Louis XVI and the French Revolution, 1789–1792 Ambrogio A

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10 August 1792 Bertrand de Moleville, A.-F., 23, 85, 97, Fall of the French Monarchy, 1, 7, 36, 98, 104 44, 70, 78, 99, 110, 127, 131, 197, Bessières, Jean Baptiste, Marshal of 209, 222 France, 130 18 April 1791 Blin de Sainmore, 164 Royal Family stopped from Travelling Boisgelin, Jean de Dieu-Raymond de to St. Cloud, 79, 95, 103 Cucé de, Archbishop of Aix, 201 20 June 1792 Bolheim, Ferdinand von Hompesch zu, Invasion of the Château de Tuileries, 190 99, 131 Bonal, François de, Bishop of Clermont, 215 Abancourt, Jean Villemain d’, 43 Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne, Bishop of Abbé Grégoire, Henri, 56, 57 Meaux, 9, 195 Abbeys in Commendam, 200 Bouche, François Charles, 214 Absolutism, 15, 224 Bouillé, François Claude Amour Marquis Académie des Beaux-Arts, 31 de, 81 Affry, Louis Auguste Augustin Comte d’, Bourbon Restoration, 18, 19, 36, 158, 123, 124, 125, 126 180, 191 Aguesseau, Henri-Cardin-Jean-Baptiste, Breteuil, Louis Charles Auguste le Marquis d’, 180 Tonnelier, baron de, 141, 142, 143, Ambassadeurs de Famille, 48 182, 184 American War of Independence, 161, British Civil List, 57, 58 173, 184 Bronod de la Haye, François Gabriel, 42, Ardillier, Louis Jean-Baptiste, 142 43, 141 Armes de Récompense Nationale, 189 Burke, Peter, 46 Armoire de fer, 2, 22, 61, 78, 80, 103, 214, 216 Cabinet des Titres, 22, 138, 141, 143, 153, Assembly of Notables in 1787, 221 155, 158 proposed abolition, 142 Bachmann, Karl Josef von, 120, 123, Cabinets des Medailles, 68 124, 131 Caccia, Antonio, Secret agent for Duke Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 30, 32 of Modena, 122 Baker, Keith Michael, 14 Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 14, 16, Barentin, Charles Louis François de 182, 183 Paule de, Keeper of the Seals, 40 Caminade des Castres, 164 Barère, Bertrand, 69 Camus, Armand-Gaston, 68, 186, 188 Barnave, Antoine-Pierre-Joseph-Marie, Capello, Antonio Chevalier, Ambassador 83, 94, 127 of Venice, 88 Basire, Claude, 129, 176 Carteaux, Jean-François, 80, 82 Bastille Cent Suisses, 39, 92, 98, 118, 120, 187, Storming of, 44, 78, 87, 130, 204, 205, 205, 207 207 Cercle Social, 70, 213

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Index 249

Chabot, François, 1, 2 Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope Champ de Mars, 122 Earl of, 47 Champcenetz, Louis René Quentin de Chevalier, Jacques, 221 Richebourg, Marquis de, 151 Cincinnati, Society of, 161 Charles II of Great Britain, 57 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 7, 8, Charles III, King of Spain, 167, 220 68, 94, 193, 207, 212, 213, 215, 220, Charles IV, King of Spain, 189 223 Charles X, 20, 40, 60, 67, 141, 220 Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas, comte de, Château de Marly, 118, 204 204 Petits Soupers, 48 Clovis, 193 Château de Meudon, 39 Club Helvétique, 124 Château de Saint-Cloud, 79, 92, 93, 94, Collège Louis-le-Grand, 25 95, 215 Comédie Francaise, 51 Bizarre incident, 93 Comité de Surveillance of the Tuileries Château de Tuileries district, 1, 2 Armoire de Fer. see also Armoire de Fer Comtesse de Provence, Marie-Joséphine- Arrival of Royal Family, 44 Louise de Savoie, 67, 210 Centre of Diplomatic activity, 99 Condé, Louis Henri Joseph, Prince de, Constitutional Court, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 185 12, 21, 23, 35, 60, 61, 71, 78, 85, 86, Condorcet, Nicolas Marquis de, 70, 97 91, 98, 99, 113 Conseil de Conscience, 201 Council Meetings, 91, 92, 112 Constitution of 1791, 10, 70, 80, 126, Court Mourning, 217 209, 224 Diplomatic Receptions, 89 Constitutional Church, 56, 219 Droits d’entrées, 103, 104, 105 Constitutional Guard, 126, 127, 128, Entry tickets, 100, 101, 102 129, 130, 131 Flight to Varennes, 84 Uniforms, 127 Gardens, 125 Conti, Louis François Joseph, Prince de, Project to construction a National 185 Palace, 69 Convent of Val de Grâce, 204, 211 Royal Chapel, 206, 207, 209, 220 Cordeliers Convent, Paris, 167, 178 Unprepared to receive Louis XVI in Cordon, Amédée Sallier de la Tour, October 1789, 89 marquis de, Piedmontese Château de Versailles Ambassador, 91, 109 Courtiers, 53 Corpus Christi Procession, 92, 202, 203, Diplomatic Functions, 48 218 Disdain for Military Uniform, 117 Cossé Brissac, Louis Hercule Timoléon Divertissements, 50 duc de, 78, 98, 120, 128, 129, 207 Droits d’entrée, 100 Council of Trent, 195 Expenditure, 59 Cour de Cassation, 43 Garde Meuble de la Couronne, 51 Court Etiquette, 7, 18, 47, 84, 87, 204, Grande Écurie, 41, 43, 148 207, 224 Hôtel des Menus Plaisirs, 29, 49 Foreign, 49 Legacy, 18 Court Historians and the French Ministries and Other Institutions, 6 Revolution, 21 Myth of easy access, 100 Couthon, Georges Auguste, 112 Royal Chapel, 197, 199 Château de Vincennes, 94, 95 Dauphin, Louis-Charles, Louis XVII, Chateaubriand, François-René, vicomte 121, 122 de, 148, 149, 150 Dauphin, Louis-Joseph-Xavier-François, Châteauvieux Regiment, 124, 158 39, 153, 203, 204, 217 Chaussinand-Nogaret, Guy, 135 David, Jacques Louis, Painter, 222 Chérin, Bernard, 138, 140, 141 Day of Daggers, 94 Chérin, Louis-Nicolas-Hyacinthe, 141, Declaration of the Rights of Man, 134 142, 146, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, Delacroix, Eugène, 32 158, 159 Desmoulins, Camille, 13, 111, 217

250 Index

Dillon, Arthur Richard, Archbishop of Fête de la Federation, 7, 92, 121, 204, Narbonne, 213 207 Diplomatic Corps Feuillants, 23, 126 Presence in Paris, 47 Feuillants of Rue St. Honoré, 206, 207 Diplomatic Protocol, 48, 86 Feuillet de Conches, Félix, 10, 170 Diplomats in Paris, 22, 47, 48, 49, 87, 89, Forgeries Controvesy, 11 90, 96, 168 Fitzgerald, Lord Robert Stephen, 90 Enntertained by the Queen, 90 Flanders’ Regiment, 119 Exodus in 1791, 49 Fouché, Joseph, 36 Dorset, John Frederick Sackville, Third Francis I of Austria, 218 Duke of, 90 Francis Willis Doyle, William, 21, 135 George III’s Physician, 79, 80, 82 Dreux Brézé, Scipion Marquis de, 30, 31 François I, 36 Dreux-Brézé, Henri-Évrard Marquis de, Frederick II of Prussia, 6, 223 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 52, 152, 211 Gallican Church, 20 Dreux-Brézé, Joachim Marquis de, 35 Gardes du Corps, 51, 118, 119, 126, 130, Droits Commensaux, 37 132, 180 Duchy of Modena, 47 Supposed Orgy at Versailles, 119 Dugnani, Antonio, Archbishop Gardes Français, 119 of Rhodes, Papal Nuncio to Gardes Suisses, 118, 120, 123, 124, 125, Paris, 88 126, 131, 171 Duindam, Jeroen, 17 Gaultier de Biauzat, Jean-François, 68 Dulaure, Jacques-Antoine, 151 Geertz, Clifford, 144 Duplessis, Joseph-Siffred, 179 Généalogiste des Ordres du Roi, 138 Duport, Adrien, 65 Gensonné, Armand, 112 Duport-Dutertre, Marguerite-Louis- George III, of the United Kingdom, 58, François, 111 79, 80, 162, 223 Georgel, Jean-François, abbé, 219 Egypt, French Invasion of, 190 Giolitti, Giovanni, 10 El Escorial, 196 Girault de Coursac, Pierrette, 23, 24, 85 Elias, Norbert, 16 Giroust, François, 179, 219 émigrés, 4, 8, 10, 12, 61, 95, 97, 184, 190 Gluck, Christoph Willibald Ritter von, 96 English Glorious Revolution, 57, 62 Gobelins factory, 120 Ercole III, Duke of Modena, 184 Gossec, François-Joseph, 190, 204, 219 Estaing, Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Grand Aumônerie, 22, 66, 100, 172, 192, Hector, comte d’, 184, 186 196, 197, 198, 201, 203, 209 Estates General, 7, 15, 39, 40, 42, 49, 52, Costs, 199 87, 135, 152, 203 Grand Aumônier, 170, 196, 200, 201, 205, Elections, 72 206, 213, 214, 216, 220 Heralds of Arms, 42 Grand Couvert, 90, 106, 109, 210 Opening Session, 43, 52, 59, 152, 202 Costs, 109 Séance Royale, 29, 30, 31, 34, 52, 53, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 95 203 Grand Master of Ceremonies, 21, 30, 35, Tennis Court Oath, 29 38, 106 Uniform, 40 Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, Exempt des Gardes du Corps faisant le 91 Service des Cérémonies, 52 Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste, 119, 215, 219 Fauchet, Claude, abbé, 213 Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma, 91, 168, Hardman, John, 4 169 Havre-Cröy, Louise de, Duchesse de Ferdinand IV, King of Naples, 189 Tourzel Fernán Núñez, Carlos José Gutiérrez Governess of Enfants de France, 23, 85 de los Ríos y Rohan-Chabot, conde Haydn, Joseph, 219 de, 90 Hébert, Jacques René, 105, 106, 109

Index 251

Henri de Bourbon, Comte de Chambord, Lambesc, Charles Eugène de Lorraine, 223 Prince de, 39, 43 Henri III, 38, 47, 177, 187 Laporte, Arnaud de, 77, 78, 79, 101, 103, Henri IV, 122, 191 104, 109 Heraldic Chamber, 142 Latour-Maubourg, Marie Charles César Heralds, 41, 43, 46 Florimond de Faÿ, comte de, 83 Hesse, Nicolas Auguste, 32 Le Chapelier Law, 188 Hézecques, Félix comte d’, 79 Le Chapelier, Isaac René Guy, 65 Honneurs de la Cour, 35, 66, 135, 136, Lebrun, Charles-François duc de 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, Plaisance, 66, 67 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, Leeds, Francis Godolphin Osborne, 156 Fifth Duke of, 90 End of Court presentations, 156 Lefebvre, Georges, 202 Hozier, Ambroise-Louis d’, 94 Legion of Honour, 191 Hozier, d’, Family of Genealogists, 138, Legislative Assembly 1791–1792, 22, 23, 155 46, 70, 97, 131, 218 Hunt, Lynn, 7, 129 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 217 Livre rouge, 66, 214 Institution du Mérite Militaire, 169, 170, Louis Philippe d’Orléans, 20, 31 176, 227 Louis XIII, 211 Intendant de la Liste Civile, 77 Louis XIV, 91, 103, 137, 145, 163, 171, Introducteur des Ambassadeurs, 48, 49 172, 211, 220, 223, 224 Louis XV, 2, 15, 84, 137, 139, 146, 167, Jacobin Club, 97, 99, 104, 130 170, 178, 192, 199, 203 Jaurès, Jean, 12 Louis XVI Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 6, 223 4 February 1790 Speech, 65, 110, 133, Journalists 185 Influence on Public Opinion,9 , 23, 93, Accession, 50 96, 101, 112, 188, 215 Attends military reviews, 122 Juigné, Antoine Éléonor Léon Leclerc de, Coronation at Rheims, 25, 165, 184, Archbishop of Paris, 203, 213 205, 216, 219, 221 Day of Daggers, 95 Karamzin, Nicholaj, 185, 217 Dining Rituals, 110 King of Arms of all France Dress, 81, 110 Montjoie Saint-Denis, 41, 42 Education, 4 Knights of Malta, 155, 166, 168, 169, État de Représentation, 15 188, 190 Failure to use patronage, 181 Flight to Varennes, 8, 10, 12, 23, 35, La Fare, Anne Louis Henri de, Bishop of 70, 80, 81, 83, 84, 95, 96, 98, 109, Nancy, 203 113, 119, 122, 126, 158, 175, 176, La Marck, Auguste Marie Raymond, 188, 189, 209, 215, 218 Prince d’Arenberg, Comte de, 10, Fury over National Guard Uniform, 121 93, 157 Insulted in his Chapel, 209 La Rochefoucauld, Dominique de La, Le Breton incident, 97 Cardinal, 201 Lever and Coucher, 106 La Rochefoucauld, Louis Alexandre, duc Liste Civile, 1 de, 156 Meets oldest man in France, 157 La Tour du Pin Gouvernet, Jean-Frédéric Ministerial Politics, 14, 24 de, 119 Offers to melt down his silver, 64 La Tour du Pin, Lucy Dillon, Marquise Passion for Hunting, 83, 148, 149, 150 de, 148, 149, 150 Pedilavium, 210 Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier Marquis Portrayed as premier mandataire or de, 94, 95, 104, 105, 120, 121, 156, fonctionnaire de l’état, 9, 46, 68, 128 157, 173 Positive newspaper reports, 133 Lally-Tollendal, Thomas Arthur, comte Question of the Deux Battants, 111–3, de, 62, 63 114

252 Index

Louis XVI (cont.) Marx, Karl, 12 Receives gifts of Falcons, 169 Marxian Interpretation of the French Religious Devotions, 206 Revolution, 13 Religious devotions replace passion for Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux, Hunting, 206 comte de, 160 Retains Royal Palaces in August 1790, Maury, Jean-Sifrein, abbé, 213 67 McManners, John, 192, 199 Revisionist Interpretation, 4 Mercier, Louis Sebastien, 58, 123 Rex Christianissimus, 193 Mercy-Argenteau, Florimond-Claude, Ritual of the royal toilette after the comte de, Imperial Ambassador, 87 flight to Varennes, 84 Mesdames Tantes du Roi, 60, 94, 210 Shyness, 6 Michelet, Jules, 12, 84 Stops Hunting, 91, 153 Ministry of the Hundred Hours, 78 Varennes Declaration, 78, 215 Mique, Richard, 179 Youth, 166 Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti Louis XVIII, 19, 60, 67, 133, 141, 167, Comte de, 29, 30, 31, 32, 52, 53, 64, 190, 210, 220 93, 110, 133, 156 Escapes to the Austrian Netherlands, 67 Monarchiens, 8, 62, 73 Louis-Philippe d’Orléans, 31, 56 Montbarey, Marie Leonor de St.Mauris‚ Gastronomic Weaknesses, 109 Prince de, 160, 172 Lubersac, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph de, Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Bishop of Chartres, 71 Secondat, baron de La Brède et de, 58, 128 Madame Campan, 23, 85, 209 Montesquiou-Fézensac, Anne-Pierre, Madame de Pompadour, 139, 147 Marquis de, 64 Madame du Barry, 139 Montmorency-Laval, Louis-Joseph Madame Elisabeth, 1, 60, 83, 100, 156, Cardinal de, 66, 200, 201, 205, 207, 210 210, 211, 213, 214, 216, 220 Madame Sophie, 71 Montmorin de Saint Herem, Armand Maillardoz, Jean Frédéric Roch Marquis Marc, comte de, 88, 184 de, 123 Mouchy, Philippe de Noailles, duc de, Malesherbes, Guillaume-Chrétien de 15, 104, 105, 121 Lamoignon de, 1 Mounier, Jean-Joseph, 62, 63, 204 Malouet, Pierre-Victor, 188 Murat, Joachim, King of Naples, 130 Mansel, Philip, 18, 19, 20, 22, 158 Musée de la Légion d’Honneur, 22 Marie Louisa of Bourbon, Empress, 217 Musique du Roi, 179, 198, 199, 218 Marie Thérèse de France, Madame Royale, 210, 211 Nancy, Mutiny, 124 Marie-Antoinette, 24, 49, 83, 93, 96, 99, Nantouillet, Xavier Lallemand Comte 105, 108, 119, 127, 150, 165, 201, de, 38 210 Napoleon I, 20, 66, 158, 163, 180, 191 Comité Autrichien, 129 Napoleon III, 18 Dowry, 67 Napoleonic Consulate, 2 Extravagance, 50 Napoleonic Empire, 18, 71, 171, 191 Last Public Appearence, 99 National Assembly, 22, 23, 30, 31, 35, 53 Liste Civile, 60 Abolition of Orders of Chivalry, 189 October Days, 119 Abolition of the Nobility, 127, 186, 188 Pedilavium, 210 Abolition of Venality, 36 Receives Maltese Oranges, 109 Anti-Clericalism, 193 Receptions at the Tuileries, 90 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 212 Religious Devotions, 210 Closing Session 26 September 1791, Role during the French Revolution, 24 176 Rumours of Expulsion from France, 95 Comité de Législation, 113 Secret Meetings with Mirabeau, 93 Comité des Domaines, 69 Marillac, Claude-Charles de Damas, Comité des Finances, 64, 66 vicomte de, 186 Comité des Recherches, 124

Index 253

Comité Ecclésiastique, 212 Poix, Philippe Louis Marc Antoine de Competition with the Monarchy, 10 Noailles, prince de, 120, 121 Creation of a Civil List, 82 Poupart, abbé, Royal Confessor, 215, Creation on 17 June 1789, 5, 29, 82, 203 216 Declaration of War on Austria and Prédicateur du Roi, 213 Prussia, 8, 98 Premier Gentilhomme de la Chambre, Diplomatic protests for violations of 50, 51, 52, 78, 146, 147 the Law of Nations, 88 Price, Munro, 4, 11, 14 End of Monastic vows, 206 Prudhomme, Louis, 23, 68, 96, 112, 176, Feuillant Constitution, 126, 194 187, 189, 215, 219 Flight to Varennes, 83 Humiliation by Courtiers, 43 Randon de la Tour, Marc-Antoine, 67 Military Reforms, 124 Representational Culture, 7, 19, 21, 25, Relationship with the King, 9, 12, 14, 46, 60, 69, 83, 164, 222, 223, 224 65, 103, 110, 111, 123, 163, 206, 210, Republicanism, i, 23, 56, 70, 97, 131, 224 132, 162, 190 National Convention, 2, 121, 177, 191, 219 Revisionist Historians of the French Nattier, Jean Marc, 181 Revolution, 13, 16 Necker, Jacques, 1, 14, 50, 64 Revolutionary Political Culture, 8, 84, Newspapers 44 99, 223 Criticism of the Crown, 10, 22, 92, 133 Revolutions of the 1848, 20 Notre Dame de Paris, 91, 122 Richelieu, Louis-François-Armand du Plessis, duc de, 181 October Days, 43, 59, 64, 153, 155, 174, Robespierre Maximilian de, 25 179 Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Opéra de Paris, 51 Vimeur, Comte de, 35, 173, 184 Ordre de Saint Hubert de Bar et de Rohan, Louis René Édouard de, Lorraine, 141, 164 Cardinal, 170, 201 Orleanist Chambre des Pairs, 30 Rohan-Guéméné Bankruptcy, 37 Ormesson, Henri François de Paule Le Roquelaure, Jean-Armand de Fèvre, marquis d’, 104, 105, 174 Bessuéjouls, Bishop of Senlis, 210 Oroux de Fontaine-le-Comte, abbé, 198 Sacral Kingship, 19, 146, 192, 193, 194, Paoli, Pasquale, 157 198, 202, 204, 220, 222 Papal Nuncio, 48 Saint Esprit, order of, 81, 160, 163, 164, Papillon de La Ferté, 50, 51 168, 170, 178, 181, 182, 183, 184, Paris Commune, 24, 66, 88, 91, 103, 110, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 202 124, 176, 207, 218 Saint Germain l’Auxerrois, Church of Paris National Guard, 44, 88, 91, 92, Louis XVI takes Easter Communion, 94, 95, 96, 103, 104, 120, 121, 122, 104, 210 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 174, Madame Royale receives first 206, 209 Communion, 211 Controversy concerning Honneurs de Saint Lazare, order of, 164, 166, 167, 178 la Cour, 156 Saint Louis, order of, 52, 81, 88, 117, Parlement of Paris, 40, 53, 146, 192 129, 160, 163, 170, 171, 172, 173, Maupeou coup, 140 174, 175, 176, 177, 188, 189, 190 Paul I of Russia, 190 Saint Michel, order of, 165, 167, 177, 178, Paulette tax, 36 179, 180 Paulmy, Marc René de Voyer d’Argenson, Saint Priest, François-Emmanuel Marquis de, 160 Guignard de, 22, 119, 153, 156, 217 Père Duchesne, 105 Saint Remigius, 193 Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme, 83, 84, 97, Sainte Clotilde, order of, 165 128 Saint-Germain, Claude Louis, Comte Philippe duc d’Orléans, 60, 70, 72 de, 118 Pius IX, 223 Salamon, abbé, Secret Papal Agent, 99 Pius VI, 212 Secret du Roi, 3

254 Index

Secrétaire ordinaire du Roi pour la Thuriot de la Rozière, Jacques Alexis, Conduite des Ambassadeurs, 49 112 Septeuil, Jean Baptiste, 104 Tiolier, Nicolas Pierre, 164 Seven Years’ War, 118, 140, 170 Tipu Sultan, 47 Sèze, Raymond de Toison d’Or, order of, 81, 168, 181, 189 Defence of Louis XVI, 13 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 1, 14, 16, Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, 61, 71, 72, 73, 165 74, 75, 76, 77, 82 Cortège du trône, 75, 76, 77, 82 Vainqueurs de la Bastille, 30, 130, 175 Reform Project for Royal Household, 77 Van Loo, Louis-Michel, 179 What is the King?, 73 Venality, 36, 172 What is the Third Estate?, 72 Ecclesiastical Offices, 200 Skinner, Quentin, 8, 9 Survivance, 37 Society of 1789, 156 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de, Society of Thirty, 15 182 Soulavie, Jean Louis, 1, 2, 3, 6 Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, 113 Revised interpretation of Louis XVI’s Ville d’Avray, Antoine Thierry de character and intelligence, 3 la, 51 Spinola, Cristoforo Marchese, Villequier, Louis Alexandre Céleste duc Ambassador of Genoa, 92 de, after 1799 duc d’Aumont, 78, 95, Suffren, Pierre André Bailli de, 184 139, 214 Swann, Julian, 15, 16 Virieu, Jean-Loup bailli de, 91, 95, 98, 109, 110, 169, 189 Tackett, Timothy, 135 Visconti, Louis Tullius Joachim, 69 Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice Prince de Périgord, 71, 86, 216 Watronville, Urbain de, 38