Case Study Contents

1. Case Study Outlook 2. Case Studies 1) Germany 2) France 3) Korea 4) Japan 3. Summary

1 TOD Development Case Study Out Look

2 Process of Urban Development Project Step of TOD Tools / Measures Making Master Plan for TOD • Checking Upper Level Plan Planning • Meeting with Stakeholders (Zoning, Infrastructure, Transport etc.) • Financial Plan, Budget Making

Prepare the Land • Land Acquisition • Land Readjustment (Land consolidation, readjustment etc.) • Concession/ Long-term Lease

Infrastructure Development+ • Government Investment Impleme • Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Feeder Transport System • Private Investment ntation • Private Investment Property development • Incentives (if any)

• Asset Management Corporation Area Management • Area Management Association

3 Factors for Successful Implementation of TOD

Asia/US Type Europe Type

Factors that affect TOD success

1. Special development areas and master plans

2. Basic city planning measures

3.Financial incentives

4. Management organizations

4 Financial Incentive for TOD Implementation Financial incentives from case studies (in Japan and America)

Contribution for Infrastructure Subsidy Fund from Central Government Study for TOD Project

For Local Government Income Tax

Tax Measures Land Tax

Fees for Opening a Business For Developers

Loan Mezzanine Financing

For Developers

5 Case Studies

6 Typology and Features

Type Country Special Features in General Asia/US Europe Japan ✓ Strategical development of new railway line and urban development. Hong Kong ✓ Urban development is planned to encourage the demand for railway use, as well as to provide convenient urban service to the railway South Korea passengers.

U.S.

✓ Cities have been historically developed already. U.K. ✓ Inter-city HSR or express railway is developed to strength connectivity between city and city. France ✓ The term of TOD is not really common in Europe, but compact and human friendly inner-city Germany transport such as tram, bike and walking are encouraged in urban planning and urban design.

7 Historical Background

19th century 20th century 21st century 2000 2010 2020

• Well planed city • Needs for urban renovation to • Terminal station + feeder Motorization solve socio-economic problems • Wide street etc. • Promote public transportation, multi modal shift

• Learning Urban Planning • Reorganize Needs for urban renovation to land from Germany and France.WWII update the urban center, to • Installation of tram in • Urban Railway development solve socio-economic problem Tokyo Start from Zero Motorization Urban Railway in BKK (BTS, MRT) Highway & Road network Rail Railway (Inter-city) expansion Canal Waterway 8 Germany

Simple & Functional

Key Words • Federation System • Historical Background as City-State • Functional plan and design in urban area

9 Germany ◼ Key Organization Central Local Law & Regulation Spatial Development Plan, District Plan Financing for Public Investment Government Government Implementing Agency

(Not Specified)

Urban Development Deutsche Bahn Private Sector Station Renovation etc. Property Developer Other Service provider Railway Operator Urban Development

10 Germany Mixed-use area between Residence and Business

11 Germany

Residence, Office, Business, Park, Post and Bank Pedestrian and Bicycle way along tram lane

Tram Lane Bike Lane Pedestrian way

12 Germany

Pedestrian way from Train Station to City Center, surrounded with Business, Office and Residence Note: • The planning of the urban area usage in Europe and Germany was implemented even before the railway development. • German Cities are usually compact and has mixed-use area . Each area is well connected and coordinated with other areas by public transportation (Bus, Tram, Rapid transit). • Principally, the concept of TOD may be originally and naturally contained in every public transportation project in Germany. • The role of public transportation is to connect area that was well planned together, but not to create a new urban development .

13 Germany

1. Hamburg-Altona Station in 1971. Buses, trams, trains and S-Bahn trains all met here.

14 Germany

Hamburg-Altona Station in present - future • A new HSR station and regional-local transportation hub. (by government, city and national railway) • Mixed use area: Residence, Business, Stadium, Music Hall, Park, and Education facility.

15 Germany

2. Leipzig Hauptbahnhof Station frontage (station plaza) in 1965. Buses, trams, trains and S-Bahn trains all met here.

16 Germany

Leipzig Hauptbahnhof Station at present. Mixed use Buses, trams, trains and S-Bahn trains all met here. Development surrounding the station is mixed use, but not dramatically changed from 1965.

17 Germany

Concourse of Leipzig Hauptbahnhof Station at the present. It is much more commercialized compared to old concourse in 1965.

18 Germany

3. München Hauptbahnhof Station frontage (station plaza) in 1900. It already had the transition area for trams, cars.

19 Germany

München Hauptbahnhof Station at the present. It is a big terminal station having many railway line, subway and tram.

20 Germany

Subway (right) and tram (below) connected to München Hauptbahnhof Station.

21 France

Decentralization & Public Involvement

Key Words • Urban renovation • Designation on important area by Central Gov. • Implementation by Local Gov. and EPA

22 France

◼ Key Organization Central Local Law & Regulation District Plan, Master Plan, EPA Administration (Vision, District Plan etc.) Financing for Public Financing for Public Investment Investment Government Government EPA (for each project) Implementing Agency (under the government) (established for each project) Urban Development SNCF Station Renovation etc. Private Sector Property Developer Railway Operator Other Service provider Having 100% own consulting firm (AREP) For research, architect, and engineering Urban Development for urban development

23 France

Gare d'Austerlitz (station) , one of the terminal station in Paris

24 France

Library and Office Buildings around Gare d'Austerlitz (station)

25 France

City of Marseille, view from Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles (station)

Note: • The term of TOD is NOT generally used for urban redevelopment and renovation, even they contain public-transport focused traffic network, seamless linkage between pedestrian ways, tram and railways, and eco-friendly transportation mode. • Instead, multimodal transport system has been developed in many French cities. • Urban renovation and redevelopment projects have been planned and implemented in French cities since 1980s for following purpose. (i) solution of serious traffic jam caused by motor vehicles (ii) recover and revitalize the deteriorated city center.

26 France

1. Bordeaux – St. Jean Station frontage (station plaza) in 1900s’. It already had the transition area for trams, cars.

27 France

Bordeaux – St. Jean Station : Original station building is the north side of the railway. New station building was built during 2014-2017, to align with the opening of LGV opening in 2017.

28 France

Bordeaux – St. Jean Station : Original station at present. (North)

29 France

Bordeaux – St. Jean Station : New LGV station at present. (South)

30 France

Urban Renovation Project around Bordeaux – St. Jean Station. OIN (National Important Operation) project Project Name : Euratlantique – Bordeaux

It is planned to create, by 2030, a business center with international influence and new areas.

31 France

2. Marseiiles-St. Charles /Gèze metro Station

32 France

Marseiiles-St. Charles /Gèze metro Station: Promotion of the metropolitan renovation

33 France

Marseiiles-St. Charles /Gèze metro Station : Project area of urban renovation Gèze metro designated as OIN (National Important Operation) project Project Name : Euroméditérranée Euroméditérranée is committed to make Marseille the sutainable Mediterranean city of future in following five objectives: 1. Responsible redevelopment/ improvement 2. Re-found environmental quality 3. Connected metropole 4. Citizen’s approach 5. Ambition as a metropolitan

Project area : 480 ha: Project period: 1995 - 2030 Marseiiles- • Governed by the State and the regions; EPA St. Charles Euro-méditérranée is responsible for implementation. • The first phase is 1995-2015

34 France

3. Strasbourg Station with traffic circle and tram stop at station plaza

35 France

Renovated Strasbourg Station to make new and old façades being compatible. With bike parking area.

36 France

Tram in Strasbourg City. Strasbourg Station is the hub stop for tram and city bus.

37 France

Tram system and the promotion of parking ride to realize compact city.

38 South Korea

TOD is new challenge

Key Words • Car-oriented society • Act on Developing and Using Station's Sphere

39 South Korea

◼ Key Organization Central Local Law & Regulation Master Plan, Financing for Public Investment Government Government Implementing Agency

(Not Specified)

Urban Development K Rail Private Sector Station Development etc. Property Developer Other Service provider Railway Operator Urban Development

40 Korea

 South Korea is basically car-oriented society, therefore the development around a train station has NOT been a major issue in urban development.

Seoul Station

KTX

Seoul Bus

41 Korea

 However, after the opening of KTX in 2004, TOD is getting more attention in the contexts of balancing development demand-supply, urban renaissance, branding of local administration, business/company attraction.

KTX

42 Korea

• Gwangmyeong Station : Development Plan with: High rise Residence, Regional branch of big company Government related public facilities Commercial (IKEA, Rotte, Costoco etc.)

43 Korea

Gwangmyeong Station

44 Japan

Effort from behind & Technical Tools Key Words • Land Readjustment for replotting and Infrastructure development • Urban Redevelopment scheme for right conversion • Urban Renaissance scheme for promotion & incentive • Implementation by Local Gov. and UR

45 Japan

46 Japan Historical Overview of TOD in Japan 1950’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s Major TOD projects TODs along new high Urban development projects speed railways along Tsukuba EX Tama New Town Project along Keio railway

Senri New Town Project, Osaka Shibuya TODs with verticalization Akihabara of railway crossing in Umekita local cities Shiodome Tokyo sta. renovation Government policy, law and regulations, organization Mass supply of Houses and Residential Land

Land Readjustment Urban Redevelopment Improvement of Living Environment Urban Law in 1954 Law in 1969 and City Functions Revitalization

Law on Integrated urban Amendment of Deep underground development with railway in urban planning utilization law in 2001 New town development 1989 law in 1992 law in 1963 Barrier free law in 2006 Minister’s agreement on verticalization of railway Urban Renaissance FAR transfer for special Development Tool crossing in 1992 Law in 2002 district in 2004 Policy and organization Privatization of Japan National Railway in 1987 Establishment of Urban Establishment of Japan Establishment of Renaissance Agency Housing Corporation in 1955 MINT Agency in 1987 (UR) in 2004 Economic and Social Situation of Japan Stable economic growth Maturation period from 2000 Rapid economic growth from 1980s to 1990s from 1950s to 1970s Population Peak Population bonus in 2010 2nd Baby boom in 1970s 47 Japan Key Success Factors for TOD in Japan Category Key success factors • Privatization of national railway A. Government • Elevation of existing local railway line Policy • Designation of Urgent Urban Renovation Area • Special law for synchronization with railway development and TOD

• Local government’s coordination initiative B. Organization and • Master Developer as TOD coordinator Coordination • Railway operator’s capability for real estate business • Utilization of Property Right Exchange Method • Land Banking for railway development C. Control and • Design guideline for intermodal transit facility (e.g station plaza, Development Tool barrier free) • Designation of urban facilities on urban plan (e.g. station plaza, access road) • National subsidy for urban facility development D. Finance and Incentive • Land Value Capture for local government

48 Japan ◼ Key Organization Central, Prefectural Local Law & Regulation Master Plan, Master Developer Designation of Important Area (Vision, District Plan etc.) Financing for Public Financing for Public Investment and Subsidy Investment Government Government UR Implementing Agency (Semi-Public) Master Developer Urban Development Private Sector Railway Operator Master Developer Station Development, Renovation Sub Developer Other Service provider Feeder Transportation (Bus) operation Property Development, Retail business Urban Development

49 Japan

Local (Municipality) Master Plan (Vision, District Plan etc.) Financing for Public Kashiwa no Ha Investment Government

50 Japan

TODs along Tsukuba Express

Tsukuba Science City Outline of Tsukuba Express • Total length: 58km • Time distance: 45 min • No. of station: 22 stations Kashiwanoha area • Opening year: 2005 • Total passengers: 324,000 Saitama pref. Ibaragi pref. pax/day (2003) Akihabara New Town Developments (City-center Urban Redevelopment) in Intermediate-station Tokyo

Chiba pref.

Source: Urban Renaissance (UR) 51 Japan

Outline of Kashiwanoha TOD 1990’s • Land and infrastructure development by prefecture government utilizing Land Readjustment method (Kashiwa-Hokubu Center Area LR project) Station • Main land use: location - Commercial complex - High-rise apartment - Utility by Renewal energy - Station Plaza 2011 - University and R&D center

52 Japan

Kashiwa no Ha , TX station and surroundings, at present High-rise apartments

Station of Tsukuba Express

Hotel Commercial Complex (Lalaport Kahiwanoha)

Electrical shopping center High-rise apartments

53 Japan Key Factor : Utilization of Land Readjustment Method

Science park Outline of Kashiwa-Hokubu Center Area LR Project: ・ Project Area: 272.9 ha ・ Implementer: Chiba pref. gov. ・ Project Period: 23 years (from 2000 to 2023) District park and ・ Total Expenditure: 875 million USD stadium ・ Future population: 26,000 University and institute Station Concept of LR project

54 Japan Key Factor : Local government as Coordinator/Master developer • Local government coordinates stakeholders and implements land and infrastructure development as master developer. Implementation process Advisory Formulation of Development M/P Town Development Promotion Council

Send officers Designation of LR project Secretariat Local Government Implementation Planning and implementation of Sale reserved land LR project after development (land and Infrastructure development) Investment (purchase developed lands) Private developers

Send officers Including Developer as a big landlord Secretariat Commercial development Land owners Town Development Coordination Promotion Organization 55 Japan

UR Implementing Agency Umekita (Semi-Public) Master Developer (Osaka Station) Urban Development

56 Japan Overview of Umekita Area as Center of Osaka City Location Map (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe City Area) Kyoto city Saito area (R&D center)

Kansai culture & ccience town

Umekita-area Kobe city Osaka city

Kobe medical industry area

57 Japan Umekita Area (before development at 2004.2) 2nd phase (23.7ha) 1st phase (8.6ha)

Shin Umeda City

Umeda Freight Depot

JR Osaka sta.

Source: Urban Renaissance Agency (UR) 58 Japan

Umekita Area (After the completion of phase 1)

59 Japan Umekita Area Phase 2 Plan (Phase 2 is currently under construction)

60 Japan Key Factor : Designation of Urgent Urban Redevelopment Area (under Urban Renaissance Scheme ) Nakanoshima

うめきたUMEKITA地区

Osaka大阪駅周辺 sta. area

大阪Osakaビジネスパーク business 駅周辺地域park sta. area ●Municipal大阪市役所 office

地大阪駅周辺Osaka sta. area 下line 中之島鉄 Tenmanbashi天満橋駅 ● Nakanoshima Osaka castle 御 sta.周辺地域 area 大阪城堂筋Midosuji 線

Midosuji御堂筋周辺 Metro Metro

Nanba sta. Urgent Redevelopment Area Nanba/難波minatomachi・湊町地域難波駅 Urgent Redevelopment Core Area Source: Urban Renaissance Agency (UR) Urgent Redevelopment Core Area (Expanded)

61 Japan Key Factor: Role of UR as Coordinator/Master developer • Urban Renaissance Agency (UR) coordinates stakeholders and implements land readjustment project as preparation for private investments Planning/Implementation process Designation of Urgent Redevelopment Area Coordination Central government (490ha)

Local government Coordination Formulation of Development M/P (Osaka city) Advisory Send officers Secretariat Designation of LR project (8.6ha) Town Development Promotion Council

Land purchase Purchase UR Planning and implementation of (3ha) (public corporation) LR project Implementation of LR project (land and Infrastructure development) Sale purchased land Send officers after development Secretariat

Private Developers Town Development Commercial development (Land owners) Promotion Organization Coordination 62 Japan

Railway Operator Station Development, Renovation Feeder Transportation (Bus) operation Property Development, Retail business Futako Tamagawa

Private Sector Master Developer Sub Developer Other Service provider Urban Development

63 Japan

Source: Photo and text by Tokyu Group 64 Japan

• Futako Tamagawa used to be a destination of leisure in the outskirt of Tokyo.

Source: Photo and text by Tokyu Group 65 Japan

• After Takashima-Ya, the first shopping center in suburban area opened, Futako-Tamagawa changed its function as leisure destination to suburban commercial area. Takashima-Ya (1969)

Source: Photo by Tokyu Group 66 Japan

• UrbanRedevelopment Redevelopment Area Project in 2008 was planned and implemented in 2000’s.

Source: Photo by Tokyu Group 67 Japan Key Factor: Urban Redevelopment Scheme for Right Conversion

Tokyu Group took initiative as the major member

68 Japan

Redevelopment Area in 2008

Source: Photo by Tokyu Group 69 Japan

Redevelopment Area in 2008

Source: Photo by Tokyu Group 70 Summary

71 Summary

19th century 20th century 21st century 2000 2010 2020

• Well planed city • Needs for urban renovation to • Terminal station + feeder Motorization solve socio-economic problems • Wide street etc. • Promote public transportation, multi modal shift