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Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics
ECONOMIC REPORT ER83-4 JUNE 1983 THE TANKS OF SOUTH INDIA (A POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE EXPANSION IN IRRIGATION) K, PALANISAMI AND K. WILLIAM EASTER Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics University of Minnesota Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Home Economics St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page List of Tables iv List of Figures vi Glossary vii Preface ix 1 INTRODUCTION The Importance of Tank Irrigation 10 Study Plan 11 2 TANK IRRIGATION IN TAMIL NADU 13 Classification of Tanks 14 Origin 15 Tank Restoration Scheme 17 Operation and Maintenance 18 3 REVIEW OF PROBLEMS IN TANK IRRIGATION 25 Summary 32 4 IRRIGATION IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT 34 Climate and Rainfall 37 Irrigation 37 Tanks 38 Rivers and Streams 39 Canals 39 Wells 40 Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP) 40 Soil Conditions 40 ii Chapter Page Land Utilization Pattern 42 Cropping Pattern 43 Agricultural Labor 44 Summary 44 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEN TANK SAMPLE 45 Scale and Type of Tanks 48 Characteristics of the Farms 51 Water Supply and Distribution 53 Water Supply and Management 59 Costs of Paddy Cultivation 71 Tank Water Supply 73 Encroachment 75 Tank type 77 Sluices 77 Water user organization 81 Channel structures 81 Fish Production 82 6 IMPACT ON PRODUCTION OF VARYING WATER CONDITIONS 84 Production Function Model 84 Empirical Model 85 Results 90 Dummy Variables 96 Simultaneous Equation Model 97 iii Chapter Page Results 101 Comparison of Models 103 Summary 106 7 ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS TO IMPROVE TANK IRRIGATION 107 Channel Lining 107 Community -
International Journal for Scientific Research & Development
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 10, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Design and Development of a New Minor Irrigation Tank (A Case Study over Proposed Irrigation Tank) Shashank C. Bangi Assistant Professor KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi Abstract— The minor irrigation tank plays a very important minor irrigation scheme and trying to bring more of drought rule in irrigation as well as local ecosystem in the arid and area under irrigation facilities. The District’s main sources semi arid regions of south India. Tank irrigation is of irrigation are wells, tanks, small, medium and large considered as one of the ancient irrigation system. Since the reservoirs, gravity canals by diversion of water through south Indian tanks are century years old and not being used inundation, canals, rivers, etc. Major, medium and minor due to inadequate rainfall, silt deposition, improper irrigation systems have been tried, but in view of the maintenance of tank components. The tank irrigation system growing disadvantages of large projects, the emphasis is follows a declining trend so that proper utilization of slowly shifting towards the minor irrigation. existing old tanks has to be done by using them as a The Muchkandi tank was constructed to store the irrigation land. The main objectives of this project is to water. But due to heavy silt deposition, live storage capacity irrigate Cultural Command Area (CCA) of about 508.5033 of tank has been reduced. So the new tank project is being ha and the silted area of existing old tank and also to proposed. -
Transaction Cost in Irrigation Tank Management: an Institutional Economic Analysis Ravi, S.C.*, K.B
Economic Affairs, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 785-790, December 2018 DOI: 10.30954/0424-2513.4.2018.1 ©2018 New Delhi Publishers. All rights reserved Transaction Cost in Irrigation Tank Management: An Institutional Economic Analysis Ravi, S.C.*, K.B. Umesh and P.S. Srikantha Murthy Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Irrigation tanks formed the lifeline of village economy. The Government of Karnataka amended its Irrigation Act in 1965 and Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) was brought under the domain of Cooperative Act and Water Users Cooperatives were formed to managed and operate the tanks. The present study was undertaken to assess the transaction cost in irrigation tank management in central dry zone of Karnataka. Two tanks Bukkarayanakere (farmers managed) and Ayyanakere (Minor Irrigation Department managed) were considered for the study. The results revealed that, total transaction cost incurred was high in Minor Irrigation Department managed tank or defunct water users association (` 1,06,085 per year) than farmers managed tank or active water users association (` 61,480 per year). This is because of free riding problem that prevailed in the Minor Irrigation Department managed tank command. Educating the farmers regarding the benefits of collective action is necessary to reduce the transaction cost. Keywords: Transaction cost, irrigation tanks, collective action, free riding, water users association Irrigation tanks formed the lifeline of the rural paradigm shifts in irrigation management from communities in providing irrigation to crops and state management to Water Users Association local ecosystem in South India (Gandhiraj, 2007). -
District Census Handbook, Panch Mahals, Part X-C-II, Series-5
CENSUS 1971 PART X-C-U (with oft' Print. of Part X-C-J) ANALYTICAL REPORT ON CENSUS AND RELATED STATISTICS SERIES-S SOCIO-ECONOMIC GUJARAT & CULTURAL TABLES (RURAL AREAS) AND HOUSING TABLES DISTRICT PANCH MAHALS CENSUS DISTRICT HANDBOOK c. C. DOCTOR of the Indian Administrative Service Director of Census Operatlona Gujarat CENSUS OF INDIA, 1971 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Census of India 1971-Serics-S-Gujarat is being published in the following·Patte:: Central GolemmeDt Publicationa Subject covered I-A General R~port .I..;.{J Detailed EADalysis of the Demographic, Social, Cultural and Migration Patterns I-C SUbsidiary Tables II-A General Population Tables (, A' Series) II-B Economic Tables ('B' Series) Il-C(i) Distribution of Population, Mother Tongue and Religion, SCheduled GMtes:4c Scheduled Tribes II-C (Ii) Other Social & Cultural Tables and Fertility Tables, Tables on Household CvIL- . position, Single 'Year A'ge, Marital Status, Educational Levels, Scheduled Castes '& Scheduted !!'tlbes, etc., Bilingualism. III Establishments Report and Tables (fE' Series) IV-A' Housing Report and Housing Subsidiary Tables IV-B, HousiQg Tables, . V Special Tables and Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes VI-A Town Directory VI-B Special Survey Report on Selected Towns VI-C Survey Report on Selected Villages VII Special Report on Graduate and Technical Personnel VlII-A Administration Report-Enumeration } For ffic·a) s onl VIII-B AdmInIstratIon·· . Report- T a bu I·abon 0 1 ue y IX Census Atlas State Government PublicatioDs DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK X-A T.own and Village Directory X-B Village and Townwise Primary Census Abstract X-C-I Departmental Statistics and Full Count Census Tables X-O-U Analytical Report on Census and Related Statistics, Socio Economic and Cultural Tables (Rural Areas) and Housing Tables X..!C-II (Supplement) {Jrban _Sample Tables CONTENTS PAGES , 'AEFACB i-ii I ANALYTICAL REPORT ON"CENSUS A-ND'RELATED, -stATISTICS A. -
Rethinking Tank Rehabilitation
Issue 7 IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program Putting research knowledge into action Rethinking Tank Rehabilitation Before renovating an old irrigation tank, take a closer look. You will see that in its current state of disrepair, it provides a valuable set of services to the community, which extend beyond irrigation. The only successful tank rehabilitation strategy is one that looks at all the current socio-ecological activities and their values. Not just irrigation. Rethinking Tank Rehabilitation Issues in restoring old tanks to their original state in irrigation structure Approaching the rehabilitation of the 50-100 year-old irrigation tanks—spread across Rajasthan, South Bihar, Madya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and other South Asian locations such as Sri Lanka—solely from an irrigation perspective, runs the risk of depriving communities of valuable socio-ecological services and functions that these structures provide today. These tanks may have become ‘inefficient’ in their original function of providing flow irrigation, but as they have degraded over time, they have evolved into valuable systems that support people’s livelihoods in a number of ways. In addition to storing water for crop irrigation, tanks provide services such as recharge of groundwater used by adjacent communities, fertile silted soil that allows cultivation of additional crops, fishing and aquaculture, water for raising livestock, and sand and soil used by small industries. So, to define tank rehabilitation as ‘returning tanks to tanks (at high cost) by desilting the tank-beds or their original state as irrigation structures’ runs the risk raising the bunds, repairing the outlets and lining of increasing poverty and decreasing the livelihood the canals leading into them. -
ANCIENT INDIA All Bights Reserved ANCIENT INDIA
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Date ANCIENT INDIA All Bights reserved ANCIENT INDIA BY S. KRISHNASWAMI AIYANGAE, M.A. Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Oreal Britain and Ireland Fellow of the Roijal Bistorical Society, London. Member ol the Board of Studies, and Examiner in History and Economics. Vnirersity of Madras Mysore Education Serria: WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY VINCENT A. SMITH, M.A., I.C.S. (retired) ' Author of the ' Early History of India LONDON: LUZAC & Co., IC great kussell isteeet MADEAS: S.P.C.K. DEPOSITORY, VEPBEY 1911 1)5 4-04- /\fl 6 ^,©XKg^ PRINTED AT THE :. PKESS, VEPBKY, MADRAS 1911 "^QXYS^ ) INSCRIBED TO THE :ME:M0RY OP JOHN WEIE [Inspector-General op Education in JIybore] ( November 1, 1909—July 31, 1911 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022968840 PEEFACE The first chapter deals with the early portion of Indian History, and so the title ' Ancient India ' has been given to the book. The other chapters deal with a variety ot subjects, and are based on lectures given on different occa- sions. One was originally prepared as my thesis for the M.A. Degree Examination of the University of Madras. The favourable reception given to my early work by historical and oriental scholars encouraged me to put my researches into a more permanent form, which a liberal grant from the Madras School Book and Literature Society has enabled me to do. -
Decline of Tank Irrigation Institutions in South India - a Case of Tamil Nadu
National Seminr on Water & Culture, Hampi,Bellary Dist TITLE:DECLINE OF TANK IRRIGATION INSTITUTIONS IN SOUTH INDIA - A CASE OF TAMIL NADU V.Gandhiraj Research Scholar, Madras Institute of Development Studies No. 79, Second Main Road, Gandhi Nagar, Adyar, Chennai-600 020 Tamil Nadu Phone: 044-24412589,Fax 022-24910872 email: [email protected] Abstract: The tanks occupy vital role in the irrigation as well as local ecosystem in the semi-arid and regions of South India. Meanwhile, tank provides multiple uses like source of drinking water for uncountable rural and urban communities and livestock, fish culture, recharge of ground water, control of floods etc. However, after the independence the significant source of tank irrigation has drastically decreased due to several socio-economic and institutional factors, particularly the changes in land ownership pattern, caste, class configuration and importance given to canal systems and over exploitation of ground water. At the same time today there is alarm that these valuable and extensive resources are in a state of collapse, contributing to increased drought vulnerability in some of the poorest districts in the country. The main motivation of this paper is to examine the importance of tank irrigation in South India particularly in case of Tamil Nadu and tries to find out why tank irrigation failed in the reign and how to improve this precious irrigation system. The paper also makes an effort to recommend policy guideline measures to revive tank irrigation in south India. The study is based on a critical reading of tank irrigation literature and available secondary data. DECLINE OF TANK IRRIGATION INSTITUTIONS IN SOUTH INDIA - A CASE OF TAMIL NADU Full paper Tank irrigation is one of the oldest and significant sources of irrigation in India and is particularly in south India (Palanisamy, 1998). -
Acknowledgements References Indian Vulture Gyps Indicus
154 Indian BIRDS VOL. 14 NO. 5 (PUBL. 21 NOVEMBER 2018) records of this bunting from the Andaman Islands. Though this been reported from Saurashtra, and the southern and northern species has a wider distribution in eastern India (Rasmussen & regions; the lowest populations have been reported from central Anderton 2012), the species is undergoing a global decline, and Gujarat, followed by the Kachchh region (Kamboj et al. 2016). is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ by the IUCN Red List of In a census conducted in 2016 census, GEER Foundation, in Threatened Species (BirdLife International 2017). Its continued collaboration with Gujarat State Forest Department, estimated presence here boosts the conservation potential of the wetlands that there were only 18 individuals of the Indian Vulture surviving of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. in central Gujarat, out of which nine were reported from Panchmahal District. Here we report the successful breeding of Acknowledgements an Indian Vulture in Panchmahal District. Pavagadh Hills (22.35°N, 73.49°E) are located on the The authors thank the Director, Zoological Survey of India, for his encouragement and southern fringe of Panchmahal District. The hill is part of the the support to undertake the survey in different parts Andaman and Nicobar Islands. GK would like to thank Praveen J., A. Kalaimani and Anukul Nath, for providing literature Vindhyachal Range. It is the highest point of central Gujarat (800 and giving his time to help us prepare the manuscript. GK thanks Rofikul Islam for m asl). It is covered with a dry deciduous forest, chiefly comprising assistance in confirmation of the Yellow-breasted Bunting. -
Rehabilitation and Management of Tanks in India: a Study of Select States
Rehabilitation and Management of Tanks in India: A Study of Select States Tanks have been the main source of irrigation in many parts of India for centuries. With extraordinary engineering, managerial, and social skills, an extensive system of rainwater harvesting structures comprising tanks and ponds had been built and maintained by the people. However, after independence, there was a decline in tanks-both in their relative importance vis-à-vis other modes of irrigation, as well as decline in the area irrigated by them, attributable to silting, encroachments, interruptions in catchment, and poor maintenance. During the past two decades, external donor agencies, state governments, and nongovernment organizations have actively taken up rehabilitation of tanks. The study examines livelihood options under different scenarios and gender-related issues in 60 rehabilitated tanks under different models in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Pondicherry, and Orissa. A comparative analysis of tank institutions is made and a protocol for tank rehabilitation is developed with lessons learned from the case studies, detailing: • hydrological endowment and selection of tanks for rehabilitation; REHABILITATION • institutional framework; inIndia: A Study of Select States Rehabilitation and Management ofTanks • planning rehabilitation components; • investment criteria and financial allocations; • execution of work by water users' associations and self-help groups; • monitoring and evaluation; and training and capacity building. AND MANAGEMENT The policy changes and legal support required to implement the protocol are also elaborated on. This report concludes that taking equity issues into consideration, improvement of livelihood for the rural community by increasing the gross tank product needs be the objective of future tank rehabilitation and rejuvenation projects. -
Tanks in Eastern India : a Study in Exploration
TANKS IN EASTERN INDIA : A STUDY IN EXPLORATION NIRANJAN PANT R.K. VERMA IWMI-Tata Policy Research Program Hyderabad and Centre for Development Studies Lucknow OCTOBER 2010 This Study was supported under the IWMI Tata Water Policy Research Program (ITP) - 2004-2006 July 2010 © International Water Management Institute 2010 IWMI - Tata Water Policy Research Program 401/5, C/o ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324 Andhra Pradesh http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/iwmi-tata/default.aspx Disclaimer Views expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the financial sponsors of this book. Citation Pant, N.; Verma, R. K. 2010. Tanks in Eastern India: a study in exploration. Hyderabad, India: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-TATA Water Policy Research Program; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: Centre for Development Studies. 232p. doi:10.5337/2010.228 Keywords Tanks / tank irrigation / fisheries / surveys / irrigated sites / ethnic groups / case studies / water market / colonialism / policy / Bihar / Jharkhand / West Bengal / Orissa / India ISBN No. 978-92-9090-731-2 Printed in Hyderabad, India Design, Typeset & Printed by Dhruti Design, Secunderabad II About the authors Niranjan Pant is Director, Centre for Development Studies, Lucknow since 1988. He has been doing research in the field of irrigation management since 1975. Initially he was associated with two research institutes, A. N.Sinha, Patna and Giri Institute, Lucknow. In addition, he has worked as a consultant/advisor to National and International organizations such as Ford Foundation, USAID, Planning Commission of India and TAHAL Consultants and the World Bank, Danish, Dutch, SIDA, and NORAD missions. -
Puri in Orissa, During 12Th to 15Th Century on the Basis of Epigraphical Records
Pratnatattva Vol. 23; June 2017 Journal of the Department of Archaeology Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka Bangladesh ISSN 1560-7593 Pratnatattva Vol. 23; June 2017 Editorial Board Sufi Mostafizur Rahman Executive Editor Ashit Boran Paul Jayanta Singh Roy Mokammal Hossain Bhuiyan Bulbul Ahmed Shikder Mohammad Zulkarnine Pratnatattva is published annually in June. It publishes original research articles, review articles, book reviews, short notes, seminar and conference news. The main objective of this journal is to promote researches in the field of Archaeology, Art History, Museology and related relevant topics which may contribute to the understanding and interpretation of the dynamic and varied interconnections among past, people and present. This journal is absolutely academic and bilingual. One can write and express his/her views either in Bangla (with a summary in English) or in English (with a summary in Bangla). Contribution to this Journal should be sent to Executive Editor, Pratnatattva, Journal of the Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka ([email protected]). Contributors should strictly follow the guidelines printed in the Journal or can ask for the copy of guideline from the Executive Editor. The Journal is distributed from the Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka – 1342. Cover Concept : Jayanta Singh Roy Front Cover : Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina deities Publisher : Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Phone Numbers: 880-2-7791045-51, ext. 1326 Email: [email protected] Printers : Panir Printers, Dhaka Price : 500 BDT/ 10 USD © : Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. EDITORIAL In this volume (Vol. 23) of Pratnatattva contains articles across diverse topics. -
Diversity and Ecology of Spiders in Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park a World Heritage Site in Gujarat
DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF SPIDERS IN CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK A WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN GUJARAT CONCISE SUMMARY OF Ph.D. THESIS DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA VADODARA-390002 AUGUST, 2019 ARCHANA YADAV Table of Contents Introduction………………………. ................................................................ 4 Review of literature ......................................................................................... 8 Materials and methods ..................................................................................... 9 Results………… ............................................................................................12 Discussion………. .........................................................................................25 Conclusion……. ............................................................................................26 References……… ..........................................................................................28 List of Figures Figure 1 Crossopriza lyoni carrying their eggs ................................................................ 7 Figure 2 Eye arrangement of typical spider ........................................................................ 7 Figure 3 Enlarged view of female epigynum ...................................................................... 7 Figure 4 Pavagadh............................................................................................................. 11 Figure 5 Pitfall