Champaner-Pavagadh – Managing Conflicts – a Conservation Challenge

Champaner-Pavagadh – Managing conflicts – A conservation challenge

Sonal Mithal Modi Conservation Architect, People for Heritage Concern, Surat

ABSTRACT: The present paper focuses on the experiences gained, methods used and attitudes assumed while formulating a management system for the Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park. It brings out the conflicts which occur when there are several stake holders managing the site; who have good intention but narrow rather limited purview of action and vision; and ponders whether solutions to these conflicts can be prioritised with mutual consent as a strategy for effective conservation management of the site.

1 BACKGROUND then several consecutive settlements have come about on its various plateaus. Each settlement had its own Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park is a highly self sufficient water system making it a unique water- complex heritage site with a 16th century medieval intelligent city. Sultanate capital city buried beneath a thick forest cover and landscape characterised by plateaus, mounds and streams. (Refer Figure 1).Although stripped off its glorious past and since forgotten; it is widely visited by pilgrims from all over the western region of India as it is one of the Shakti Peeths and also an important Jain pilgrimage centre. (Refer Figure 2). Today, with obscure Rajput and Sultanate structures (Refer Figure 3), buried city, temples, myths and legends passed down since generations by word of mouth; Champaner-Pavagadh is really a most illus- trious example of a heritage site with diverse heritage components viz., natural, built, traditional knowledge systems and intangible heritage. It spreads over an area of approximately 14 sq. km Core Zone and 30 sq. km Buffer Zone. (Refer Figure 4). The earliest settlements occurred on the hill dur- Figure 2. Kalikamata temple on the summit. ing the Rajput regime around 9th century and since

Figure 1. Pavagadh hill. Figure 3. Sultanate Remnants – Khajuri Masjid.

175 Figure 4. Quickbird satellite image of the site.

2 PRESENT STATUS OF SITE MANAGEMENT

Champaner-Pavagadh was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2004. This is the only example in Figure 5. Forest destroying the vulnerable heritage. India to have been recognised as a site and not as a city or a group of monuments; and is the only one to have met four out of the six criteria. What is unique about this site is its authentic pre-Mughal Sultanate evidence lying absolutely untouched courtesy the overgrown forest. This authenticity makes it a very significant knowledge resource. Today, the site is being managed by several stake holders who are either owners of some heritage compo- nent or are instrumental in the management of it. They vary in their aims towards the site and although well- intentioned they are frequently tied down by limited purview of action and vision. Hence any step towards an integrated conservation of the site leads to more often than not a status-quo.

Figure 6. Gaben Shah Vav. 3 CONFLICTING AIMS OF STAKE HOLDERS

Forest Department has under its purview a large area the Gaben Shah Vav. (Refer Figure 6). It protects only of the site, mainly the Pavagadh Hill and the buried those buildings that are more than a 100 years of age Sultanate city. The forest act is very powerful and and only the ones in stone! Its law does not allow for has successfully controlled development in the for- protection of significant buildings like Iteri Masjid, est land thereby protecting the authenticity of the site. Rani no Mahal, etc.; simply because they are brick But, at the same time, its obligation of planting fresh structures, in spite of their being important knowledge saplings every year has proved to be a big threat to resource! the archaeological heritage. The roots of the planta- The District Collector and the DDO once spent tions are slowly harming the vulnerable heritage buried enormous money and energy constructing the water below the earth. (Refer Figure 5). The overgrown for- facility at a heritage site. But it happened to fall within est also makes accessibility to most structures very the 300 meter boundary of ASI and had to suffer difficult leading to their subsequent deterioration. demolition even before it started functioning. These ASI protects, out of the identified 114 structures, uncalled-for conflicts and a constant struggle for asser- only a mere 55 and that too in isolation. It has cre- tion of one authority over the other are is not helping ated islands of protected territories within the entire the site, rather they are wasting resources. A system Archaeological Park. Paradoxically enough, it was the is needed which enables co-ordination among various ASI which nominated this place as a site to WH com- government departments. mittee; but when it comes to protection it can not see Gram Panchayat promotes programmes for peo- beyond its 100/300 m absurd irrational law. ple’s development like repairing of pilgrims’ path, To add to that the State Department of Archaeol- creation of tourism oriented business opportunity, etc. ogy has just one monument under its jurisdiction i.e., Recently, Gram Panchayat has constructed a school in

176 Figure 7. Rampant growth of Kalikamata temple Precinct.

the Gaben Shah precinct! Now they are at logger heads with the State Department of Archaeology. Where to develop and how to develop is not known to them! Figure 8. State highway cutting through the Fort Wall. These people don’t know where to seek answers from and also whether they are really responsible for their provision in the most rightful sense. the only solution. (Refer Figure 8). They are oblivious The local Panchayat is taking emergency measures to or are ignorant about proposals of battery operated to reinstate the traditional water system. The will vehicles vying between the visitor centre and Machi to conserve and awareness is there among the local so as relieve parking pressures on the Machi plateau. leaders, but they lack a professional insight. Such ini- The state highway has been proposed to be re-routed tiatives are a big asset for the site. The need is to create to avoid thorough traffic in the site. But the proposals situations for methodical interventions enabling con- at times fail to reach the right target, hurdling effective venience to whoever is concerned and empowered to implementation. take actions. Champaner-Pavagadh is a water-intelligent city, Temple trust like that of Shahji Sawai nu Deru envisaged so in the Rajput times and refined during has a precinct within the Royal Enclosure. It has the Sultanate era. At one point of time, it catered to already developed it as a neat RCC structure having a populace of 50,000 today it is unable to quench a dharamshalas and a new structure over the original mere 5,000 owing to sheer lack of knowledge about the mazar. As it is a private property, the trust has the traditional water system. In spite of recent researches freedom to develop the site as it wishes. In such sit- and local campaigns Irrigation Department wishes to uation it becomes questionable whether a uniformity remain oblivious to such knowledge and is propos- and sympathetic growth is valid at all or not. If it is so, ing a huge subsidiary canal from Narmada canal to there is a lack of system that can ensure a sensitive- be brought in to Wada Talao destroying the heritage responsibility and an effective monitoring mechanism underneath. When there are ways of avoiding destruc- without one body being assertive over the other. tion authorities responsible should take sympathetic The living temples, which are of archaeological attitudes, rising above individual agendas. Perhaps value, are being modified beyond recognition in the in the light of a missing management system, such name of loving care and maintenance. Take for exam- conflicts are bound to occur. ple, Jai Mataji Temple Trust has created fortifications Field owners have been carrying out agricultural and loud RCC platforms for the ‘convenience of the activities for over 200 years now, which have already pilgrims’. (Refer Figure 7). Even the pilgrims are resulted in the loss of important archaeological evi- happy about it. But the cultural value of the precinct dence.They need to irrigate their fields and so creation is gone for a six. But again, conservation profession- of canals, digging, etc. is widespread. Their interest is als have no right to ‘preserve’ the sanctity of this their right. Then the academic conservation becomes place as they understand simply because they are con- weak for management of such a heritage site. Amity vinced about its value for their profession’ssake alone. has to be ensured between these conflicting situations. What is actually needed is a system which discourages NGOs like Heritage Trust have no ownership, but haphazard interventions, and encourages pertinent they have in their kitty ‘concerned and sensitive pro- development strategies resonant of the cultural values fessionals’ and so were entrusted the task of repairing of the place? Malik Sandal ni Vav at Mandvi village. The conserva- PWD has proposed widening of the State highway tion intervention may have been done correctly; it may that passes thru the site and it also seeks to widen the have had flaws too? Who monitors such actions? The road going up to Machi! Now, if the priority is effective funding agency is merely concerned about the immedi- transportation of the people, road widening cannot be ate product-oriented targets set and is blithe about the

177 Figure 11. Champaner village. Figure 9. Malik Sandal Vav before repair work.

Figure 12. Tourists/pilgrims are a big stake holder.

Figure 10. Malik Sandal Vav during repair work. relevance of individual interventions vis-à-vis the over all site. (Refer Figures 9, 10). Because such projects can only be granted to individual professionals, there is a need for a system that safeguards a consistency among all such individual conservation interventions in such a complex site. Residents of the Champaner village who unfortu- nately stay within the Royal Enclosure cannot even get a toilet constructed in their house, because it falls within the ASI protection. (Refer Figure 11). These residents have been staying here long before the enact- Figure 13. Wayside deities enroute to Kalikamata temple. ment of ASI law, yet they have to suffer. It is difficult to ensure hygiene and good life-style to local residents Western railways have an abandoned railway track if ASI laws remain as stringent without any scope for cutting through the forest on the site. This can innova- flexibility. tively be clubbed with the tourism experience, it being Tourism Department is happy having their agen- a fantastic resource. A system has to look at potentials das relegated to mere provision of public conveniences and constraints of such resources lying strewn across when today the site needs educative, interactive, par- the site. ticipatory modes of tourism especially, in the wake of A vast number of pilgrims and tourists visiting the this being an intense pilgrimage site and a potential site make it very susceptible. They are a major source knowledge resource. (Refer Figures 12, 13). granting stable economy to the local residents so key

178 efforts go into pleasing them often overlooking the Bayley, Sir Edward C. 1970. The local Mohammadan Dynas- vulnerability of the site. ties, Gujarat, New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Brown, P. 1996. Indian Architecture – Islamic Period, Bom- bay: D B Taraporewala Sons & Co. Pvt. Ltd. Burgess, J. & Cousen, H. 1975. Architectural Antiquities of 4 REASONS FOR OCCURRENCE OF Northern Gujarat, Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. CONFLICTS Burgess, J. 1994. Muhammadan Architecture of Bharuch, Cambay, Dholka, Champanir, and Mahmudabad in Main conflicts arise: Gujarat, New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Department of Landscape. 2001. Champaner-Pavagadh 1. Due to non availability of complete information Archaeological Park Plan, Urbana Champaign: University regarding various issues to each stake holder. of Illinois. 2. Due to vast amount of cultural resources lying un- Chavan, A. R. 1966. The Flora of Pavagadh, Baroda: Depart- possessed and hence unattended by any agenda of ment of Botany, Faculty of Science, M. S. University. any stake holder. People for Heritage Concern. 2001. Cultural Resource 3. Due to pilgrim/tourist oriented opportunities which Information System – Inventory of Built Heritage of make the site economically self-sustained but also Champaner-Pavagadh, Baroda: Heritage Trust. highly vulnerable. Faridi, Fazlullah L. 1990. Mirat-i-Sikandari – A Study of Medieval History of Gujarat, Gurgaon: Vintage Books. 4. Due to the presence of a living village whose aspi- Modi, Sonal M. 2002. Water Intelligent City, Land- ration of a better life-style can never be overlooked scapes of Water, History, Innovation and Sustainable on any grounds whatsoever. Design, Politechnico di Bari – Facolta di Architet- tura, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ingehneria Civile e dell’Architettura (ICAR), Bari, Regione Puglia, Italy. 5 PROPOSED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Goetz, H. 1949. Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, Volume XI, Issue No. 2. Joshi, G. 1999. Pavagadh Darshan, Ahmedabad: Chiragh Hence a four point agenda has been formulated Printers. which enables management of Information, Cul- Mehta, R. N. 1979. Champaner – An Experiment in Medieval tural Resource, Visitor/Pilgrim, Site or the Physical Archaeology, Baroda: Ajanta Publications. Resource. Mehta, R. N. 1979. Champaner – Ek Adhyayan, Baroda: The Management plan proposed is an attempt at Maharaja Sayajirao University. prioritising actions and at reducing conflicts if not Mendonca, FrancisA. 1981. Chronica do Reyno de Gusarate, doing away with them altogether. Govt of Gujarat, with Ed., Misra S. C. & Mathew K. S., Department of History, the constant persuasive efforts of Heritage Trust, has Faculty of Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda. recently instituted a legal authority with such inten- Modi, S. 2004. Impressions of a Forgotten City – Archi- tectural Documentation of Champaner-Pavagadh,New tions. But it is still a long way before various stake Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India & Heritage Trust holders open up their constricted vision and co-operate Baroda. towards a peaceful co-existence. Convenient misinter- Misra, S. C.1985. Tarikh-i-Mahmus Shahi, Baroda: Depart- pretations of the authority by lazy officials are leading ment of History, Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayaji Rao to several bottlenecks in the development procedures, University of Baroda. yet all efforts are being made to ensure a continued Patel, G. D. 1972. Gazetteer of India – Panchmahals District, collaborative effort between Panchayat, government Gujarat Ahmedabad: Government Publications Depot. bodies and professionals. Sandesara, B. J. 1973. Translation of Gangadhar Prani- tam, Gangdas Pratapvilasa Natkam,A Historical Sanskrit Play, Composed 1449, Baroda: Oriental Institute. Thakur, N. 1987. Champaner- draftAction Plan for Integrated 6 CONCLUDING REMARK Conservation, Baroda: Heritage Trust. Thakur, N. 2000. Note on the legal Status of Champaner, It is indispensable that Conservation is inte- Unpublished. gral to an Urban Planning Process enabling a Thakur, N. 2000. Participatory Conservation Collaborative: Progress-Oriented-Approach because… Heritage is A Regeneration Programme for Champaner-Pavagadh, living… ageing… and… it wants to let fade away… to Unpublished. Thakur, N. 2000. Archaeological Park as a tool for Inte- give way to a people’s right to human living grated Protecting Heritage Management with Planning conditions. Process: The case of the deserted 15th century capital site, Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat, Goa. Tripathi, K. 1971. Pravasdham Pavagadh; Baroda: Diamond BIBLIOGRAPHY Publication. Watson, J. W.1877. The Indian Antiquary, A Journal of Alfieri, Bianca M. 2000. Islamic Architecture of the Indian Oriental Research, Vol. VI. Subcontinent, Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd.

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