Drought Production Date: 02/12/2011 Version 1.0 UNOSAT Activation: DR20110714HOA

SOMALIA

KENYA

Summary: A total of 353 spatially distinct IDP shelter figure of at least 52,000 mostly informal shelters. The satellite imagery from March to October 2011. There are concentrations were identified (as on 18 October 2011) rapid process of new IDP camp formation is occurring known IDP settlements located within permanent within Mogadishu, representing a net increase of 61 IDP within multiple areas of the city, specifically in those areas buildings that have not been identified, and are not sites since 12 September, and 128 IDP sites since 22 formerly controlled by al Shabaab. This report is based on reflected in the estimates presented in this report.This August 2011. An estimate of the total number of IDP a time-series analysis of Somali IDP shelter assessment has not yet been validated in the field. structures located in Mogadishu indicated a minimum concentrations within the capital city of Mogadishu using Please send feedback to UNITAR/UNOSAT. Report Highlights:

Informal shelters replaced with 360 small Rapid settlement of over 1,200 informal shelters tent shelters (4x2m) in Hawl-Wadag within new camp site (ID:492) over 2 week period (7-15 October 2011) in

ID: 352

ID: 353 ID: 354

Major IDP expansion and camp Hamar formation between Taleh Village and Bermuda District Bile ID: 357 ID: Taleh 356 ID: 189 Village ID: 358 ID: ID: 355 ID: 182 165 ID: 377 ID: 376 ID: ID: ID: 155 ID: ID: 423 380 ID: 385 160 ID: ID: 192 ID: ID: ID: 384 ID: 422 ID: 421 375 ID: 136 382 ID: 132 ID: 386 388 ID: 138 ID: 212 131 ID: 90 ID: 378 ID: 188 ID: 130 ID: 213 ID: 381 ID: 154 ID: 195 ID: ID: 135 ID: 137 ID: 211 ID: 389 133 ID: 134 ID: 383 ID: 194 ID: 379 ID: ID: 387 ID: 193 391 ID: 390 Bermuda District ID: 139

Closed - Individual IDP IDP Camp Status: Open - Open - Size / Open - Open - No (Absorbed/ (12 September to Significant Planned shelter structures New Site Pop Expanded Contracted Relocated/ Camp 18 October 2011): Change Aggregated) (selected sites)

Map Scale for A4: 1:10,000 Lower map The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), providing Inset only shown here are not warranted to be error-free nor do they imply official satellite imagery and related geographic information, research and analysis to endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. UNOSAT is a program of UN humanitarian & development agencies & their implementing partners. Meters 10050 0 100 200 300 400 Satellite Data: QB02 / WV02 Source: FirstLook, HIU-NextView, EUSI Other Data: USGS, NGA, SWALIM UNITAR / UNOSAT Dates: 30/03/11,15/4/11, 28/07/11, 21- IDP Camp Data: UNITAR / UNOSAT Analysis: UNITAR / UNOSAT [email protected] Palais des Nations, 22/08/11, 4,12/09/11, 7,15,18/10/11 Landcover: UNITAR / UNOSAT Coordinate System: UTM Zone 38N Geneva, Switzerland Resolution: 0.6 m/0.5 m Road Data: Google Map Maker Datum: WGS84 T: +41 22 767 4020 (Operations) Copyright: DigitalGlobe 2011 Admin Boundaries: OCHA Analysis conducted with ArcGIS v10 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 ID: This work by UNITAR/UNOSAT is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike393 3.0 Unported License. www.unitar.org/unosat ID: 102 ID: 214

2 December 2011 – Update 3 UNOSAT Activation: DR20110714HOA Updated Assessment of Somali IDP Shelter Concentrations in Mogadishu, (as on 18 October 2011)

PREFACE: This report provides a detailed analysis of spatially-distinct concentrations of IDP shelters within the urban extent of Mogadishu, and assesses the date periods the camp sites were likely formed as well as the larger settlement patterns, trends and security dynamics underlining IDP movements. Identified IDP sites were further assessed for construction/shelter type, specifically looking for the presence of emergency tent shelters, a common barometer of active support from international aid organizations and NGOs. Satellite imagery acquired on 4, 12 September, and 7, 15, 18 October 2011 was used for this updated report. There are known IDP settlements located within permanent buildings that have not been identified, and are not reflected in the estimates presented in this report.1

Geographic datasets produced for this assessment and additional UNOSAT Horn of Africa products are available at http://www.unitar.org/unosat/horn-africa-data. This report is part of an on-going satellite monitoring program of UNITAR / UNOSAT of the Horn of Africa crisis in support of international humanitarian assistance and created to respond to the needs of UN agencies and their partners. This is assessment has not yet been validated in the field. Please send feedback to UNITAR/UNOSAT at the contact information below.

1. DRAMATIC IDP CAMP CHANGES AND POPULATION EXPANSION - SUMMARY BY DISTRICT: There has been a sustained, large scale internal movement of Somali IDPs within Mogadishu between 22 August and 18 October 2011, as indicated by a 57% increase in the total number of open, spatially-distinct IDP shelter sites from 226 to 353 during this two month period; further, there has been an apparent increase in the total number of IDP shelters (and thus likely the displaced civilian population) as suggested by the 31% expansion in the total surface area of IDP sites, from 206ha to 270ha during this same period. Table 1 below contains a detailed breakdown of this updated IDP shelter analysis by city district. The overview map on page 3 presents the location and recent change status of the 353 IDP shelter sites identified across the city.

Table 1 – Changes in IDP shelters between 22 August and 18 October 2011 by district

22-Aug-11 18-Oct-11 22-Aug-11 18/10/2011 CHANGE # of distinct # of distinct CHANGE Total area of Total area of CHANGE in Total CHANGE IDP shelter IDP shelter in Total IDP Shelter IDP Shelter (%) Area (%) Mogadishu sites (open) sites (open) Number sites (m2) sites (m2) Districts: (m2) Abdi-Aziz 0 5 5 500% 0 17,540 17,540 17540% Bondhere 11 13 2 57% 20,409 25,270 4,861 31% Deyninle 1 2 1 100% 31,523 30,846 -677 -2% Dharkeynley 28 31 3 11% 438,251 429,161 -9,089 -2% Hamar Jab-Jab 17 18 1 6% 22,981 23,390 409 2% Hamar-Weye 12 11 -1 -8% 19,493 18,463 -1,031 -5% Hawl-Wadag 18 41 23 128% 78,722 170,108 91,386 116% Hodan 43 82 39 91% 456,246 784,449 328,203 72% Huriwa 8 9 1 13% 53,770 55,100 1,330 2% Karan 3 9 6 200% 233,168 242,183 9,015 4% Shibis 2 9 7 350% 10,731 27,615 16,884 157% Shingani 6 8 2 33% 6,737 9,482 2,744 41% Waberi 15 21 6 40% 117,237 96,631 -20,606 -18% Wadajir (Medina) 45 54 9 20% 500,751 658,632 157,881 32% Wardhigley 12 18 6 50% 48,122 77,345 29,223 61% Yaqshid 4 22 18 450% 21,148 39,981 18,832 89% TOTALS 225 353 128 57% 2,059,289 2,706,197 646,907 31%

1 It has also been further reported that a limited number of fake IDP camps have been constructed in order to extract humanitarian aid for financial gain. UNOSAT is exploring the possibility of using specific structure and temporal signatures to potentially identify such fake camp sites. Drought Production Date: 02/12/2011 Version 4.0 UNOSAT Activation: DR20110714HOA

To Afgoye Deyninle To Balad

Gubta Continued rapid expansion Village Multiple active security Animal in total camp area in Hodan 55% increase of checkpoints and roadblock Market Limited contraction and (+71% from Aug to Oct.2011) new IDP camps Fr,. Ministry along Industrial Road North closure of small camps (total of 29) in Hodan of Defense in western Dharkeynley Wardhigley Al Bakara Shirkole Industrial Village Road North

Hodan Stadium Ramadan Emiska Hotel Area Ali Jungale Digfer Hospital Kamin Hawl-Wadag Tawfiq Major IDP expansion Bakara & camp formation Yaqshid Huriwa Market between Taleh Village Frm. US Dharkeynley & Bermuda District Jamhuriah Embassy Compound Black Sea Hamar Median Bile Bacaad Hospital Market Fagah

Taleh Benadir Presidential Village Palace Wadajir Hospital Bondhere (Medina) Villa Shibis Baidoa Bermuda District Karan

Sac ha S q.

Sol en e Bo ul eva rd

Waberi Fish New Sea Market Abdi-Aziz 1,270 IDP informal shelters Port erected in new camp site between 7-15 Oct.11 Continued rapid growth of Shingani Recent trend of large IDP camp informal IDP sites along Hamar- New movement of IDPs into formation and expansion within the northern perimeter of Hamar Abdi-Aziz with 5 new camps Wadajir District in south-west of city, the airport in Waberi Weye & hundreds of potential IDPs in close proximity to large AMISOM Jab-Jab compounds

Data Frame rotated 27 degrees from North IDP Camp Status: (12 Sept - 18 Oct 2011) Roadblock / Checkpoint - ACTIVE Map Scale for A4: 1:60,000 Closed - (Absorbed/ Roadblock / Checkpoint - REMOVED Open - New Relocated/Aggregated) Road Obstacles: standing water Meters 500250 0 500 1,000 1,500 Planned - (Grounds Open - Expanded prepared for IDP shelters) Mogadishu Int. Airport The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names Research (UNITAR), providing satellite imagery and and related data shown here are not warranted to be related geographic information, research and analysis to UNITAR / UNOSAT Primary Road Open - Contracted Open - No Change error-free nor do they imply official endorsement or UN humanitarian & development agencies & their [email protected] Local / Urban Road Palais des Nations, acceptance by the United Nations. UNOSAT is a implementing partners. program of the United Nations Institute for Training and Geneva, Switzerland Satellite Data: QB02 / WV02 Sources: FirstLook, HIU-NextView, EUSI Other Data: USGS, NGA, SWALIM T: +41 22 767 4020 (Operations) Dates: 30/03/11,15/4/11, 28/07/11, 21-22/08/11, IDP Camp Data: UNITAR / UNOSAT Analysis: UNITAR / UNOSAT 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 4,12/09/11, 7,15,18/10/11 Landcover: UNITAR / UNOSAT Coordinate System: UTM Zone 38N Resolution: 0.6 m/0.5 m Road Data: Google Map Maker Datum: WGS 1984 This work by UNITAR/UNOSAT is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- www.unitar.org/unosat Copyright: DigitalGlobe 2011 Admin Boundaries: OCHA Analysis conducted with ArcGIS v10 ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. 1. DRAMATIC IDP CAMP CHANGES AND IDP POPULATION EXPANSION: - SUMMARY BY DISTRICT: (Cont.) As on 18 October 20112, there were a total of 353 spatially distinct and functioning IDP shelter concentrations located in Mogadishu, representing a net increase of 61 IDP sites since 12 September 2011. Based on a temporal comparison over this five week period3 (see table 2 below), 81 camp sites were newly formed, 64 existing sites showed indications of significant expansion in size and/or shelter density, 27 existing sites contracted in size and/or shelter density, 20 sites closed or were absorbed into adjacent camps, with the remaining 178 shelter sites static without notable changes in either size or shelter density.

The majority of the 81 newly-erected sites were located in several distinct clusters in Hodan around Digfer Hospital, in Taleh Village bordering the Bermuda neighbourhood, along the northern perimeter of the international airport, as well as in districts previously unoccupied such as in Shingani, Abdi-Aziz and in the south-western portion of Wadajir (Medina). Please reference the overview map on page 3 for a detailed visualization of the location and distribution of the IDP camp changes across the city.

Table 2 - Changes in IDP shelter sites between 12 SEPT - 18 OCT 2011

12-Sep-11 18/10/2011 (Camp Status Changes between 12 SEPT-18 OCT 2011) Note text colors reflect the map status colors # of distinct # of distinct CHANGE New No CHANGE Mogadishu IDP shelter IDP shelter Expanded Contracted Closed in Total Sites Change (%) Districts: sites (open) sites (open) Number Abdi-Aziz 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 500% Bondhere 11 13 2 3 4 3 0 2 21% Deyninle 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 100% Dharkeynley 31 31 1 2 24 4 1 0 0% Hamar Jab-Jab 20 18 0 0 15 4 2 -2 -10% Hamar-Weye 11 11 0 1 8 2 0 0 0% Hawl-Wadag 22 41 21 7 13 0 2 19 86% Hodan 59 82 29 24 23 6 6 23 39% Huriwa 9 9 0 0 9 0 0 0 0% Karan 7 9 2 2 5 0 0 2 29% Shibis 8 9 1 1 7 0 0 1 13% Shingani 6 8 2 1 4 1 0 2 33% Waberi 17 21 5 7 8 1 1 4 24% Wadajir (Medina) 51 54 4 9 38 3 1 3 6% Wardhigley 19 18 6 2 5 3 7 -1 -5% Yaqshid 20 22 2 4 15 1 0 2 10% TOTALS 292 353 81 64 180 28 20 61 21%

2. ESTIMATING A GLOBAL IDP SHELTER COUNT FOR MOGADISHU: An estimate of the total number of shelter structures (i.e. informal shelters and formal tents) in Mogadishu as on 18 October 2011 resulted in a minimum figure of over 52,000 IDP structures located within the 353 identified sites across the city. This estimate was based on a methodology employed by and used in coordination with UNHCR4. An earlier shelter estimate for 22 August 2011 resulted in a figure of approximately 41,000 shelters, strongly suggesting a relative increase of several tens of thousands of Somali IDPs within Mogadishu between this two month period.

These estimates were based on average shelter density of camp sites using both manual shelter counts from satellite imagery as well as field based counts (produced by UNHCR staff and coordinating NGOs) as a control on the methodology. This is a preliminary shelter estimate, and is likely to represent a reliable minimum figure; actual IDP shelter numbers within Mogadishu are likely to be larger.5

3. THE 9 PRIMARY ZONES OF NEW IDP CAMP FORMATION IN MOGADISHU BETWEEN APRIL AND OCTOBER 2011: Before mid-April 2011, virtually all IDP shelter sites were restricted to the south-western districts of the city under the direct control of AMISOM forces, with 81 of the 123 camps (or 66%) concentrated in only three districts of Wadajir, Dharkeynley and Hodan. As illustrated in the map on page 5, the initial round of dramatic IDP camp construction and expansion between April and late August 2011 (i.e. the camp extents symbolized in yellow) were located in eight large zones located mostly within the central districts of the city, with the highest concentrations surrounding the Bermuda neighborhood, in Hawl-Wadag and Waberi districts.

The second period of IDP camp expansion in the central and north-eastern districts of Yaqshid, Hawl-Wadag, Bondhere and Huriwa between August and October 2011 was the direct reflection of the largely successful AMISOM military offensive in July which forced the retreat of al Shabaab forces from the city on 7 August, thus significantly expanding the areas open to IDPs. Between 22 August and 18 October this initial north-eastern trend accelerated with sharp increases recorded in districts such as

2 The latest available satellite image covering Mogadishu, accessed with the FirstLook Event Service of Digital Globe 2011 3 The five week period between 12 September and 18 October 2011 4 Using a sliding scale of density factors (i.e. average number of shelter structures per area unit (m2)). 5 It is probable that hundreds of IDP shelters are located under trees and roof-overhangs along buildings thus preventing identification in satellite imagery. Also not considered are IDP populations residing within permanent buildings, nor the reported incidents of fake camps for extracting additional aid and funding. Drought Production Date: 28/11/2011 Version 3.0 UNOSAT Activation: DR20110714HOA

To Balad Deyninle To Afgoye Fr,. Ministry of Defense

Al Bakara Shirkole Wardhigley Industrial Village Road North

Stadium Ramadan Emiska Hotel Area Ali Jungale Hodan Hawl-Wadag Kamin Bakara Tawfiq Huriwa Market Jamhuriah Dharkeynley Frm. US Yaqshid Embassy Compound Black Sea Hamar Bacaad Fagah Median Bile Market Hospital

Benadir Taleh Wadajir Hospital Village (Medina) Presidential Palace Villa Bondhere Baidoa Bermuda Shibis District

Sacha S q. Karan

Solene B oulev ard

Fish New Sea Market Port Waberi Abdi-Aziz Hamar Hamar- Shingani Jab-Jab Weye

Data Frame rotated 27 degrees from North IDP Camp Expansion by Date Period (April-Oct. 2011) Mogadishu Int. Airport Map Scale for A4: 1:57,000 IDP Shelter Site Opened between: IDP Shelter Site Opened Primary Road Meters 22 AUG - 18 OCT 2011 Before 15 APRIL 2011 Local / Urban Road 500 250 0 500 1,000 1,500 IDP Shelter Site Opened between Primary zone of The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names Research (UNITAR), providing satellite imagery and UNITAR / UNOSAT 15 APRIL - 22 AUG 2011 IDP camp Expansion and related data shown here are not warranted to be related geographic information, research and analysis to [email protected] error-free nor do they imply official endorsement or UN humanitarian & development agencies & their acceptance by the United Nations. UNOSAT is a implementing partners. Palais des Nations, program of the United Nations Institute for Training and Geneva, Switzerland Satellite Data: QB02 / WV02 Sources: FirstLook, HIU-NextView, EUSI Other Data: USGS, NGA, SWALIM T: +41 22 767 4020 (Operations) Dates: 30/03/11,15/4/11, 28/07/11, 21-22/08/11, IDP Camp Data: UNITAR / UNOSAT Analysis: UNITAR / UNOSAT 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 4,12/09/11,15-18/10/2011 Landcover: UNITAR / UNOSAT Coordinate System: UTM Zone 38N Resolution: 0.6 m/0.5 m Road Data: Google Map Maker Datum: WGS 1984 This work by UNITAR/UNOSAT is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- www.unitar.org/unosat Copyright: DigitalGlobe 2011 Admin Boundaries: OCHA Analysis conducted with ArcGIS v10 ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Yaqshid which experienced a 450% rise with 18 new camps (from 4 to 22 open camp sites); and a 128% increase with 23 new camps in Hawl-Wadag (18 to 41 open camp sites). Although smaller in absolute terms, the five new camp sites opened within Abdi-Azis during this period represented a 500% increase since no IDP camps had been identified in the small, ocean-side district in 2011 before.

Figure 1 - 7 Oct. 2011 early IDP camp formation Figure 2 - 18 Oct. 2011 Camp established Figure 3 - Shelter detection (1,200)

In addition to this general north-eastern IDP settlement trend, there is also a settlement trend in the opposite direction to the south- west, with the formation of several large informal camp sites on once uninhabited empty scrubland of Wadajir (Medina) district. As illustrated in Figures 1-3, an informal camp site composed of over 1,200 individual shelter structures was quickly erected between 7 and 15 October 2011, representing the dynamic speed at which Somalis are moving internally within the greater- Mogadishu environment. Further, there is an additional settlement camp trend along the northern edge of the international airport runway with the recent formation of almost 10 camps with potentially several thousand people in .

4. POSSIBLE IDP CAMP DISPLACEMENT BY TFG/AMISOM FORCES: There are indications that informal IDP shelters erected on an abandoned site in the Hamar Bile neighborhood of Wardhigley district may have been recently displaced or relocated possibly by TFG/AMISOM authorities in order to occupy the complex for official use. In the case below (see Figures 4-5) an informal IDP site composed of less than 50 shelter structures was formed between 22 August and 4 September 2011 on the grounds of a likely abandoned 5 story building.

Between 12 September and 7 October 2011, all of the IDP shelters (including 20 IDP tent shelters likely provided by an aid agency) were removed from the building grounds and a security fence/barrier 2 to 4 meters high was erected along the perimeter of the building compound. It is likely that these IDPs were moved into the much larger IDP site only 150m to the east, which opened during the same period.

Although it is possible that these IDPs moved independently of the apparent occupation and fortification of the building compound by TFG or AMISOM authorities, the short time frame for both the shelter removal, the extensive clean-up of the grounds and the erection of the substantial security barrier suggests that the two events were directly linked and part of a coordinated effort.

Figure 4 - IDP shelters in building compound 12 Sep. 2011 Figure 5 – Security wall erected and IDP shelters removed Shelters circled in red by 7 October 2011

5. IDP SHELTER TRENDS: DECREASING AVERAGE CAMP AREA (m2): As the absolute number of spatially-distinct IDP shelter sites has dramatically risen across the city in 2011, there has been a corresponding trend for the average (mean) size of camps (as measured in m2) to decline. By 22 August 2011, the mean camp size was approximately 9,100m2; however by 18 October 2011 this mean value had fallen to 7,700m2, representing an approximate reduction in 15% in only two months.

This sustained trend of falling mean camp size is significant in so far as it illustrates the tendency of new camps to be disproportionately smaller in relative size than the more formal, long-term camps situated predominately along the main Via Afgooye road through Hodan and Wadajir towards the K4 junction.

6. IDP SITES FORMED ON HEAVILY VEGETATED LANDS & IN AVOIDACNE OF OPEN FIELDS There is an increasing tendency of IDPs to erect new camps on areas that require substantial tree cover / vegetation removal in order to prepare the area for basic shelter construction. As shown in the recent example from (see Figures 6-7), several hundred informal IDP shelters have been quickly erected within an abandoned and heavily overgrown city block. The fact that there exist open fields within close proximity which would require no such effort for tree removal, suggests that such open sites are possibly off-limits because of local ownership disputes or exorbitant demands for rent or other payment. It is also possible that these vegetated sites are being reclaimed by local clans who originally owned the property but had not resided on the land in several years6.

Figure 6 - Overgrown city block 12 Sept. 2011 Figure 7 - Hundreds of Informal Shelters after cleanup 18 Oct.11

7. CONTINUED SHELTER CONVERSION: INFORMAL STRUCTURES TO FORMAL TENTS As noted in earlier reports, there is an ongoing shelter improvement process within most of the largest IDP camp sites located in the districts of Hodan, Dharkeynley and Wadajir (Medina). Illustrated in Figures 8 -9 below, the two large camps on either side of the Via Afgooye road north of K4 junction have received hundreds of standard emergency tents replacing the informal shelters made predominantly from local materials. As on 18 October 2011, it was estimated that although only 57 of the 353 IDP camps appeared to possess emergency tent shelters, these camps in fact represented over 50% of the total camp area within the city, thus illustrating the spatial clustering and focus of international aid agencies on the largest of IDP camps located mostly in the south- west of the city.

Figure 8 - Mixed Formal and Informal Shelters 12 Sept. 2011 Figure 9 - Hundreds of new tent shelters 18 October 2011

6 See for example sections p8-10 on and local businessmen demanding IDPs for rent: http://www.internal- displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpDocuments%29/9430F86E51FB5A08C12574BE002DB8A4/$file/HLP+Somalia+DS+Report+FINAL+Aug08.pdf 8. IDP SHELTER TRENDS: SHORT IDP CAMP FORMATION TIME CYCLE One of the primary challenges in fully documenting the total number and location of informal IDP sites within Mogadishu is the highly dynamic nature of the camp formation and relocation cycle. In several case examples, IDP camps have been formed, closed and then later reopened on the same small plot of land during the course of only a few months, suggesting these sites were functioning as a temporary shelter grounds.

In the case example below (see Figures 10-11), a small camp site with approximately 100 shelters was formed and then closed in only a matter of three weeks, raising the distinct possibility that there have been additional short-term IDP sites that have not been identified in this analysis because the camp lifecycle has occurred between the available satellite imagery dates, effectively leaving no signature of the settlement event to measure. This observation strongly suggests that the movement of IDPs within Mogadishu is even more dynamic and complex than originally observed and there are indications that this rapid internal movement of displaced people has only increased over the course of the last six months.

Figure 10- Informal IDP shelter site as on 12 September 2011 Figure 11 – Same site without IDP shelters as on 7 October 2011

9. CHANGES IN THE LOCATION OF ROADBLOCKS AND CHECKPOINTS A review of roadblocks, traffic barriers and checkpoints between 22 August and 18 October 2011 indicated that in most of the formerly contested districts of Mogadishu, almost all of these security control points have been removed, generally suggesting both improved levels of security and unrestricted road access within the city center. During this same period however, significantly more permanent checkpoints were erected along Industrial Road North between Deyninle and Huriwa districts. It remains unclear to what extent such control points are affecting the internal movements of IDPs and aid agencies.

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This is a preliminary assessment and has not yet been validated in the field. Please send feedback to UNITAR/UNOSAT at the contact information below.

Contact Information: Please send additions / corrections to UNITAR / UNOSAT: [email protected] Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland T: +41 22 767 4020 (UNOSAT Operations) 24/7 hotline: +41 76 487 4998 www.unitar.org/unosat