Leimatu'a Remittance Fundraising Sylvester Palu Tonga

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Leimatu'a Remittance Fundraising Sylvester Palu Tonga “Manatu ‘Ofa ki ‘Api” (Remembrance of Home in Love): Home and Diaspora – Leimatu’a Remittance Fundraising Sylvester Palu Tonga A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Communication Studies (MCS) School of Communication Studies AUT 2020 Page ii Table of Contents List of Figures v Glossary vi Dedication viii Acknowledgements ix Attestation of Authorship x Ethics Approval x Abstract xi Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Research Context .................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 The Kingdom of Tonga .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 The Leimatu’a Community/Village ............................................................................................ 5 1.3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................ 8 Chapter Two: Literature Review ............................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 11 2.2 The influence of remittances in countries’ economies ................................................ 11 2.3 Tonga has the largest remittance economy in the world ............................................ 14 2.4 The use of remittance funding in the development of Tonga ...................................... 15 2.5 The question of sustainability of a remittance economy in the Pacific ........................ 16 2.6 Poirine’s theory of Implicit Family Loan Agreement ................................................... 19 2.7 Brown’s decay hypothesis .......................................................................................... 19 2.8 Lee’s consideration of the second-generation Pacific diaspora ................................... 20 2.9 Tongan concepts sufficient to maintain sustainable remittances ................................ 21 2.10 Summary .................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter Three: Research Design and Methodology .................................................. 25 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Methodological Framework ....................................................................................... 25 3.3 Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 26 3.3.1 Indigenous Research Methodology ........................................................................................ 29 3.3.2 Tongan Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 30 3.4 Research Design ......................................................................................................... 35 3.4.1 Talanoa Faka’eke’eke (semi-structured interview) ................................................................. 35 3.4.2 Recruitment Process ............................................................................................................... 37 3.4.3 Transcription of Data .............................................................................................................. 40 3.4.4 Data Analysis – Thematic Analysis .......................................................................................... 41 3.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter Four: Findings ............................................................................................. 43 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 43 4.2 The significance of the kalapu kava-Tonga (kava club) ................................................ 43 Page iii 4.3 Kalapu kava-Tonga is the main source of remittance fundraising ............................... 44 4.4 The motives of the Leimatu’a remittance fundraising success – Improving quality of life. .................................................................................................................................. 46 4.5 A sustainable remittance economy ............................................................................ 51 4.6 The future of remittance economy in Tonga ............................................................... 55 4.7 Summary .................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 5: Leimatu’a kalapu kava-Tonga and community fundraising ..................... 59 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 59 5.2 What the kalapu kava-Tonga groups are and their history ......................................... 59 5.2.1 The Legend of Kava ................................................................................................................. 59 5.2.2 Five Types of Kava Ceremony ................................................................................................. 61 5.3 The significance of the kalapu kava-Tonga (faikava) ................................................... 63 5.3.1 Kalapu kava-Tonga is a common place for men to socialise and promote the Tongan way of life (anga faka-Tonga) ...................................................................................................................... 63 5.4 How these kalapu kava-Tonga function in New Zealand now? .................................... 64 5.4.1 Kalapu kava-Tonga is the main source of remittance fundraising’s success ........................... 64 5.4.2 The changed of Leimatu’a traditional fundraising method into kalapu kava-Tonga and community fundraising .................................................................................................................... 67 5.4.3 Kava club fundraising is a toungaue fetokoni’aki (cooperative fundraising task) ................... 70 5.4.4 Kalapu kava-Tonga have different goals and purposes for fundraising ................................. 72 5.5 How remittance fundraising is done in the Leimatu’a community .............................. 74 5.5.1 The Community Fundraising ................................................................................................... 75 5.6 Summary .................................................................................................................... 77 Chapter Six: The motivations for Leimatu’a remittance fundraising ......................... 79 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 79 6.2 Improving quality of life ............................................................................................. 80 6.2.1 Looking for a better life ........................................................................................................... 80 6.2.2 The desire for a better life for our children ............................................................................ 81 6.2.3 Seeking for better job to help parent and kin at home ........................................................... 83 6.3 The importance of anga faka-Tonga (Tongan way of life) as a motivation for remittance fundraising ..................................................................................................... 85 6.3.1 The concept of ‘ofa (love) ....................................................................................................... 88 6.3.2 The concepts of faka’apa’apa (respect) ................................................................................. 90 6.3.3 The concept of anga fakatokilalo (generosity/humility) ........................................................ 94 6.3.4 The concept of tauhi va (gratitude/patriotism) and fetokoni’aki (reciprocity) ....................... 96 6.4 The anga fakaleimatu’a (Leimatu’a way of life) as a motivation for remittance fundraising ...................................................................................................................... 98 6.5 Summary .................................................................................................................. 103 Chapter Seven: Remittance Money & Sustainable Tongan Economy ...................... 104 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 104 7.2 The Theory of MIRAB economies and how it applies to Tonga .................................. 105 7.3 The importance of fatongia (obligation) and its influence in sustaining the remittance economy ........................................................................................................................ 111 Page iv 7.4 The cultural practices of the lotu faka-Tonga
Recommended publications
  • Urban Maori Authorities
    TEENA BROWN PULU Minerals and Cucumbers in the Sea: International relations will transform the Tongan state Abstract Constitution law researcher Guy Powles, a Pakeha New Zealander residing in Australia was not optimistic accurate predictions on “the [Tonga] election which is coming up now in November” could be made (Garrett, 2014). “A man would be a fool to try to guess just where the balance will finish up,” he uttered to Jemima Garrett interviewing him for Radio Australia on April 30th 2014 (Garrett, 2014). Picturing the general election seven months away on November 27th 2014, Powles thought devolving the monarch’s executive powers to government by constitutional reform was Tonga’s priority. Whether it would end up an election issue deciding which way the public voted was a different story, and one he was not willing to take a punt on. While Tongans and non-Tongan observers focused attention on guessing who would get into parliament and have a chance at forming a government after votes had been casted in the November election, the trying political conditions the state functioned, floundered, and fell in, were overlooked. It was as if the Tongans and Palangi (white, European) commentators naively thought changing government would alter the internationally dictated circumstances a small island developing state was forced to work under. Teena Brown Pulu has a PhD in anthropology from the University of Waikato. She is a senior lecturer in Pacific development at AUT University. Her first book was published in 2011, Shoot the Messenger: The report on the Nuku’alofa reconstruction project and why the Government of Tonga dumped it.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Reform in Tonga Responses to the Government's Roadmap
    Political Reform in Tonga Responses to the Government’s Roadmap Sandra De Nardi, Roisin Lilley, Michael Pailthorpe and Andrew Curtin with Andrew Murray Catholic Institute of Sydney 2007 CIS 1 Political Reform in Tonga Table of Contents Introduction 3 Andrew Murray Tonga: Participation, Tradition and Constitution 4 Sandra De Nardi Political Reform in Tonga: Aristotelian Signposts 9 Roisin Lilley Moderating Tongan Reform 14 Michael Pailthorpe An Aristotelian Critique of Proposed Constitutional Reforms in Tonga 19 Andrew M Curtin Epilogue: Where to Now? 23 Andrew Murray Appendix: The Government of Tonga’s Roadmap for Political Reform 24 Catholic Institute of Sydney©2007 www.cis.catholic.edu.au Contact: [email protected] CIS 2 Political Reform in Tonga Introduction Andrew Murray SM The four essays in this collection are the best of the Events moved quickly in Tonga during 2006. final essays in the course unit, Social and Political Pressure had been building for some decades for Philosophy , in the Bachelor of Theology degree at reform of The Constitution of Tonga , established by Catholic Institute of Sydney during the second King George Tupou I in 1875 and still substantially semester of 2006. The course began with a careful unchanged. It constituted Tonga as a monarchy in reading of Aristotle’s Politics and went on to a which the King exercises full executive power and close reading of John Locke’s Second Treatise of in which nobles play a significant role. A National Government together with other source documents Committee for Political Reform (NCPR) was setup of modern political development. In parallel, the under the leadership of the Tu’ipelehake, the students began a cooperative project of studying nephew of the King.
    [Show full text]
  • A Human Rights-Based Approach to Women's Land Rights in Tonga
    A Human Rights-Based Approach to Women’s Land Rights in Tonga Sela Teukisiafo‘ou Moa A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales Faculty of Law April 2017 PLEASE TYPE Tl-IE UNIVERSITYOF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name· Moa First nflnle Sela Other narnc>Js Teuklsiafo'ou Abbrev1ahon for degree as given 1n lhe U111vers1ty calendar PhD School. Faculty of Law Faculty. Faculty of Law Title- A human nghls-based approach lo women's land rights ,n Tonga ABSTRACT Tonga is one of the many countries in the world where women have fewer ]and rights than men. This thesis proposes a response to the problem of unequal land rights for women in Tonga. Discriminatory laws that prevent women from owning land, supp01ted by cultural attitudes, operate to limit women's capacity to participate fi.1lly iu social, political and economic life. In formulatiug solutions the thesis utilises feminist legal <1pproaclles to equality and non-discrimination, feminist interventions in the debate between uuivers<11ism m1d culturnl refativism in h11111<111 rights discourse, and the hnman rights framework itself. This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by providing a feminist legal analysis of the basic principles of fand law in Tonga. The analysis of land law demonstrates that women in Tonga are discriminated against not just on the basis of their gender, but also on the basis of their class. It also illustrates that discrimination against women in land law breaches not only women's iimdamental right to equa1ity and non-discrimination., but also their social and economic rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Cedaw Smokescreens: Gender Politics in Contemporary Tonga
    CEDAW Smokescreens: Gender Politics in Contemporary Tonga Helen Lee Tonga remains one of only six countries that have not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (cedaw), which was adopted in 1979 by the United Nations Gen- eral Assembly. In March 2015, the Tongan government made a commit- ment to the United Nations that it would finally ratify cedaw, albeit with some reservations. The prime minister, ‘Akilisi Pōhiva, called it “a historic day for all Tongans . in support of our endeavour to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls” (Matangi Tonga 2015e).1 However, the decision to ratify was met with public protests and peti- tions, and in June, the Privy Council, headed by the king, announced that the proposed ratification was unconstitutional (P Fonua 2015), claiming that under clause 39 of Tonga’s 1875 Constitution, “only the King can lawfully make treaties with foreign states” (Radio New Zealand 2015b). This article asks why so many Tongans, both male and female, are against ratifying cedaw. I argue that their protests conceal much deeper anxieties about gender equality and, more broadly, about democracy and Tonga’s future. In order to understand this resistance to cedaw’s ratification, I explore key issues in Tonga’s contemporary gender politics, including women’s roles in leadership, the economy, and the family, as well as gov- ernment policies addressing gender equality. cedaw in Tonga Most Pacific nations have ratified or acceded to cedaw,2 beginning with New Zealand in 1985 and Sāmoa in 1992. The only remaining Pacific countries are Palau, which signed the convention in 2011 but has not for- mally ratified or acceded to it,3 and Tonga, which has not even signed the The Contemporary Pacic, Volume 29, Number 1, 66–90 © 2017 by University of Hawai‘i Press 66 lee • cedaw smokescreens 67 convention (United Nations 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Tonga Electric Power Board
    262 the contemporary pacific • 19:1 (2007) Making Sessions of the General Fono. generation, provided the impetus for Manuscript. the first major march of what became ———. 2006. Decisions. Manuscript. a season of marches. Piveni Piukala, a Kalolo, Kelihiano. 2000. Tokelau. Poly- former computer systems manager at nesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July Shoreline, alleged financial misman- 1998–30 June 1999. The Contemporary agement, falsification of audits, and Pacific 12:246–249. exorbitant salaries of approximately Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1980. Toke- us$400,000 each for the three main lau: ana faiga faka-te-malo ma na kui- executives, Sosefo Ramanlal, Soane kuiga fakaofiha (Tokelau: Its System of Ramanlal, and Crown Prince Tupou- Government and Administration). Wel- to‘a. Piukala warned that the prob- lington, nz: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. lems at Shoreline would cause the ocogt, Office of the Council of the people to feel disloyal toward the Ongoing Government of Tokelau. 2005. royal family and especially toward the Tokelau: Self-Determination Package. crown prince. In early May, the Peo- Manuscript. ple’s Representatives filed writs in the Supreme Court against Shoreline and the Tonga Electric Power Board. At Tonga the same time, the Tongan Human Rights and Democracy Movement The last decade has seen an escalation (thrdm) began organizing a petition of social, political, and economic and conferring with the People’s changes in Tonga, but the events of Democracy Party and other “Demos” the past year have been extraordinary: —democracy
    [Show full text]
  • Young Leslie, Heather E the Contemporary Pacific
    Tonga Young Leslie, Heather E The Contemporary Pacific, Volume 19, Number 1, Spring 2007, pp. 262-276 (Article) Published by University of Hawai'i Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2007.0021 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/208839 [ Access provided at 20 Apr 2021 05:32 GMT from The University of Alberta ] 262 the contemporary pacific • 19:1 (2007) Making Sessions of the General Fono. generation, provided the impetus for Manuscript. the first major march of what became ———. 2006. Decisions. Manuscript. a season of marches. Piveni Piukala, a Kalolo, Kelihiano. 2000. Tokelau. Poly- former computer systems manager at nesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July Shoreline, alleged financial misman- 1998–30 June 1999. The Contemporary agement, falsification of audits, and Pacific 12:246–249. exorbitant salaries of approximately Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1980. Toke- us$400,000 each for the three main lau: ana faiga faka-te-malo ma na kui- executives, Sosefo Ramanlal, Soane kuiga fakaofiha (Tokelau: Its System of Ramanlal, and Crown Prince Tupou- Government and Administration). Wel- to‘a. Piukala warned that the prob- lington, nz: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. lems at Shoreline would cause the ocogt, Office of the Council of the people to feel disloyal toward the Ongoing Government of Tokelau. 2005. royal family and especially toward the Tokelau: Self-Determination Package. crown prince. In early May, the Peo- Manuscript. ple’s Representatives filed writs in the Supreme Court against Shoreline and the Tonga Electric Power Board. At Tonga the same time, the Tongan Human Rights and Democracy Movement The last decade has seen an escalation (thrdm) began organizing a petition of social, political, and economic and conferring with the People’s changes in Tonga, but the events of Democracy Party and other “Demos” the past year have been extraordinary: —democracy movement supporters— Thousands of people participated in about a protest.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Report
    Country Report Tonga September 2007 The Economist Intelligence Unit 26 Red Lion Square London WC1R 4HQ United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For 60 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The Economist Intelligence Unit delivers its information in four ways: through its digital portfolio, where the latest analysis is updated daily; through printed subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through research reports; and by organising seminars and presentations. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 26 Red Lion Square The Economist Building 60/F, Central Plaza London 111 West 57th Street 18 Harbour Road WC1R 4HQ New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, US Hong Kong Tel: (44.20) 7576 8000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2585 3888 Fax: (44.20) 7576 8500 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.eiu.com Electronic delivery This publication can be viewed by subscribing online at www.store.eiu.com Reports are also available in various other electronic formats, such as CD-ROM, Lotus Notes, online databases and as direct feeds to corporate intranets. For further information, please contact your nearest Economist Intelligence Unit office Copyright © 2007 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Aid Effectiveness Agenda in Tonga
    An Analysis of the Aid Effectiveness Agenda in Tonga Helen Mountfort Victoria University of Wellington Wellington, New Zealand Submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the Master of Development Studies Degree June, 2013 Abstract Over the past decade, the rhetoric of international aid has significantly changed. Increased emphasis has been placed on the full participation of aid recipient countries, which are now being urged to own and drive their development planning and policy. The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness sits at the core of this international consensus that calls for alignment of donor policies and harmonisation of donor procedures. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of the aid effectiveness agenda on Tongan development policy and practice. Using both primary and secondary sources, an analysis of the Paris Declaration Principles and their application in practice was explored. A case study of the Tonga Energy Road Map was carried out in order to illustrate a more detailed unfolding of the aid effectiveness agenda at a sector and project level. The key findings of this research suggest that there has been substantial improvement to development policy and practice in Tonga. It is unclear, however, if this improvement was the outcome of commitments made to the Paris Declaration or the result of strong relationships and leadership exerted by the Government of Tonga. However, in spite of the commitment to increase aid effectiveness made by some development agencies, many still operate with their own systems and procedures which Tonga is required to meet. Although Tonga has readily adopted the Paris Declaration Principles, the aid effectiveness challenge remains at the project implementation level.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Transition in the Development Context: the Case Study of Tonga
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington Democratic Transition in the Development Context: The Case Study of Tonga Jonathan B. Osborne A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Development Studies School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, 2014 Abstract In 2010 the Kingdom of Tonga experienced a democratic transition that saw the balance of power shift from a hereditary monarchy to the people. Elections were held that for the first time would result in a majority of Tonga’s Parliament comprising of democrati- cally-elected politicians. Parliament was given the responsibility of nominating a Prime Minister from amongst its own ranks, who would in turn became responsible for nomi- nating the Cabinet. These powers were formerly held by Tonga’s hereditary monarchy, whose role was reduced to one more akin to that performed by the modern monarchs of Europe. Since the 1960s, Tonga has received an increasing amount of overseas aid, espe- cially from Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and, latterly, China. Historically, donors have not been overtly concerned with issues of democracy in developing countries, instead relying on the modernist notion that economic development would lead to democratic development. Since the 1980s, however, donors have become increasingly interested in the issue of democracy in developing countries, as a result of the good governance agenda and its successor paradigm, the aid effectiveness agenda. This thesis explores the impact of donors on Tonga’s 2010 democratic transition, concluding that the effect of donors manifested in a variety of direct and indirect ways.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/143631 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-05 and may be subject to change. Cultural and intellectual property protection of Tongan traditional cultural expressions This research was funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation and support provided by the Centre for Pacific and Asian Studies of the Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Cultural and intellectual property protection of Tongan traditional cultural expressions / Malia Talakai Thesis Nijmegen - With ref. - With figures and photographs - With summary in Dutch. Subject headings: Cultural and intellectual property protection of Tongan traditional cultural expressions. Cover photograph by Sione Puloka: Juliann, Charity and Ivy perform an ula during a 21st birthday celebration in Sydney, 2009. © Malia Talakai, 2015 ISBN: 978-94-6259-770-9 [email protected] Printed by: Ipskamp Drukkers Nijmegen No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without prior written permission from the proprietor. Cultural and intellectual property protection of Tongan traditional cultural expressions Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 21 oktober 2015 om 12:30 uur precies door Malia Talakai geboren op 24 mei 1968 te Nuku`alofa (Koninkrijk Tonga) Promotoren: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Village Day in Diaspora
    TEENA BROWN PULU Village day in diaspora Photograph Credit: Teena Brown Pulu On New Zealand Labour Day, October 26th 2015, affiliates of a rural farming village in Tonga residing in Auckland held a feast for Kolonga Day. It was convened at the Otahuhu Library, Pool, and Leisure Centre with over one thousand people in attendance. The centre is an Auckland Council hub for the diverse communities of Otahuhu to use. Why celebrate a Tongan village in New Zealand? Commemorating communities in Tonga by hosting village days overseas is an invented cultural practice in diaspora. In developed countries where Tongans have migrated to – New Zealand, Australia, and the United States – village days have taken off as the instigator of sub-nationalism. Sub-nationalism is a social phenomenon transpiring at the community level. It is distinguishable from Tongan nationalism, a weightier and widespread model of patriotism, which applauds the South Pacific Kingdom as the cornerstone Teena Brown Pulu is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Maori and Indigenous Development at Auckland University of Technology. Village day in diaspora 29 of its motto, God and Tonga are my inheritance. Contrastingly, sub-nationalism evokes the individuality and unique characteristics that a village is remembered for. Rampant Tongan nationalism is reproduced by manoeuvring history from above and below. The current monarch, King Tupou VI, appeals to loyalists and royalists, while the country’s rugby team, ‘Ikale Tahi, charms all classes of citizens and expatriates. Therefore, it seems remarkable that amidst the pomp of Tongan patriotism, overseas settlements have diverged to put village loyalties on parade.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Socio-Economic Development in Tonga: Challenges and Responses
    University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Year Sustainable socio-economic development in Tonga: challenges and responses Fotukaehiko Valeli Fisi’iahi University of Wollongong Fisi’iahi, Fotukaehiko V, Sustainable socio-economic development in Tonga: challenges and responses, PhD thesis, School of Economics and Information Systems, University of Wollongong, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/171 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/171 NOTE This online version of the thesis may have different page formatting and pagination from the paper copy held in the University of Wollongong Library. UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG COPYRIGHT WARNING You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Sustainable Socio-Economic Development in Tonga:
    [Show full text]