Taming the Dnipro Rapids: Nature, National Geography, and Hydro- Engineering in Soviet Ukraine, 1946-1968
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Taming the Dnipro Rapids: Nature, National Geography, and Hydro- Engineering in Soviet Ukraine, 1946-1968 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Duncan Smith, Megan K. 2019. Taming the Dnipro Rapids: Nature, National Geography, and Hydro-Engineering in Soviet Ukraine, 1946-1968. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013094 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use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`&"%M!Y):<(&"$)*! ! #)-S0%*3)V$!E3&("*"(*!;&"2)5A?!FJGHCFGPT! ! #*"<&)BD/!(*,!#)-S0%*3)V$!!"#$!aFGPN\.!FGPFCFGHT! ! E3&("*%!"*![2(:%$?!FGHFCFGHX! ! %&'()&$)*+,,-!b!.&/012&$?!FGHICFGXT! ! 30()4$/0#$5(6)7(8$#?!FGHNCFGXX! ! /)*5$!)M!BA,&)CD*5"*%%&"*5.!FGXFCFGXI! ! `28%<&"*'$!)M!>)-(!6(30)-3(.!FGXFCFGXI! ! 1)%:$!)M!'0%!/%(.!FGXFCFGXI! ! U,%$!')!'0%!#*"%<%&!="-%&.!FGXFCFGXI! ! Y)*928$")*$! ! -! Y0(<'%&!P\!;0%!+*'0%:!)M!'0%!;0(K.![%&'"2"'A?![&%%,):?!(*,!'0%!#*"%<%&!="-%&7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7FNP! ! ;0%!1)$'C](&!+*'0%:! ! ;0%!Y):<%'"'")*.!]&"'"*5!'0%!+*'0%:!)M!'0%!;0(K! ! ;0%!1)%'$.!Y)22%9'"-%!])&3! ! Z)$"*5!4):%*'8:.!;0%![("2%,!+*'0%:!1&)R%9'! ! ;0%!+*'0%:a$\!;0('!Y)82,!B(-%!`%%*.!IH!#&(M'!;%L'$! ! Y)*928$")*$! Y0(<'%&!H\!D9)C1('&")'"$:!)*!'0%!#*"%<%&.![)&!'0%!Z)-%!)M!`%(8'"M82?!>('"-%!>('8&%7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7FOI! ! ;0%!Y)*M%&%*9%.!>('8&%!(*,!W'$!+%$'0%'"9!c(28%! ! 1%'&)!1)0&%Q*"(3.!E3&1&A&),(!(*,!>('")*(2!/<%9"M"9"'A! ! 4(3$A:!=A2$3A".!>('8&%!]&"'%&$! ! 4A30("2)!Y0(Q(*"-$3A".!;0%!/)8&9%!)M!/)-"%'!1('&")'"$:! ! 4A3)2(!B28$090%*3).!+*!+&:A!)M!Z(*,$9(<%!1("*'%&$! ! U2%3$(*,&!Z(<'(%-.!>%K![)&:$!)M!E&Q(*!@&%%*"*5! ! Y)*928$")*$! Y0(<'%&!X\!#%M%*,%&!)M!'0%!#*"%<%&.!;0%!D-)28'")*!)M!U2%$V!B)*90(&7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7NTG! ! ;0%!`(''2%!M)&!'0%!#*"%<%&.!.#$)#$6)92-8!aFGIT\! ! U2%$V!B)*90(&.!d4(*!)M!'0%!])&2,7!/)*!)M!'0%!#*"%<%&e! ! ;0%!@0)$'!)M!#)-S0%*3)!"*!B)*90(&V$!Y('0%,&(2! ! ;0%!Y('0%,&(2!)*!'0%!#*"%<%&! ! Y)*928$")*$! Y)*928$")*7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7NHP! `"Q2")5&(<0A7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!7NHO! ! !-"! !'0/,1*+234+/$#! ! ]0"2%!#)-S0%*3)!K($!,%%<2A!"::%&$%,!"*!0"$!K)&3!)*!:,(-),')50();(#?!0%!,%$9&"Q%,!0"$! $'('%!)M!:"*,!"*!(!K(A!'0('!,%%<2A!&%$)*('%,!K"'0!:A!)K*!'0)850'$?!%$<%9"(22A!"*!'0%!<($'!A%(&!)M! "*'%*$"-%!K&"'"*5.!dW!K&"'%!(*,!K&"'%!'0&)850!'0%!$2%%<2%$$!*"50'$7!1($'!(*,!<&%$%*'!<($$!Q%M)&%!:A! %A%$7!`(''2%$!(*,!'%:<%$'8)8$!$'&8552%$!&(5%!"*!:A!:"*,7!`2)),?!<("*?!'%(&$?!2(850'%&?!(*,! $):%'":%$!:)93%&A!M2)('!')!'0%!$8&M(9%!M&):!:%:)&AV$!(QA$$!(*,!$("2!(K(A!"*!'0%!M2)),!)M!5&%('! %-%*'$!2"3%!M)(:!)*!f'0%!#*"%<%&V$g!$<&"*5'":%!&(<",$7e!a#"(&A?!H!4(&90!FGXP\! ! W*!'&8'0?!'0"$!%*'"&%!<&)R%9'?!M&):!9)*9%<'")*!'0&)850!&%$%(&90!(*,!K&"'"*5?!K($!('!'":%$! h8"'%!08:Q2"*5!(*,!,"MM"982'!M)&!:%!i!"*'%22%9'8(22A?!%:)'")*(22A?!(*,!%-%*!<0A$"9(22A7! ;0%&%M)&%?!"'!"$!K"'0!5&%('!<2%($8&%!(*,!-%&A!,%%<!5&('"'8,%!'0('!W!&%9(22!%-%*!R8$'!(!M%K!)M!'0%! :(*A?!:(*A!<%)<2%!K0)!:(,%!'0"$!,"$$%&'('")*!<)$$"Q2%!a(*,!M8*j\7!4A!5&%('%$'!,%Q'!)M!5&('"'8,%! "$!)K%,!')!:A!(,-"$)&!/%&0""!12)30""!K0)$%!Q)8*,2%$$!3"*,*%$$?!<('"%*9%?!(*,!%*'08$"($:!M)&!:A! <&)R%9'!%*(Q2%,!:%!')!<8$0!'0&)850!%-%&A!)Q$'(92%!(*,!M"50'!)MM!%-%&A!Q)8'!)M!$%2MC,)8Q'7!W!(":%,! ')!9):<2%'%!,"$$%&'('")*!90(<'%&$!('!'0%!$(:%!&('%!K"'0!K0"90!0%!<8Q2"$0%,!Q))3$?!Q8'!M%22!Q%0"*,! ('!'":%$k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h8%$'")*$?!K0"90!90(22%*5%,!:%! "*!-%&A!<&),89'"-%!K(A$7!;%&&A!$(K!%(&2A!)*!'0('!'0"$!K($!(!<&)R%9'!(Q)8'!$%%"*5!*('8&%! ,"MM%&%*'2A?!&('0%&!'0(*!(Q)8'!0A,&)C%*5"*%%&"*5?!(*,!0%2<%,!$'%%&!:%!Q(93!)*!9)8&$%7!6%22A! UV>%"22!K($!(!9)*$'(*'!$)8&9%!)M!"*$<"&('")*?!*)'!R8$'!M)&!'0"$!,"$$%&'('")*!Q8'!M)&!(22!($<%9'$!)M! !-""! *(-"5('"*5!(9(,%:"9!2"M%7!W!,%%<2A!(<<&%9"('%!0%&!$'":82('"*5!h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