The Tongan Monarchy and the Constitution: Political Reform in a Traditional Context

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Tongan Monarchy and the Constitution: Political Reform in a Traditional Context View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Australian National University The Tongan Monarchy and the Constitution: Political Reform in a Traditional Context GUY POWLES SSGM DISCUSSION PAPER 2014/9 1. Introduction Tonga’s 1875 Constitution stands out as per- haps the most unusual in the Pacific islands region2 The subjects of this paper are the Kingdom of for the uninterrupted survival of 19th-century Tonga,1 its Monarchy, its Constitution, its tradition- institutions, and for a style of monarchy that, from al values and political reform. It is now well known time to time, has shown great leadership, has also that the government and Legislative Assembly of Tonga (the Assembly) made a momentous decision on occasions seemed selfish and eccentrically Brit- four years ago in 2010, when it amended the Con- ish, but still retains widespread popular support. stitution of Tonga (the Constitution) to shift most Two further comparative perspectives lead to of the executive powers of the state from the Mon- the stated aim of this paper. First, the experiences arch to a Cabinet of elected leaders. For the first of Tonga’s monarchy and those of the royal lines of time in Tonga’s history, the government was then England, Europe and Scandinavia may be contrast- elected. Four years later, on 27 November 2014, that ed. The latter endured protracted and often vio- government was called to account when Tongans lent struggles that characterised gradual progres- went to the polls again to elect a second one. sive reform from absolute ruler to much respected In the course of the reform, the devolution of figurehead. It would be unrealistic to expect that executive powers was incomplete due to the reten- Tonga, having preserved the status and powers tion by the Monarch of several specific powers that of its Monarch, would leap 135 years to 2010 and have remained defined in the Constitution ever immediately strip its all-powerful hau (traditional since its promulgation in 1875. Why did this occur? leader) of all political authority. Instead, the objec- The purpose of this paper is to examine the Tongan tive of the mainstream Tongan pro-democracy context, particularly such features as Tonga’s histo- reformers was to transform the role and authority ry, social structure, development of systems of law of the Monarch in such a way as to preserve certain and government, and persisting social values. In elements of his power and influence — to achieve the course of suggesting answers to the above ques- a sort of ‘balance’ that would go some way towards tion, the paper will offer an account of the political securing the value of the monarchy to the nation. reform process and its outcomes. Second, during recent times when many British I call the 2010 decision ‘momentous’ because Commonwealth states of the Pacific islands region Tonga had been led and ruled by a Monarch for have already generally adopted models of govern- well over 150 years without the people having any ment like those of the UK, Australia and New say as to who would run the country. The decision Zealand — models that vest all political power in was also remarkable because it marked a peaceful a Cabinet of elected representatives of the people, transition of power, entirely in accordance with the often called the ‘Westminster model’ — it is notable terms of the nation’s Constitution. that Tonga has retained its own different constitu- There had been growing pressure for constitu- tional approach or philosophy. In short, Tonga has tional reform but, at the end of the day, it seems that opted for power-sharing in relation the willingness of the late King Tupou V to consider to both executive authority and the devolving executive authority upon an elected Cabi- electoral and parliamentary systems net has, if anything, increased many people’s feelings — for the time being, at least — as of respect towards the institution of monarchy. the ‘odd one out’ in the region. State, Society & Governance in Melanesia ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm Guy Powles Why has Tonga decided not to conform to These are difficult and sensitive issues, and not decolonising precedent but instead to experiment of the sort that an external observer would nor- with compromises that ensure its path will continue mally attempt to write about. My broad objective to be unique? What might be some of the conse- in this paper is to inform a wider readership of quences? the Tongan context of the reform developments — Tongan opinions are divided on matters of drawing on my research and work in Tonga over reform — at home in Tonga, and abroad in the dias- many years.4 pora (where as many Tongans are settled in Austral- The second of the six sections of this paper ia, New Zealand and the USA as there are at home). summarises the 2010 reform outcomes, as an Indeed, many Tongans I know and have worked introduction to the ‘law and government’ dimen- with3 see beyond the negative characteristics of a sion of this study. The third will offer an account powerful Monarch to an ordering of society that of the context within which the reform story may has not been experienced elsewhere, and should be told, including Tongan society itself, its struc- be examined more carefully before it is summar- ture and history, leading to the meeting of the two ily dismissed as unacceptable in the 21st century. legal cultures, Tongan and British, from which Opinions vary on what should be changed, and how amalgamated forms of monarchy, constitutional far and fast reform should go. Many, perhaps most, government and social control were derived. The believe that the distinctiveness of their political his- contribution of the first King Tupou, the status of tory and social system justifies a peculiarly Tongan nobles, and the penetration of centralised law and path towards a form of democracy appropriate for government are key elements of this account. This Tonga. On the other hand, stern critics of the ‘tradi- Tongan context ensured the perpetuation of, and at tionalist’ view argue that loyalty to the past should times reinforced, notions of chiefly leadership and not colour one’s thinking, especially at a time when the pre-eminence of the Monarch as determining they believe that too little attention seems to have social values. been paid by many politicians, and indeed by the In the fourth section, the movement for politi- public generally, to current and future needs and cal change will be introduced together with the particularly to the task of understanding the nature, structure of the reform process and the outcomes purpose and impact of the reform measures. from it. Changes to the legislature and Cabinet, Answers to the many queries and criticisms together with questions concerning how the Mon- may be summed up in two propositions. First, that arch might receive advice, will be looked at from the reform decisions taken by the people of Tonga the point of view of achieving a balance in the rela- in 2010 are consistent with, and show a desire to tionship between the Monarch and elected govern- retain, traditions and values that, although now ment. The fifth section discusses ongoing concerns undergoing change and eroded by global and other and the sixth concludes the paper. forces, nevertheless have their place in Tonga — for It is impossible to do justice to this topic in the time being. a short paper, and reference must be made to Second, that while traditions and values natu- key supplementary reading and online resources rally permeate aspects of their lives to varying detailed in the References at the end of this paper.5 degrees, for very many Tongans their relationships 2. Changes Effected By the Major Reforms between people of differing social rank, class or authority are governed by values such as respect for From 1875, the constitutional position was that the and obedience to traditional authority, or those of Monarch was the head of government as well as the higher rank, and the corresponding value of reci- head of state. Also, the Monarch has always been, procity. Within a political framework constructed and still is, of course, the hau, or traditional leader around such authority, there is a predisposition to of all Tongans, which role is unaffected by current accept it, so long as the reciprocal obligations of reforms. The supreme executive body was the Mon- leadership are observed. arch in the Privy Council of Tonga where the Mon- SSGM2 Discussion Paper 2012/1 State, Society http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm & Governance in Melanesia SSGM Discussion Paper 2014/9 arch received advice and his views prevailed. Mem- The practice had always been for matters of bership of the Privy Council comprised the prime importance to be investigated by Cabinet which minister and such Cabinet ministers as the Monarch would make recommendations or pass resolutions chose to appoint to take responsibility for the min- for the Monarch’s consideration in Council. On his istries, all appointed by the Monarch to hold office succession to the throne in September 2006, the and sit in the Legislative Assembly at his pleasure son of Tupou IV, King Tupou V declared he wished regardless of the term of the elected members of the to see the devolution of his executive powers10 and Assembly (Constitution of Tonga 18756). Usually the withdrew gradually from active decision-making. prime minister was a close relative of the Monarch, He did intervene in aspects of the reform, and lived and most of the ministers were nobles.
Recommended publications
  • Urban Maori Authorities
    TEENA BROWN PULU Minerals and Cucumbers in the Sea: International relations will transform the Tongan state Abstract Constitution law researcher Guy Powles, a Pakeha New Zealander residing in Australia was not optimistic accurate predictions on “the [Tonga] election which is coming up now in November” could be made (Garrett, 2014). “A man would be a fool to try to guess just where the balance will finish up,” he uttered to Jemima Garrett interviewing him for Radio Australia on April 30th 2014 (Garrett, 2014). Picturing the general election seven months away on November 27th 2014, Powles thought devolving the monarch’s executive powers to government by constitutional reform was Tonga’s priority. Whether it would end up an election issue deciding which way the public voted was a different story, and one he was not willing to take a punt on. While Tongans and non-Tongan observers focused attention on guessing who would get into parliament and have a chance at forming a government after votes had been casted in the November election, the trying political conditions the state functioned, floundered, and fell in, were overlooked. It was as if the Tongans and Palangi (white, European) commentators naively thought changing government would alter the internationally dictated circumstances a small island developing state was forced to work under. Teena Brown Pulu has a PhD in anthropology from the University of Waikato. She is a senior lecturer in Pacific development at AUT University. Her first book was published in 2011, Shoot the Messenger: The report on the Nuku’alofa reconstruction project and why the Government of Tonga dumped it.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Pacific Islands
    A HISTORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS I. C. Campbell A HISTORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS Thi s One l N8FG-03S-LXLD A History of the Pacific Islands I. C. CAMPBELL University of California Press Berkeley • Los Angeles Copyrighted material © 1989 I. C. Campbell Published in 1989 in the United States of America by the University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles All rights reserved. Apart from any fair use for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, no part whatsoever may by reproduced by any process without the express written permission of the author and the University of California Press. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Campbell, LC. (Ian C), 1947- A history of the Pacific Islands / LC. Campbell, p. cm. "First published in 1989 by the University of Canterbury Press, Christchurch, New Zealand" — T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-520-06900-5 (alk. paper). — ISBN 0-520-06901-3 (pbk. alk. paper) 1. Oceania — History. I. Title DU28.3.C35 1990 990 — dc20 89-5235 CIP Typographic design: The Caxton Press, Christchurch, New Zealand Cover design: Max Hailstone Cartographer: Tony Shatford Printed by: Kyodo-Shing Loong Singapore C opy righted m ateri al 1 CONTENTS List of Maps 6 List of Tables 6 A Note on Orthography and Pronunciation 7 Preface. 1 Chapter One: The Original Inhabitants 13 Chapter Two: Austronesian Colonization 28 Chapter Three: Polynesia: the Age of European Discovery 40 Chapter Four: Polynesia: Trade and Social Change 57 Chapter Five: Polynesia: Missionaries and Kingdoms
    [Show full text]
  • Political Reform in Tonga Responses to the Government's Roadmap
    Political Reform in Tonga Responses to the Government’s Roadmap Sandra De Nardi, Roisin Lilley, Michael Pailthorpe and Andrew Curtin with Andrew Murray Catholic Institute of Sydney 2007 CIS 1 Political Reform in Tonga Table of Contents Introduction 3 Andrew Murray Tonga: Participation, Tradition and Constitution 4 Sandra De Nardi Political Reform in Tonga: Aristotelian Signposts 9 Roisin Lilley Moderating Tongan Reform 14 Michael Pailthorpe An Aristotelian Critique of Proposed Constitutional Reforms in Tonga 19 Andrew M Curtin Epilogue: Where to Now? 23 Andrew Murray Appendix: The Government of Tonga’s Roadmap for Political Reform 24 Catholic Institute of Sydney©2007 www.cis.catholic.edu.au Contact: [email protected] CIS 2 Political Reform in Tonga Introduction Andrew Murray SM The four essays in this collection are the best of the Events moved quickly in Tonga during 2006. final essays in the course unit, Social and Political Pressure had been building for some decades for Philosophy , in the Bachelor of Theology degree at reform of The Constitution of Tonga , established by Catholic Institute of Sydney during the second King George Tupou I in 1875 and still substantially semester of 2006. The course began with a careful unchanged. It constituted Tonga as a monarchy in reading of Aristotle’s Politics and went on to a which the King exercises full executive power and close reading of John Locke’s Second Treatise of in which nobles play a significant role. A National Government together with other source documents Committee for Political Reform (NCPR) was setup of modern political development. In parallel, the under the leadership of the Tu’ipelehake, the students began a cooperative project of studying nephew of the King.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextualisation of Dances in Tourism: a Tongan Case Study
    Contextualisation of Dances in Tourism : a Tongan Case Study Aurélie Condevaux To cite this version: Aurélie Condevaux. Contextualisation of Dances in Tourism : a Tongan Case Study. The journal of the Polynesian Society , Auckland, N.Z : Polynesian Society, 2011, 120 (3), pp.269-291. hal-00632803 HAL Id: hal-00632803 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00632803 Submitted on 27 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. CONTEXTUALISATION OF DANCES IN TOURISM: A TONGAN CASE STUDY AURÉLIE CONDEVAUX Centre for Research and Documentation on Oceania Université Aix-Marseille Dances, as social practices, are closely linked to the political and social systems in which they are produced. This is particularly true of Polynesian dances that have (or had) religious as well as political functions (Kaeppler 1993: 49, 75; Moyle 1991: 43, Tcherkézoff 2004: 305). As anthropologists have stressed, dances can be powerful political tools (Reed 1998). In Tonga, for example, where “we find a living dance tradition that is functionally interwoven with other aspects of the culture” (Kaeppler 1993: 75), dance performances are used to celebrate the current political system. Adrienne Kaeppler (1993: 52) has explained: “[N]ot only does the poetry impart such information, but much of it is reinforced visually” as the “physical arrangement of the individual performers visually portrays important concepts of the social structure”.
    [Show full text]
  • THE HISTORY of the TONGA and FISHING COOPERATIVES in BINGA DISTRICT 1950S-2015
    FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY EMPOWERMENT OR CONTROL? : THE HISTORY OF THE TONGA AND FISHING COOPERATIVES IN BINGA DISTRICT 1950s-2015 BY HONOUR M.M. SINAMPANDE R131722P DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE HONOURS DEGREE IN HISTORY AT MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY. NOVEMBER 2016 ZVISHAVANE: ZIMBABWE SUPERVISOR DR. T.M. MASHINGAIDZE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have supervised the student Honour M.M Sinampande (R131722P) dissertation entitled Empowerment or Control? : The history of the Tonga and fishing cooperatives in Binga District 1950-210 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Arts in History Honours Degree offered by Midlands State University. Dr. T.M Mashingaidze ……………………… SUPERVISOR DATE …….……………………………………… …………………………….. CHAIRPERSON DATE ….………………………………………… …………………………….. EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE DECLARATION I, Honour M.M Sinampande declare that, Empowerment or Control? : The history of the Tonga and fishing cooperatives in Binga District 1950s-2015 is my own work and it has never been submitted before any degree or examination in any other university. I declare that all sources which have been used have been acknowledged. I authorize the Midlands State University to lend this to other institution or individuals for purposes of academic research only. Honour M.M Sinampande …………………………………………… 2016 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my father Mr. H.M Sinampande and my mother Ms. J. Muleya for their inspiration, love and financial support throughout my four year degree programme. ABSTRACT The history of the Tonga have it that, the introduction of the fishing villages initially and then later the cooperative system in Binga District from the 1950s-2015 saw the Zambezi Tonga lose their fishing rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Leimatu'a Remittance Fundraising Sylvester Palu Tonga
    “Manatu ‘Ofa ki ‘Api” (Remembrance of Home in Love): Home and Diaspora – Leimatu’a Remittance Fundraising Sylvester Palu Tonga A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Communication Studies (MCS) School of Communication Studies AUT 2020 Page ii Table of Contents List of Figures v Glossary vi Dedication viii Acknowledgements ix Attestation of Authorship x Ethics Approval x Abstract xi Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Research Context .................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 The Kingdom of Tonga .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 The Leimatu’a Community/Village ............................................................................................ 5 1.3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................ 8 Chapter Two: Literature Review ............................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship
    COMPARATIVE REPORT 2020/01 COMPARATIVE FEBRUARY REGIONAL 2020 REPORT ON CITIZENSHIP LAW: OCEANIA AUTHORED BY ANNA DZIEDZIC © Anna Dziedzic, 2020 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. Requests should be addressed to [email protected]. Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual authors and not those of the European University Institute. Global Citizenship Observatory (GLOBALCIT) Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School Comparative Regional Report on Citizenship Law: Oceania RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-Comp 2020/1 February 2020 Anna Dziedzic, 2020 Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ cadmus.eui.eu Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, created in 1992 and currently directed by Professor Brigid Laffan, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research on the major issues facing the process of European integration, European societies and Europe’s place in 21st century global politics. The Centre is home to a large post-doctoral programme and hosts major research programmes, projects and data sets, in addition to a range of working groups and ad hoc initiatives. The research agenda is organised around a set of core themes and is continuously evolving, reflecting the changing agenda of European integration, the expanding membership of the European Union, developments in Europe’s neighbourhood and the wider world.
    [Show full text]
  • A Human Rights-Based Approach to Women's Land Rights in Tonga
    A Human Rights-Based Approach to Women’s Land Rights in Tonga Sela Teukisiafo‘ou Moa A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales Faculty of Law April 2017 PLEASE TYPE Tl-IE UNIVERSITYOF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name· Moa First nflnle Sela Other narnc>Js Teuklsiafo'ou Abbrev1ahon for degree as given 1n lhe U111vers1ty calendar PhD School. Faculty of Law Faculty. Faculty of Law Title- A human nghls-based approach lo women's land rights ,n Tonga ABSTRACT Tonga is one of the many countries in the world where women have fewer ]and rights than men. This thesis proposes a response to the problem of unequal land rights for women in Tonga. Discriminatory laws that prevent women from owning land, supp01ted by cultural attitudes, operate to limit women's capacity to participate fi.1lly iu social, political and economic life. In formulatiug solutions the thesis utilises feminist legal <1pproaclles to equality and non-discrimination, feminist interventions in the debate between uuivers<11ism m1d culturnl refativism in h11111<111 rights discourse, and the hnman rights framework itself. This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by providing a feminist legal analysis of the basic principles of fand law in Tonga. The analysis of land law demonstrates that women in Tonga are discriminated against not just on the basis of their gender, but also on the basis of their class. It also illustrates that discrimination against women in land law breaches not only women's iimdamental right to equa1ity and non-discrimination., but also their social and economic rights.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Veto in Pacific Island States and the Case of Tonga
    1 THE HEAD OF STATE AND THE LEGISLATURE: THE POWER OF VETO IN PACIFIC ISLAND STATES AND THE CASE OF TONGA Guy Powles* C'est avec une profonde tristesse que les membres des comités de rédaction et scientifique du Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific ont appris le décès du Dr Guy Powles, survenu le 20 juillet 2016. Ils s'associent au chagrin de sa famille. Unanimement reconnu par la communauté scientifique comme l'un des meilleurs connaisseurs de systèmes juridiques en vigueur dans le Pacifique Sud, son érudition n'avait d'égale que sa profonde humanité. Constitutionaliste et comparatiste hors pair, encourageant sans cesse les initiatives de nature à promouvoir toutes les facettes de l'étude du droit dans le Pacifique, il avait bien voulu réserver au Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific, la première parution de ce qui allait rapidement devenir un ouvrage de référence, de son important travail sur les réformes constitutionnelles du royaume des Tonga Political and Constitutional Reform Opens the Door: The Kingdom of Tonga's Path to Democracy (2012) CLJP-HS vol 12. La présence du Dr Guy Powles au sein du comité scientifique du Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific etait un honneur mais aussi la plus belle des cautions scientifiques qu'une revue de droit comparé ait pu espérer dans le Pacifique Sud. Aujourd'hui encore le Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific a le privilège de pouvoir publier dans ce volume qui est dédié à sa mémoire, les deux derniers articles qu'il avait rédigés quelque temps avant son décès. * Dr Guy Powles, latterly of Monash University, 1934-2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Cedaw Smokescreens: Gender Politics in Contemporary Tonga
    CEDAW Smokescreens: Gender Politics in Contemporary Tonga Helen Lee Tonga remains one of only six countries that have not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (cedaw), which was adopted in 1979 by the United Nations Gen- eral Assembly. In March 2015, the Tongan government made a commit- ment to the United Nations that it would finally ratify cedaw, albeit with some reservations. The prime minister, ‘Akilisi Pōhiva, called it “a historic day for all Tongans . in support of our endeavour to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls” (Matangi Tonga 2015e).1 However, the decision to ratify was met with public protests and peti- tions, and in June, the Privy Council, headed by the king, announced that the proposed ratification was unconstitutional (P Fonua 2015), claiming that under clause 39 of Tonga’s 1875 Constitution, “only the King can lawfully make treaties with foreign states” (Radio New Zealand 2015b). This article asks why so many Tongans, both male and female, are against ratifying cedaw. I argue that their protests conceal much deeper anxieties about gender equality and, more broadly, about democracy and Tonga’s future. In order to understand this resistance to cedaw’s ratification, I explore key issues in Tonga’s contemporary gender politics, including women’s roles in leadership, the economy, and the family, as well as gov- ernment policies addressing gender equality. cedaw in Tonga Most Pacific nations have ratified or acceded to cedaw,2 beginning with New Zealand in 1985 and Sāmoa in 1992. The only remaining Pacific countries are Palau, which signed the convention in 2011 but has not for- mally ratified or acceded to it,3 and Tonga, which has not even signed the The Contemporary Pacic, Volume 29, Number 1, 66–90 © 2017 by University of Hawai‘i Press 66 lee • cedaw smokescreens 67 convention (United Nations 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business
    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 5-2009 The mpI act of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business Lucas Nelson Ross Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the International Business Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Ross, Lucas Nelson, "The mpI act of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business" (2009). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 69. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPACT OF WESTERNIZATION ON TONGAN CULTURAL VALUES RELATED TO BUSINESS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Psychology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Lucas Nelson Ross May 2009 THE IMPACT OF WESTERNIZATION ON TONGAN CULTURAL VALUES RELATED TO BUSINESS Date Recommended _April 30, 2009______ ______ Tony Paquin ___________________ Director of Thesis ______Betsy Shoenfelt__________________ ______Reagan Brown___________________ ____________________________________ Dean, Graduate Studies and Research Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my thesis chair, Dr. Tony Paquin, for putting up with my awkward sentences, my lack of transitions, and my total disregard of conjunctive adverbs. I would also like thank the other members on my committee, Dr. Betsy Shoenfelt and Dr. Reagan Brown, for their support and input. Finally, I would like to thank my family for always accepting the “I have to work on my thesis” excuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctor 1 William Doctor Dr. Colley Intercultural Communications 10/13
    Doctor 1 William Doctor Dr. Colley Intercultural Communications 10/13/2020 Tonga The kingdom of Tonga is made up of 169 islands with people of Polynesian descent groups. Most of the Tonga islands are non-inhabited, with a general area of 750 square miles spread over 270000 square miles of the Pacific Ocean. Tonga is home to more than one hundred thousand people, with most of them residing in Tongatapu island. Tonga people speak Tongan and English languages, and they study Wesleyanism religion (Sugden, 344). They are surrounded by territories such as Fiji, Wallis, and Futunan, Samoa, New Zealand, and Caledonia. Tonga was founded in 1845. It became a traditional kingdom monarchy in 1875. It was a British protected state from 1900 to 1970 through a friendship agreement. From 1970 to 2010, the kingdom has never renounced its freedom to foreign states. Despite that, in 2010, the country becomes a constitutional monarchy. Primarily, the type of government in Tonga is the hereditary constitutional monarchy with King Tupou VI, a one-time prime minister as the current head of state. Pohiva Tuʻiʻonetoa is the current prime minister of the state; he took office in October 2019 following the death of ʻAkilisi Pohiva in September of 2019. Doctor 1 Agriculture and fishing are the main economic activities in Tonga. Notably, Tonga has a gross domestic product of 450.4 million US dollars, and the main import is food and beverages, automobiles and machinery while the main exports are fish and agricultural products like Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans, limes, and tomatoes (Sutherland, 355).
    [Show full text]