The State, Democracy and Social Movements

The Dynamics of Conflict and Peace in Contemporary South Asia This book engages with the concept, true value, and function of democracy in South Asia against the background of real social conditions for the promotion of peaceful development in the region. In the book, the issue of peaceful social development is defined as the conditions under which the maintenance of social order and social development is achieved – not by violent compulsion but through the negotiation of intentions or interests among members of society. The book assesses the issue of peaceful social development and demonstrates that the maintenance of such conditions for long periods is a necessary requirement for the political, economic, and cultural development of a society and state. Chapters argue that, through the post-colonial historical trajectory of South Asia, it has become commonly understood that democracy is the better, if not the best, political system and value for that purpose. Additionally, the book claims that, while democratization and the deepening of democracy have been broadly discussed in the region, the peace that democracy is supposed to promote has been in serious danger, especially in the 21st century. A timely survey and re-evaluation of democracy and peaceful development in South Asia, this book will be of interest to academics in the field of South Asian Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies and Asian Politics and Security. Minoru Mio is a professor and the director of the Department of Globalization and Humanities at the National Museum of Ethnology, Japan. He is one of the series editors of the Routledge New Horizons in South Asian Studies and has co-edited Cities in South Asia (with Crispin Bates, 2015), Human and International Security in India (with Crispin Bates and Akio Tanabe, 2015) and Rethinking Social Exclusion in India (with Abhijit Dasgupta, 2017), also published by Routledge. Kazuya Nakamizo is a professor in the Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies at Kyoto University, Japan. He is the author of Violence and Democ- racy: The Collapse of One-Party Dominant Rule in India (2020). Tatsuro Fujikura is a professor in the Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, and the director of the Center for South Asian Studies at Kyoto University, Japan. He is the author of Discourses of Awareness: Development, Social Movements and the Practices of Freedom in Nepal (2013). Routledge New Horizons in South Asian Studies Series Editors: Crispin Bates, Edinburgh University; Akio Tanabe, Kyoto University; Minoru Mio, National Museum of Ethnology, Japan Democratic Transformation and the Vernacular Public Arena in India Edited by Taberez Ahmed Neyazi, Akio Tanabe and Shinya Ishizaka Cities in South Asia Edited by Crispin Bates and Minoru Mio Human and International Security in India Edited by Crispin Bates, Akio Tanabe and Minoru Mio Rethinking Social Exclusion in India Castes, Communities and the State Edited by Minoru Mio and Abhijit Dasgupta Modernity and Spirit Worship in India An Anthropology of the Umwelt Edited by Miho Ishii Sustainable Development in India Groundwater Irrigation, Energy Use, and Food Production Edited by Koichi Fujita and Tsukasa Mizushima The Dynamics of Conflict and Peace in Contemporary South Asia The State, Democracy and Social Movements Edited by Minoru Mio, Kazuya Nakamizo and Tatsuro Fujikura For a full list of titles please see https://www.routledge.com/Routledge- New-Horizons-in-South-Asian-Studies/book-series/RNHSAS The Dynamics of Conflict and Peace in Contemporary South Asia The State, Democracy and Social Movements Edited by Minoru Mio, Kazuya Nakamizo and Tatsuro Fujikura First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Minoru Mio, Kazuya Nakamizo and Tatsuro Fujikura; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Minoru Mio, Kazuya Nakamizo and Tatsuro Fujikura to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Nakamizo, Kazuya, 1970- editor. | Tatsuro, Fuzikura, editor. | Mio, Minoru, editor. Title: The dynamics of conflict and peace in contemporary South Asia : the state, democracy and social movements / Edited by Kazuya Nakamizo, Tatsuro Fujikura and Minoru Mio. Description: Abingdon, Oxon, ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge new horizons in South Asian studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020037655 | ISBN 9780367470579 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003038528 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Democracy--South Asia. | Social movements--South Asia. | South Asia--Politics and government. | South Asia--Social conditions. Classification: LCC JQ98.A91 D96 2021 | DDC 303.6/60954--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020037655 ISBN: 978-0-367-47057-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-03852-8 (ebk) Typeset in Times by SPi Global, India Contents List of Contributors vii List of Figures ix List of Tables x Introduction: Dynamics of conflict and peace in contemporary South Asia xi MINORU MIO, KAZUYA NAKAMIZO AND TATSURO FUJIKURA PART I Democracy, state and religion 1 1 Democracy and vigilantism: the spread of Gau Rakshaks in India 3 KAZUYA NAKAMIZO 2 Creating majoritarian democracy: Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2017 Legislative Assembly election in Uttar Pradesh 20 NORIO KONDO 3 Practicing the right to indifference: Secularism, toleration, and Islamophobia in Indian and American National Subjectivities 41 PETER GOTTSCHALK 4 State and violence in Burma/Myanmar: The Rohingya crisis and its implication for South and South-East Asia 55 KAZI FAHMIDA FARZANA PART II Democratization and social movements 75 5 Manifestation of Dalit rights, justice, and Dalit-ness in the post-Mandal era 77 MAYA SUZUKI vi Contents 6 Homogenization of social movement dynamics under a “clever” Nepali state, 2007–2012 93 LOKRANJAN PARAJULI 7 Abul Sattar Edhi: The modern incarnation of a pacifist Sufi 113 TAHIR KAMRAN 8 Movements of flats and citizens: Notes on spatial politics in Mumbai 127 YOKO TAGUCHI PART III How does a conflict end? 141 9 Life beyond the paradox: Peace, ethnic conflict, and everyday realities of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh 143 RANJAN SAHA PARTHA 10 Communities and mediation in post-conflict Nepal 163 TATSURO FUJIKURA 11 Maps, migration, melancholia 174 PRADEEP JEGANATHAN Index 185 List of Contributors Kazi Fahmida Farzana is an assistant professor in international relations at the University of Sharjah, UAE. Her teaching and research interests include nationalism and ethnic conflicts, diplomacy, forced migration, and stateless- ness with an emphasis on South and Southeast Asia. As a peace and conflict specialist, she has published not only several articles in prominent journals in her field but also book chapters with leading publishers around the world. She also has an authored book titled, Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees: Contested Identity and Belonging (2017). Tatsuro Fujikura is a professor at the Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, where he teaches South Asian Studies and Anthropology. He is the author of Discourses of Awareness: Development, Social Movement and the Practices of Freedom in Nepal and co-author of The Noodle Narratives. Peter Gottschalk is a professor of religion at Wesleyan University (Connecticut, USA). His research investigates cultural interpretation and conflict at the inter- sections of Muslim, Hindu, Christian, secular, and scientific traditions. He has explored these themes in South Asia in Religion, Science, and Empire and Beyond Hindu and Muslim. Pradeep Jeganathan is a consultant social anthropologist in private prac- tice in Colombo. Formally, he was Professor and Head of Sociology, Shiv Nader University, Delhi NCR, India. He is the author of Living with Death (2006), At the Water’s Edge (2004) and co-editor of Unmaking the Nation (1995/2009/2017) and Subaltern Studies X1 (2002) and has written articles on violence, grief, subaltern nationalism, and cyber subjectivity. Tahir Kamran currently is a professor in the Department of Liberal Arts, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore. He has authored several books and articles on historiography, religious extremism, minority rights, colonial Punjab, and the history of Pakistan. Norio Kondo is a senior research fellow at the South Asian Studies Group, Area Studies Center, Institute of Developing Economies in Japan. His main research areas include contemporary Indian politics, contemporary South Asian politics, and comparative politics, among others. viii List of Contributors Minoru Mio is a professor of the National

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