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La Vida Verde-Azul Del Agua Dulce: ¿Qué Sabemos Sobre La Diversidad De Estas Algas En La Península De Yucatán?

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La Vida Verde-Azul Del Agua Dulce: ¿Qué Sabemos Sobre La Diversidad De Estas Algas En La Península De Yucatán? Desde el Herbario CICY 11: 58–62 (21/marzo/2019) Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ ISSN: 2395-8790 La vida verde-azul del agua dulce: ¿Qué sabemos sobre la diversidad de estas algas en la península de Yucatán? JUAN M. ARANA RAVELL1, ROBERTO C. BARRIENTOS-MEDINA2 Y SILVIA J. LÓPEZ-ADRIÁN3 1Herbario Alfredo Barrera Marín, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116, Itzimná, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México. 2Departamento de Ecología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116, Itzimná, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México. 3Investigadora independiente. Calle 17B No. 102 entre 22A y 24, Fraccionamiento Boulevares de Chuburná, Mérida, Yucatán, México. [email protected] Los cianoprocariontes o cianobacterias son un grupo de microalgas que presentan una estructura celular simple debido a la carencia de un núcleo, organelos o membranas in- ternas. Mucho del conocimiento relativo a su diversidad en México se ha concentrado en el centro del país, estando los estados del sureste rezagados respecto a esta clase de información. En este trabajo se incluye un listado taxonómico de este grupo de orga- nismos presentes en cuerpos de agua dulce de los tres estados que comprende la porción mexicana de la península de Yucatán, basado en un breve análisis bibliográfico. Se pre- senta un total de 206 especies que pertenecen a 84 géneros, 31 familias y siete órdenes. Palabras clave: Acuífero cárstico, aguas continentales, cyanobacteria, florística, microalgas. ¿Alguna vez has oído que en una pequeña ción de muchos investigadores ya que tie- gota de agua existe una gran biodiversi- nen diversidad de formas (p. ej. en colo- dad? Muchos de los microorganismos que nias o filamentosos) y estructuras especia- están ahí son fotosintéticos y se les cono- lizadas (p. ej. heterocisto, que es una es- ce de forma coloquial como microalgas. tructura que se encarga de fijar nitrógeno) Uno de los grupos más simples y peque- (Figura 1A-D), lo que en un principio sir- ños que habitan allí son los cianoproca- vió para clasificarlos (Novelo 2011) y rea- riontes (Cyanobacteria), los cuales tam- lizar inventarios florísticos. Sin embargo, bién son conocidos como cianobacterias, se dieron cuenta que estas características algas verde-azules o cianofitas. Son bien no permitían resolver preguntas filogené- conocidas por tener una organización ce- ticas (relacionadas con el parentesco), así lular similar a la de muchas bacterias, pe- que, con el uso de diferentes métodos ro con un metabolismo muy parecido al morfológicos, ecológicos, ultraestructura- de plantas ya que hacen fotosíntesis, lo les y moleculares, la clasificación ha ido que les dio ventaja desde sus orígenes pa- en constante cambio (Hoffmann et al. ra colonizar los diversos ambientes que 2004). hoy habitan (Komárek y Anagnostidis Otro aspecto que ha llamado la 2005). atención es que muchas de las especies Estos organismos han llamado la aten- tienen potencial para ser utilizados en bio- Editores responsables: Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha y José Luis Tapia Muñoz 58 Desde el Herbario CICY 11: 58–62 (21/marzo/2019) Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ ISSN: 2395-8790 Figura 1. Diversidad de morfologías dentro del grupo de las cianobacterias. A. Colonia envuelta en mucílago (Aphanothece sp.). B. Tricoma (Geitlerinema sp.). C. Tricomas dentro de una vaina (Microcoleus sp.). D. Filamento donde se observa una célula diferenciada (Scytonema sp.). H. Heterocisto. (Fotografías de los autores). tecnología. Algunas especies contienen aprovechamiento, siempre ha sido im- grandes cantidades de nutrimentos (como portante conocer su diversidad, lo cual Spirulina Turpin ex Gomont) y se utilizan dista aún de completarse en México. como complemento alimenticio mientras Diversidad de cianoprocariontes en que otras producen metabolitos secun- México y el mundo. Gran parte de los es- darios de importancia y aún otras pueden tudios realizados en el país que incluyen a ser indicadoras del estado de salud de estas algas se centran en cuerpos de agua cuerpos de agua (Oliva-Martínez et al. dulce ubicados en la parte continental de 2014) y también, se ha probado que México, los cuales son denominados algunas especies pueden tener un po- “continentales” y pueden ser de tipo lénti- tencial uso para bioremediación (Dubey et co, como los lagos, lagunas, cenotes, entre al. 2011). Sin embargo, para la correcta otros, o lóticos, como son los ríos y arro- aplicación de estos organismos en la yos (López 2017). biotecnología y ampliar el potencial de Un estudio reciente reportó 1,966 es- Editores responsables: Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha y José Luis Tapia Muñoz 59 Desde el Herbario CICY 11: 58–62 (21/marzo/2019) Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ ISSN: 2395-8790 Figura 2. Diferentes cuerpos de aguas en la península de Yucatán. A. Laguna. B. Cenote. C. Humedal (manglar). D. Aguada. E. Pozo a cielo abierto. F. Sascabera rehabilitada. (Fotografías de los autores). pecies de cianoprocariontes dulceacuíco- ¿Qué ocurre con la diversidad de las en el mundo y 742 en México (Ibarra cianoprocariontes en Yucatán? Gran 2017), sin embargo, se piensa que este parte de los estudios sobre la diversidad número puede estar en incremento ya que de microalgas y particularmente de las al- las regiones tropicales aún se encuentran gas verde-azules en agua dulce se han fo- en “pañales” respecto al conocimiento calizado en el centro del país, mientras florístico de este grupo y de las algas en que en el sureste han estado bastante general (López y Catzim 2010). rezagados, concentrando su esfuerzo en Editores responsables: Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha y José Luis Tapia Muñoz 60 Desde el Herbario CICY 11: 58–62 (21/marzo/2019) Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ ISSN: 2395-8790 Figura 3. Registro de especies de cianoprocariontes. A. Registros por tipos de cuerpo de agua dulce. B. Registros por estado de la península de Yucatán. (Fotografías de los autores). contadas publicaciones en donde mencio- seguido de Chroococcales (26.69%), nan, catalogan o inventarían a estos orga- Oscillatoriales (26.69%), Nostocales nismos (Novelo y Tavera 2011). (11.16%), Spirulinales (2.48%), Pleu- A pesar de que la península de Yucatán rocapsales (1.49%) y Chroococcidiopsida- (PY) no tiene principalmente corrientes les (0.49%), respectivamente. Estas espe- superficiales (con la excepción de escasos cies fueron reportadas en publicaciones ríos: Champotón, Candelaria, Hondo, entre los años 1984 y 2017 y comprende a Chumpán, Candelaria, etc.), gran parte de los estados de Campeche, Quintana Roo y los estudios realizados se han centrado en Yucatán (Anexo 1), asimismo, se actuali- sistemas de tipo lentico, siendo los ceno- zó la nomenclatura de los organismos pa- tes, humedales (p. ej. manglares, aguadas, ra evitar duplicidad con apoyo de Algae- pantanos, entre otros) y lagunas interiores base.com (Guiry y Guiry 2019). objeto principal de estudio (Figura 2A-D). Estas especies se han reportado princi- Aunado a esto, en Yucatán se presentan palmente en cenotes, seguido de sascabe- reservorios de agua que no se consideran ras y lagunas interiores; aunque también de origen natural y que están presentes es destacable decir que los sitios en donde gracias a la acción del hombre con la fina- menos se han reportado son las aguadas, lidad de aprovechar el recurso hídrico, humedales y los pozos, mismos en donde como son los pozos y las sascaberas, que el incrementar el muestreo se podría au- son pozas rehabilitadas en donde alguna mentar el número de taxones (Figura 3A). vez se extrajo material pétreo (López y Con respecto a los registros por estado Barrientos 2005) (Figura 2E-F), en las (Figura 3B), Yucatán presenta el primer cuales han sido realizados estudios en lugar en registros, lo que indica que el donde mencionen cianoprocariontes. mayor esfuerzo de los estudios se ha rea- Los resultados del análisis bibliográfi- lizado allí. A pesar de que Campeche y co realizado registran hasta el momento Quintana Roo se encuentran rezagados 206 especies de 84 géneros, 31 familias y con respecto al primer estado en el núme- siete órdenes, donde Synechococcales ro de reportes, también tienen cuerpos de es el orden con mayor registro (31.06%), agua dulce que no han sido explorados y Editores responsables: Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha y José Luis Tapia Muñoz 61 Desde el Herbario CICY 11: 58–62 (21/marzo/2019) Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/ ISSN: 2395-8790 que su estudio podría aumentar el cono- arqueológica de Yaxchilán, Chiapas. cimiento sobre la diversidad de este grupo Tesis Licenciatura. Universidad Na- de algas. En general, es evidente que un cional Autónoma de México. Ciudad muestreo mucho más extensivo e intensi- de México, México. vo es requerido para alcanzar a vislumbrar Komárek J. y Anagnostidis K. 2005. la diversidad de cianobacterias en la PY. Cyanoprokaryota – Teil: Oscillatoria- Si bien estos trabajos contribuyen a la les. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag flora de cianoprocariontes y microalgas Heidelberg. Berlín, Alemania. 759 pp. en general en la península, son pocos en López S. 2017. Las microalgas de la Pe- donde se describen e ilustran en fotos o nínsula de Yucatán. En: López-Adrián esquemas a estos organismos, realizar tra- S. y Novelo E. Eds., Microalgas de la bajos de este tipo podrían ser muy útiles Península de Yucatán, pp. 1-20. Gyn- para futuros trabajos de diversidad o eco- kopy. Yucatán, México. lógicos, así como trabajos utilizando he- López S. y Catzim L. 2010. Cianofitas rramientas moleculares o de aplicación de las sascaberas. En: Durán R. y biotecnológica.
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