-arm simplicity, easyinterferometric alignment, structures high coupling are promising efficiency, for highmany stability, sensing applications, and low-cost. suchTwo-arm as label-free interferometric biosensing structures[9], humidity are promising sensing [10,11], for many temperature-immune sensing applications, refractive such index as label-free (RI) sensing biosensing [12,13], temperature [9], humidity sensingsensing [10 [14],,11], and temperature-immune pressure sensing [15,16]. refractive index (RI) sensing [12,13], temperature sensing [14], and pressure sensing [15,16]. Table 1. A summary of sensing application based on fiber-optic interferometer. Table 1. A summary of sensing application based on fiber-optic interferometer. Device Structures Applications Ref. TypesDevice Types Structures Applications Ref. Extrinsic/intrinsic RI sensing [7] FPI RI sensing [7] FPI Extrinsic/intrinsic cavity cavity TemperatureTemperature and and humidity humidity sensor sensor [8][8] Label-free biosensing [9] Waist-enlarged fiber Label-free biosensing [9] MZI/MIMZI /MI Waist-enlarged fiber taperTemperature-immuneTemperature-immune humi humiditydity sensing sensing [10[10,11],11] taper Temperature-immuneTemperature-immune RI RIsensing
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