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Tonga Electric Power Board 262 the contemporary pacific • 19:1 (2007) Making Sessions of the General Fono. generation, provided the impetus for Manuscript. the first major march of what became ———. 2006. Decisions. Manuscript. a season of marches. Piveni Piukala, a Kalolo, Kelihiano. 2000. Tokelau. Poly- former computer systems manager at nesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July Shoreline, alleged financial misman- 1998–30 June 1999. The Contemporary agement, falsification of audits, and Pacific 12:246–249. exorbitant salaries of approximately Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1980. Toke- us$400,000 each for the three main lau: ana faiga faka-te-malo ma na kui- executives, Sosefo Ramanlal, Soane kuiga fakaofiha (Tokelau: Its System of Ramanlal, and Crown Prince Tupou- Government and Administration). Wel- to‘a. Piukala warned that the prob- lington, nz: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. lems at Shoreline would cause the ocogt, Office of the Council of the people to feel disloyal toward the Ongoing Government of Tokelau. 2005. royal family and especially toward the Tokelau: Self-Determination Package. crown prince. In early May, the Peo- Manuscript. ple’s Representatives filed writs in the Supreme Court against Shoreline and the Tonga Electric Power Board. At Tonga the same time, the Tongan Human Rights and Democracy Movement The last decade has seen an escalation (thrdm) began organizing a petition of social, political, and economic and conferring with the People’s changes in Tonga, but the events of Democracy Party and other “Demos” the past year have been extraordinary: —democracy movement supporters— Thousands of people participated in about a protest. The petition listed numerous protest marches, climaxing objections to the way the national in a general strike that held the gov- electricity provision had been priva- ernment hostage for six weeks; royal tized, to the fact that Shoreline held a family insiders spoke publicly against monopoly, and to the fact that elec- the authority of the king; the first tricity was so expensive while the elected and commoner member of company’s directors received such Parliament was named prime minis- high salaries. After gaining twenty ter; the first woman was appointed to thousand signatures, on 26 May cabinet; and the king gave his assent 2005 a record four thousand people to the National Committee for Politi- marched to present the petition to cal Reform. It has been a dramatic, the palace. It was read aloud by the traumatic, and emancipatory year for thrdm president, the Rev Simote Tonga, and in these respects the con- Vea. As he spoke, Vea also called on sequences of the popular uprisings of the king to surrender power to the 2005–2006 constitute a political, people and to become a ceremonial social, and psychological coup for figurehead like the monarch in Brit- Tongans at home and abroad. ain. (The People’s Representatives In March 2005, whistle-blower later disavowed prior knowledge of revelations about Shoreline, the com- these latter demands.) pany holding a monopoly on power The next day, parliamentarians political reviews • polynesia 263 considered the forthcoming budget tion of the Public Service Association and appropriations for salary revi- (psa), with Finau Tutone as president sions, which had been going through and Maliu Takai as vice president. At committees including the Higher the meeting there were calls for a Salary Review Committee. Amid the national strike and another protest debate, ‘Akilisi Pohiva, the First Peo- march, but the newly formed psa ple’s Representative for Tongatapu, executive managed to convince the was steadfast in moving for a delay on members to begin with a letter of the salary revisions vote. His motions grievance. This was submitted to were defeated, and on 1 July the new Paula Ma‘u, the deputy secretary to salary scales came into effect. Upper- the prime minister, on 15 July, with a echelon civil servants were awarded response requested within three days. raises of up to 57 percent, while some The prime minister was out of the of those in the bottom tiers received country, but on 20 July, with no nothing. response from the prime minister’s The public servants’ strike was office, Clive Edwards (former minister the defining event of 2005. It began, of police but now one of Tongatapu’s unofficially, early in July. Soon after People’s Representatives) gave an the salary revisions were released, interview on television. He spoke of deputy ministers and other mid-level the inequity of the new salary struc- administrators from various sections tures. As Edwards put it, while gov- of the public service began clandes- ernment ministers now earned over tinely discussing the recently released t$100,000 (us$52,532) a year, police- revised salary scales. Their cautious men struggled to survive on t$50 discussions with each other stemmed (us$26.27) a week. The People’s from the unusual way in which Representatives, he affirmed, would salaries and departmental budgets support a strike if the Public Service had been released: Previously, the civil Association called for one. The fol- roll was an open document, and civil lowing evening, 21 July, two thousand employees were able to compare civil servants met at the Queen Sälote budgets and remuneration. But in Hall in the capital of Nuku‘alofa and 2005, this transparency was foregone; voted for an immediate strike. administrators were told that they At the time of the Shoreline pro- only needed to know the information test, a march of four thousand people for their own sections. However, as seemed a huge turnout. But it proved one deputy department head told me, to be a mere rehearsal for the protests “The cabinet’s attempt at secrecy to come. Despite pleas by the psa was defeated in the Tongan way: executive to give the prime minister’s Of course, we all have family in other office more time, and buoyed by the parts of the civil service. After some momentum of the turnout for the phone calls, we knew the whole bud- Shoreline protest, the civil servants get! That’s when we knew that the had had enough. Overnight they pay rises were unfair.” mobilized, and on 22 July an esti- A meeting of a thousand civil ser- mated six thousand people marched vants on 13 July led to the formaliza- through Nuku‘alofa to Parliament. 264 the contemporary pacific • 19:1 (2007) These numbers reflect roughly 8 per- response to their request. The follow- cent of the residents of the main island ing morning, Finau Tutone issued a of Tongatapu, and 6 percent of the call for the civil servants to begin national population. The turnout for meeting at Pangai Si‘i until they the march and the rapidity with received the government’s response. which the civil action was mobilized Public schools throughout the country astonished even the organizers. Their were forced to close, as 1,466 (out of demand was simple: change the salary 1,600) teachers walked off the job. scales. The psa letter proposed increases of The first response came from Act- 80 percent to salaries for the lowest- ing Prime Minister Cecil Cocker. He level employees, 70 percent for those advised the striking workers that the at the mid-level, and 60 percent for cabinet could not accommodate them; those in the upper ranks. They esti- they had to follow procedure and mated the raises would cost t$20 seek a resolution to their salary dis- million (us$10,506,409) and could putes from their heads of departments be covered without increasing taxes. and the Public Service Commission. This has come to be referred to as the He also warned that if people did not “60, 70, 80 Letter.” return to work, they would be dealt In Parliament, the Tu‘ipelehake, with under the public service regula- nephew of the king and a Nobles’ tions—a clear threat. The next day, Representative, made a motion in 23 July, downtown Nuku‘alofa was support of the psa letter. With cabinet like a ghost town. Strikers had not members abstaining, Nobles’ and Peo- returned to their desks. The offices of ple’s Representatives voted to refer the Ministries of Marine and Ports, the letter to the cabinet. Meanwhile, Fisheries, Lands, Labor, Works, the a labor negotiator and a retired judge Post Office, the Civil Service Com- arrived from New Zealand, at the mission, and the Treasury were essen- request of the Tongan government, tially closed. A lack of ports person- to act as mediators. Acting Prime nel required one ship to bypass its Minister Cecil Cocker demanded that scheduled stop in Tonga. But the gov- the strikers return to work while the ernment remained steadfast: there negotiations took place. The Public would be no changes to the salary Service Association responded that scales. they would, if granted an immediate Undaunted, the Public Service 60 percent pay increase. When gov- Association held a rally on 25 July, ernment refused, the association again at Queen Sälote Hall, where refused to meet with the mediators. they voted to ask Parliament to sup- When they returned to New Zealand, port their cause. Following the rally, the labor negotiator called on the some two thousand people marched trade unions there to support the to Pangai Si‘i, a park located in cen- Tongan strikers. tral Nuku‘alofa between Parliament, By 28 July, with imports and Treasury, and the Prime Minister’s exports stymied, the business com- Offices. They declared their intention munity became involved. Sione Kioa, to wait there for the government’s president of the Tonga Chamber of political reviews • polynesia 265 Commerce, brokered a deal between such as health and police, or those the PSA executive and most govern- who could not afford to go on strike.
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