DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Reform Opens the Door: the Kingdom of Tonga's Path To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Political Reform Opens the Door: the Kingdom of Tonga's Path To POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM OPENS THE DOOR: THE KINGDOM OF TONGA'S PATH TO DEMOCRACY Guy Powles Dr Guy Powles, Faculty of Law, Monash University, Barrister and Solicitor, New Zealand and Victoria. Home office email: [email protected]. Published by Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific/Journal de Droit Comparé du Pacifique in conjunction with the New Zealand Association for Comparative Law Hors serie/Monograph XV Four acronyms are frequently employed – NCPR – National Committee for Political Reform CEC – Constitutional and Electoral Commission RLC – Royal Land Commission MT – Matangi Tonga (Vava'u Press Ltd, news online) Unless otherwise indicated, "cl" and "cls" refer to the clauses of the Constitution amended as at 30 November 2010 – for which see the consolidation in the Appendix. Where a year is cited, as in 1988 cl 41, that refers to the consolidation of the laws including the Constitution, of that year. Printed by City Print, Wellington, New Zealand 2012 CONTENTS I Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 II Contributors and Sources .............................................................................. 7 III Accomplishments of the Constitutional and Electoral Commission ................ 9 IV Input of King George Tupou V and The Sevele Cabinet .............................. 14 V Analysis of Reform Measures ..................................................................... 17 A Magnitude of the Proposed Changes ........................................................ 17 B Major Changes to the Executive Structure ............................................... 18 C The Cabinet ............................................................................................. 20 1 Size and Composition .......................................................................... 20 2 Un-elected Ministers ........................................................................... 20 3 Full Executive Authority and Responsibility ........................................ 22 4 Cabinet Manual ................................................................................... 23 5 Information for the Assembly and the Public ....................................... 24 D The Legislature ....................................................................................... 24 1 Discipline and Impeachment ................................................................ 26 E The Nobles .............................................................................................. 26 1 Representation ..................................................................................... 27 2 Speaker of the Assembly ..................................................................... 32 3 Estate Holders ..................................................................................... 32 4 Privileges ............................................................................................ 33 F Change of Government............................................................................ 34 G The Monarch, the Assembly and Law-making ......................................... 35 1 'What's in a Name?' ............................................................................. 36 H The Judiciary .......................................................................................... 36 iii 1 Court Structure and Appointments ....................................................... 37 2 Members of the Judiciary Today .......................................................... 37 3 The Judicial Services Commission and Code of Conduct ..................... 38 I Judicial Independence ............................................................................. 39 1 Intervention by King Tupou V ............................................................. 39 2 The CEC's Recommendations .............................................................. 40 3 Current Reforms Concerning the Judiciary........................................... 42 4 An Historical Perspective .................................................................... 43 5 Significance for Tonga ........................................................................ 50 J The Attorney-General.............................................................................. 53 1 Intervention ......................................................................................... 54 2 The Independent Model ....................................................................... 55 3 Commissioner of Police ....................................................................... 60 VI Providing Advice for His Majesty ............................................................... 61 A The Privy Council ................................................................................... 61 B The Law Lords and the Judicial Appointments Panel ............................... 64 C The Monarch's Authority in Government ................................................. 65 VII The Electoral System............................................................................... 71 VIII The Land System .................................................................................... 77 IX Conclusion: The Open Door ........................................................................ 83 A Stock-take ............................................................................................... 83 B Amending the Constitution ...................................................................... 83 C Public Awareness and Involvement ......................................................... 85 References .......................................................................................................... 91 The Constitution of Tonga .................................................................................. 97 iv COMPARATIVE LAW JOURNAL OF THE PACIFIC JOURNAL DE DROIT COMPARE DU PACIFIQUE Le Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific – Journal de Droit Comparé du Pacifique (CLJP-JDCP) a été créé en 1994 sous le nom de Revue Juridique Polynésienne (RJP) et paraît sous l'égide de l'Association de Législation Comparée des Pays du Pacifique (ALCPP) en collaboration avec Victoria University Law Review (VUWLR) et la New Zealand Association for Comparative Law (NZACL). Revue pluridisciplinaire, elle accueille et publie en langue française et/ou anglaise, des articles, monographies ou numéros hors série, relatifs à différents aspects des sciences sociales et humaines intéressant principalement, mais pas exclusivement, les pays de la zone Pacifique. Ses comités scientifiques et de rédaction, sont internationaux et pluridisciplinaires ils veillent à la qualité scientifique et au caractère novateur et inédit des publications qui leur sont soumises. L'accès aux publications et leur téléchargement gratuit, est possible à partir d'un lien sur le site Internet de l'Université de la Polynésie française : http://www.upf.pf (Recherche; CLJP-RJP) alimentant ainsi une banque de données spécialisée et unique sur les sciences sociales et humaines dans le Pacifique Sud tout en assurant sa plus grande diffusion. Les auteurs qui souhaitent soumettre leurs manuscrits peuvent le faire en écrivant à Yves-Louis Sage, Université de la Polynésie française, Campus de Punaauia, BP 6570, Faaa Aéroport, Tahiti, Polynésie Française ou à l'une des adresses électroniques suivantes: [email protected] ou [email protected] Directeur de publication Sage Yves-Louis, Maître de Conférences (Hdr) à l'Université de la Polynésie Française Direction scientifique Blanc-Jouvan Xavier, Professeur Emérite de l'Université Paris I – Panthéon-Sorbonne Le Cannu Paul, Professeur à l'Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne Muir Watt Horatia, Professeur à l'Ecole de Droit de Sciences Po Paris Sir Richardson Ivor, Distinguished Fellow à Victoria University of Wellington Comité scientifique André Sylvie, Professeur à l'Université de la Polynésie française Sir Baragwanath David, Juge et Président du Tribunal international pour le Liban Corrin Jennifer, Directrice du Centre for Public, International and Comparative Law, University of Queensland Joyau Marc, Maître de Conférences (Hdr) à l'Université de Nantes Huet Jérôme, Professeur à l'Université de la Réunion Luo Li, Associate Professeur à Renmin University - Beijing Kitamura Ichiro, Professeur à l'Université de Tokyo Montet Christian, Professeur à l'Université de la Polynésie française Murat Pierre, Professeur à l'Université Pierre-Mendès-France, Grenoble Pastorel Jean-Paul, Professeur à l'Université de la Polynésie Française Patrono Mario, Professeur à l'Université Rome I, La Sapienza Poujade Bernard, Professeur à l'Université Paris 5 Powles Guy, Professeur et Senior Research Fellow Monash University Rouland Norbert, Professeur à l'Université d'Aix-Marseille, membre honoraire de l'Institut Universitaire de France Sir Walker Paul, Juge et President de l'Administrative Appeals Chamber of the Upper Tribunal High Court Queen's Bench Division (London) Le Comité scientifique de Victoria University of Wellington Law Review et de la New Zealand Association for Comparative Law (association affiliée à l'UNESCO) Comité de direction Angelo Anthony, Professeur à Victoria University of Wellington (Law Faculty) Atkin Bill, Professeur à Victoria University of Wellington (Law Faculty) Cabannes Xavier, Professeur à l'Université de Picardie Jules Verne (Faculté de droit) Costi Alberto, Associate Professor à Victoria University
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Echoes of Pacific War
    ECHOES of Pacific War Edited by Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell Echoes of Pacific War Edited by Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell Papers from the 7th Tongan History Conference held in Canberra in January 1997 TARGET OCEANIA CANBERRA 1998 © Deryck Scarr, Niel Gunson, Jennifer Terrell 1998 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Book and cover design by Jennifer Terrell Printed by ANU Printing and Publishing Service ISBN 0-646-36000-0 Published by TARGET OCEANIA c/ o Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Contents Maps and Figures v Fo reword ix Introduction xiii 1 Behind the battle lines: Tonga in World War II EUZABETHWOOD-EILEM 1 2 Changing values and changed psychology of Tongans during and since World War II 'I. F. HELU 26 3 Airplanes and saxaphones: post-war images in the visual and peiforming arts ADRIENNE L. KAEPPIER 38 4 Tonga and Australia since Wo rld War II GARETH GRAINGER 64 5 New behaviours and migration since Wo rld War II SIOSIUA F. POUVALU LAFITANI 76 6 The churches in Tonga since World War II JOHN GARRE'IT 87 7 Introduction and development of fa mily planning in Tonga 1958-1990 HENRY IVARATURE 99 8 Analysing the emergent mi ddle class - the 1990s KERRY JAMES 110 9 Changing interpretations of the kava ritual MEREDITH FILIHIA 127 10 How To ngan is a Tongan? Cultural authenticity revisited HELEN MORTON 149 Bibliograp hy 167 Index 173 Contributors 182 Maps Map 1: TheTonga Islands vii Map 2: Tongatapu 5 Map 3: Nuku'alofa 10 Figures Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Uncrowned Lion: Rank, Status, and Identity of The
    Robert Kurelić THE UNCROWNED LION: RANK, STATUS, AND IDENTITY OF THE LAST CILLI MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University Budapest May 2005 THE UNCROWNED LION: RANK, STATUS, AND IDENTITY OF THE LAST CILLI by Robert Kurelić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest May 2005 THE UNCROWNED LION: RANK, STATUS, AND IDENTITY OF THE LAST CILLI by Robert Kurelić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ External Examiner Budapest May 2005 I, the undersigned, Robert Kurelić, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 27 May 2005 __________________________ Signature TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________1 ...heind graffen von Cilli und nyemermer... _______________________________ 1 ...dieser Hunadt Janusch aus dem landt Walachey pürtig und eines geringen rittermessigen geschlechts was..
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Maori Authorities
    TEENA BROWN PULU Minerals and Cucumbers in the Sea: International relations will transform the Tongan state Abstract Constitution law researcher Guy Powles, a Pakeha New Zealander residing in Australia was not optimistic accurate predictions on “the [Tonga] election which is coming up now in November” could be made (Garrett, 2014). “A man would be a fool to try to guess just where the balance will finish up,” he uttered to Jemima Garrett interviewing him for Radio Australia on April 30th 2014 (Garrett, 2014). Picturing the general election seven months away on November 27th 2014, Powles thought devolving the monarch’s executive powers to government by constitutional reform was Tonga’s priority. Whether it would end up an election issue deciding which way the public voted was a different story, and one he was not willing to take a punt on. While Tongans and non-Tongan observers focused attention on guessing who would get into parliament and have a chance at forming a government after votes had been casted in the November election, the trying political conditions the state functioned, floundered, and fell in, were overlooked. It was as if the Tongans and Palangi (white, European) commentators naively thought changing government would alter the internationally dictated circumstances a small island developing state was forced to work under. Teena Brown Pulu has a PhD in anthropology from the University of Waikato. She is a senior lecturer in Pacific development at AUT University. Her first book was published in 2011, Shoot the Messenger: The report on the Nuku’alofa reconstruction project and why the Government of Tonga dumped it.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Reform in Tonga Responses to the Government's Roadmap
    Political Reform in Tonga Responses to the Government’s Roadmap Sandra De Nardi, Roisin Lilley, Michael Pailthorpe and Andrew Curtin with Andrew Murray Catholic Institute of Sydney 2007 CIS 1 Political Reform in Tonga Table of Contents Introduction 3 Andrew Murray Tonga: Participation, Tradition and Constitution 4 Sandra De Nardi Political Reform in Tonga: Aristotelian Signposts 9 Roisin Lilley Moderating Tongan Reform 14 Michael Pailthorpe An Aristotelian Critique of Proposed Constitutional Reforms in Tonga 19 Andrew M Curtin Epilogue: Where to Now? 23 Andrew Murray Appendix: The Government of Tonga’s Roadmap for Political Reform 24 Catholic Institute of Sydney©2007 www.cis.catholic.edu.au Contact: [email protected] CIS 2 Political Reform in Tonga Introduction Andrew Murray SM The four essays in this collection are the best of the Events moved quickly in Tonga during 2006. final essays in the course unit, Social and Political Pressure had been building for some decades for Philosophy , in the Bachelor of Theology degree at reform of The Constitution of Tonga , established by Catholic Institute of Sydney during the second King George Tupou I in 1875 and still substantially semester of 2006. The course began with a careful unchanged. It constituted Tonga as a monarchy in reading of Aristotle’s Politics and went on to a which the King exercises full executive power and close reading of John Locke’s Second Treatise of in which nobles play a significant role. A National Government together with other source documents Committee for Political Reform (NCPR) was setup of modern political development. In parallel, the under the leadership of the Tu’ipelehake, the students began a cooperative project of studying nephew of the King.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextualisation of Dances in Tourism: a Tongan Case Study
    Contextualisation of Dances in Tourism : a Tongan Case Study Aurélie Condevaux To cite this version: Aurélie Condevaux. Contextualisation of Dances in Tourism : a Tongan Case Study. The journal of the Polynesian Society , Auckland, N.Z : Polynesian Society, 2011, 120 (3), pp.269-291. hal-00632803 HAL Id: hal-00632803 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00632803 Submitted on 27 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. CONTEXTUALISATION OF DANCES IN TOURISM: A TONGAN CASE STUDY AURÉLIE CONDEVAUX Centre for Research and Documentation on Oceania Université Aix-Marseille Dances, as social practices, are closely linked to the political and social systems in which they are produced. This is particularly true of Polynesian dances that have (or had) religious as well as political functions (Kaeppler 1993: 49, 75; Moyle 1991: 43, Tcherkézoff 2004: 305). As anthropologists have stressed, dances can be powerful political tools (Reed 1998). In Tonga, for example, where “we find a living dance tradition that is functionally interwoven with other aspects of the culture” (Kaeppler 1993: 75), dance performances are used to celebrate the current political system. Adrienne Kaeppler (1993: 52) has explained: “[N]ot only does the poetry impart such information, but much of it is reinforced visually” as the “physical arrangement of the individual performers visually portrays important concepts of the social structure”.
    [Show full text]
  • Leimatu'a Remittance Fundraising Sylvester Palu Tonga
    “Manatu ‘Ofa ki ‘Api” (Remembrance of Home in Love): Home and Diaspora – Leimatu’a Remittance Fundraising Sylvester Palu Tonga A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Communication Studies (MCS) School of Communication Studies AUT 2020 Page ii Table of Contents List of Figures v Glossary vi Dedication viii Acknowledgements ix Attestation of Authorship x Ethics Approval x Abstract xi Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Research Context .................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 The Kingdom of Tonga .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 The Leimatu’a Community/Village ............................................................................................ 5 1.3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................ 8 Chapter Two: Literature Review ............................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship
    COMPARATIVE REPORT 2020/01 COMPARATIVE FEBRUARY REGIONAL 2020 REPORT ON CITIZENSHIP LAW: OCEANIA AUTHORED BY ANNA DZIEDZIC © Anna Dziedzic, 2020 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. Requests should be addressed to [email protected]. Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual authors and not those of the European University Institute. Global Citizenship Observatory (GLOBALCIT) Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School Comparative Regional Report on Citizenship Law: Oceania RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-Comp 2020/1 February 2020 Anna Dziedzic, 2020 Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ cadmus.eui.eu Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, created in 1992 and currently directed by Professor Brigid Laffan, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research on the major issues facing the process of European integration, European societies and Europe’s place in 21st century global politics. The Centre is home to a large post-doctoral programme and hosts major research programmes, projects and data sets, in addition to a range of working groups and ad hoc initiatives. The research agenda is organised around a set of core themes and is continuously evolving, reflecting the changing agenda of European integration, the expanding membership of the European Union, developments in Europe’s neighbourhood and the wider world.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The life and the autobiographical poetry of Oswald von Wolkenstein Robertshaw, Alan Thomas How to cite: Robertshaw, Alan Thomas (1973) The life and the autobiographical poetry of Oswald von Wolkenstein, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7935/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk THE LIFE AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL POETRY OF OSWALD VON WOLKENSTEIN Thesis submitted to the University of Durham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Alan Thomas Robertshaw, B»A. Exeter, March, 1973 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. CONTENTS Chapter Page Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Abbreviations iv I, INTRODUCTION 1 1o Summary of Research 1 20 Beda
    [Show full text]
  • A Human Rights-Based Approach to Women's Land Rights in Tonga
    A Human Rights-Based Approach to Women’s Land Rights in Tonga Sela Teukisiafo‘ou Moa A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales Faculty of Law April 2017 PLEASE TYPE Tl-IE UNIVERSITYOF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name· Moa First nflnle Sela Other narnc>Js Teuklsiafo'ou Abbrev1ahon for degree as given 1n lhe U111vers1ty calendar PhD School. Faculty of Law Faculty. Faculty of Law Title- A human nghls-based approach lo women's land rights ,n Tonga ABSTRACT Tonga is one of the many countries in the world where women have fewer ]and rights than men. This thesis proposes a response to the problem of unequal land rights for women in Tonga. Discriminatory laws that prevent women from owning land, supp01ted by cultural attitudes, operate to limit women's capacity to participate fi.1lly iu social, political and economic life. In formulatiug solutions the thesis utilises feminist legal <1pproaclles to equality and non-discrimination, feminist interventions in the debate between uuivers<11ism m1d culturnl refativism in h11111<111 rights discourse, and the hnman rights framework itself. This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by providing a feminist legal analysis of the basic principles of fand law in Tonga. The analysis of land law demonstrates that women in Tonga are discriminated against not just on the basis of their gender, but also on the basis of their class. It also illustrates that discrimination against women in land law breaches not only women's iimdamental right to equa1ity and non-discrimination., but also their social and economic rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Code of 1771
    This is a translation of the CODE OF 1771 (Chapter 15.120) as in force on 1 January 2019 This is not an authoritative translation of the Law. Whilst it is believed to be correct, no warranty is given that it is free of errors or omissions or that it is an accurate translation of the French text. Accordingly, no liability is accepted for any loss arising from its use. WHEREAS there was this day read at the Board a Report from the Right Honourable the Lords of the Committee of Council for the Affairs of Jersey and Guernsey dated the 26th of this instant, upon considering the annexed Collection or Code of laws agreed upon by the states of the Island of Jersey, and transmitted for His Majesty’s Royal approbation – His Majesty taking the same into Consideration, is hereby pleased, with the advice of His privy Council, to approve of ratify, and confirm the Said Collection or Code of laws, and to Order, that the same, together with this Order, be entered upon the register of the said Island and observed accordingly – And His Majesty Doth hereby declare that all other Political and written laws heretofore made in the Said Island, and not included in the Said Code, and not having had the Royal assent and confirmation, Shall be from henceforward of no force and validity. – And His Majesty doth hereby Order that no Laws or Ordinances whatsoever, which may be made provisionally or in view of being afterwards assented to by His Majesty in Council, Shall be passed but by the whole Assembly of the States of the said Island; And with respect to such
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Veto in Pacific Island States and the Case of Tonga
    1 THE HEAD OF STATE AND THE LEGISLATURE: THE POWER OF VETO IN PACIFIC ISLAND STATES AND THE CASE OF TONGA Guy Powles* C'est avec une profonde tristesse que les membres des comités de rédaction et scientifique du Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific ont appris le décès du Dr Guy Powles, survenu le 20 juillet 2016. Ils s'associent au chagrin de sa famille. Unanimement reconnu par la communauté scientifique comme l'un des meilleurs connaisseurs de systèmes juridiques en vigueur dans le Pacifique Sud, son érudition n'avait d'égale que sa profonde humanité. Constitutionaliste et comparatiste hors pair, encourageant sans cesse les initiatives de nature à promouvoir toutes les facettes de l'étude du droit dans le Pacifique, il avait bien voulu réserver au Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific, la première parution de ce qui allait rapidement devenir un ouvrage de référence, de son important travail sur les réformes constitutionnelles du royaume des Tonga Political and Constitutional Reform Opens the Door: The Kingdom of Tonga's Path to Democracy (2012) CLJP-HS vol 12. La présence du Dr Guy Powles au sein du comité scientifique du Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific etait un honneur mais aussi la plus belle des cautions scientifiques qu'une revue de droit comparé ait pu espérer dans le Pacifique Sud. Aujourd'hui encore le Comparative Law Journal of the Pacific a le privilège de pouvoir publier dans ce volume qui est dédié à sa mémoire, les deux derniers articles qu'il avait rédigés quelque temps avant son décès. * Dr Guy Powles, latterly of Monash University, 1934-2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Flags and Banners
    Flags and Banners A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents 1 Flag 1 1.1 History ................................................. 2 1.2 National flags ............................................. 4 1.2.1 Civil flags ........................................... 8 1.2.2 War flags ........................................... 8 1.2.3 International flags ....................................... 8 1.3 At sea ................................................. 8 1.4 Shapes and designs .......................................... 9 1.4.1 Vertical flags ......................................... 12 1.5 Religious flags ............................................. 13 1.6 Linguistic flags ............................................. 13 1.7 In sports ................................................ 16 1.8 Diplomatic flags ............................................ 18 1.9 In politics ............................................... 18 1.10 Vehicle flags .............................................. 18 1.11 Swimming flags ............................................ 19 1.12 Railway flags .............................................. 20 1.13 Flagpoles ............................................... 21 1.13.1 Record heights ........................................ 21 1.13.2 Design ............................................. 21 1.14 Hoisting the flag ............................................ 21 1.15 Flags and communication ....................................... 21 1.16 Flapping ................................................ 23 1.17 See also ...............................................
    [Show full text]