DOCSLIB.ORG

Case Study Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Case Study Contents 1. Case Study Outlook 2. Case Studies 1) Germany 2) France 3) Korea 4) Japan 3. Summary 1 TOD Development Case Study Out Look 2 Process of Urban Development Project Step of TOD Tools / Measures Making Master Plan for TOD • Checking Upper Level Plan Planning • Meeting with Stakeholders (Zoning, Infrastructure, Transport etc.) • Financial Plan, Budget Making Prepare the Land • Land Acquisition • Land Readjustment (Land consolidation, readjustment etc.) • Concession/ Long-term Lease Infrastructure Development+ • Government Investment Impleme • Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Feeder Transport System • Private Investment ntation • Private Investment Property development • Incentives (if any) • Asset Management Corporation Area Management • Area Management Association 3 Factors for Successful Implementation of TOD Asia/US Type Europe Type Factors that affect TOD success 1. Special development areas and master plans 2. Basic city planning measures 3.Financial incentives 4. Management organizations 4 Financial Incentive for TOD Implementation Financial incentives from case studies (in Japan and America) Contribution for Infrastructure Subsidy Fund from Central Government Study for TOD Project For Local Government Income Tax Tax Measures Land Tax Fees for Opening a Business For Developers Loan Mezzanine Financing For Developers 5 Case Studies 6 Typology and Features Type Country Special Features in General Asia/US Europe Japan ✓ Strategical development of new railway line and urban development. Hong Kong ✓ Urban development is planned to encourage the demand for railway use, as well as to provide convenient urban service to the railway South Korea passengers. U.S. ✓ Cities have been historically developed already. U.K. ✓ Inter-city HSR or express railway is developed to strength connectivity between city and city. France ✓ The term of TOD is not really common in Europe, but compact and human friendly inner-city Germany transport such as tram, bike and walking are encouraged in urban planning and urban design. 7 Historical Background 19th century 20th century 21st century 2000 2010 2020 • Well planed city • Needs for urban renovation to • Terminal station + feeder Motorization solve socio-economic problems • Wide street etc. • Promote public transportation, multi modal shift • Learning Urban Planning • Reorganize Needs for urban renovation to land from Germany and France.WWII update the urban center, to • Installation of tram in • Urban Railway development solve socio-economic problem Tokyo Start from Zero Motorization Urban Railway in BKK (BTS, MRT) Highway & Road network Rail Railway (Inter-city) expansion Canal Waterway 8 Germany Simple & Functional Key Words • Federation System • Historical Background as City-State • Functional plan and design in urban area 9 Germany ◼ Key Organization Central Local Law & Regulation Spatial Development Plan, District Plan Financing for Public Investment Government Government Implementing Agency (Not Specified) Urban Development Deutsche Bahn Private Sector Station Renovation etc. Property Developer Other Service provider Railway Operator Urban Development 10 Germany Mixed-use area between Residence and Business 11 Germany Residence, Office, Business, Park, Post and Bank Pedestrian and Bicycle way along tram lane Tram Lane Bike Lane Pedestrian way 12 Germany Pedestrian way from Train Station to City Center, surrounded with Business, Office and Residence Note: • The planning of the urban area usage in Europe and Germany was implemented even before the railway development. • German Cities are usually compact and has mixed-use area . Each area is well connected and coordinated with other areas by public transportation (Bus, Tram, Rapid transit). • Principally, the concept of TOD may be originally and naturally contained in every public transportation project in Germany. • The role of public transportation is to connect area that was well planned together, but not to create a new urban development . 13 Germany 1. Hamburg-Altona Station in 1971. Buses, trams, trains and S-Bahn trains all met here. 14 Germany Hamburg-Altona Station in present - future • A new HSR station and regional-local transportation hub. (by government, city and national railway) • Mixed use area: Residence, Business, Stadium, Music Hall, Park, and Education facility. 15 Germany 2. Leipzig Hauptbahnhof Station frontage (station plaza) in 1965. Buses, trams, trains and S-Bahn trains all met here. 16 Germany Leipzig Hauptbahnhof Station at present. Mixed use Buses, trams, trains and S-Bahn trains all met here. Development surrounding the station is mixed use, but not dramatically changed from 1965. 17 Germany Concourse of Leipzig Hauptbahnhof Station at the present. It is much more commercialized compared to old concourse in 1965. 18 Germany 3. München Hauptbahnhof Station frontage (station plaza) in 1900. It already had the transition area for trams, cars. 19 Germany München Hauptbahnhof Station at the present. It is a big terminal station having many railway line, subway and tram. 20 Germany Subway (right) and tram (below) connected to München Hauptbahnhof Station. 21 France Decentralization & Public Involvement Key Words • Urban renovation • Designation on important area by Central Gov. • Implementation by Local Gov. and EPA 22 France ◼ Key Organization Central Local Law & Regulation District Plan, Master Plan, EPA Administration (Vision, District Plan etc.) Financing for Public Financing for Public Investment Investment Government Government EPA (for each project) Implementing Agency (under the government) (established for each project) Urban Development SNCF Station Renovation etc. Private Sector Property Developer Railway Operator Other Service provider Having 100% own consulting firm (AREP) For research, architect, and engineering Urban Development for urban development 23 France Gare d'Austerlitz (station) , one of the terminal station in Paris 24 France Library and Office Buildings around Gare d'Austerlitz (station) 25 France City of Marseille, view from Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles (station) Note: • The term of TOD is NOT generally used for urban redevelopment and renovation, even they contain public-transport focused traffic network, seamless linkage between pedestrian ways, tram and railways, and eco-friendly transportation mode. • Instead, multimodal transport system has been developed in many French cities. • Urban renovation and redevelopment projects have been planned and implemented in French cities since 1980s for following purpose. (i) solution of serious traffic jam caused by motor vehicles (ii) recover and revitalize the deteriorated city center. 26 France 1. Bordeaux – St. Jean Station frontage (station plaza) in 1900s’. It already had the transition area for trams, cars. 27 France Bordeaux – St. Jean Station : Original station building is the north side of the railway. New station building was built during 2014-2017, to align with the opening of LGV opening in 2017. 28 France Bordeaux – St. Jean Station : Original station at present. (North) 29 France Bordeaux – St. Jean Station : New LGV station at present. (South) 30 France Urban Renovation Project around Bordeaux – St. Jean Station. OIN (National Important Operation) project Project Name : Euratlantique – Bordeaux It is planned to create, by 2030, a business center with international influence and new areas. 31 France 2. Marseiiles-St. Charles /Gèze metro Station 32 France Marseiiles-St. Charles /Gèze metro Station: Promotion of the metropolitan renovation 33 France Marseiiles-St. Charles /Gèze metro Station : Project area of urban renovation Gèze metro designated as OIN (National Important Operation) project Project Name : Euroméditérranée Euroméditérranée is committed to make Marseille the sutainable Mediterranean city of future in following five objectives: 1. Responsible redevelopment/ improvement 2. Re-found environmental quality 3. Connected metropole 4. Citizen’s approach 5. Ambition as a metropolitan Project area : 480 ha: Project period: 1995 - 2030 Marseiiles- • Governed by the State and the regions; EPA St. Charles Euro-méditérranée is responsible for implementation. • The first phase is 1995-2015 34 France 3. Strasbourg Station with traffic circle and tram stop at station plaza 35 France Renovated Strasbourg Station to make new and old façades being compatible. With bike parking area. 36 France Tram in Strasbourg City. Strasbourg Station is the hub stop for tram and city bus. 37 France Tram system and the promotion of parking ride to realize compact city. 38 South Korea TOD is new challenge Key Words • Car-oriented society • Act on Developing and Using Station's Sphere 39 South Korea ◼ Key Organization Central Local Law & Regulation Master Plan, Financing for Public Investment Government Government Implementing Agency (Not Specified) Urban Development K Rail Private Sector Station Development etc. Property Developer Other Service provider Railway Operator Urban Development 40 Korea South Korea is basically car-oriented society, therefore the development around a train station has NOT been a major issue in urban development. Seoul Station KTX Seoul Bus 41 Korea However, after the opening of KTX in 2004, TOD is getting more attention in the contexts of balancing development demand-supply, urban renaissance, branding of local administration, business/company attraction. KTX 42 Korea • Gwangmyeong Station : Development Plan with: High rise Residence, Regional branch of big company Government related public facilities Commercial
Recommended publications
  • 1 Title: Suburban Verticalisation in London: Regeneration, Intra-Urban

    1 Title: Suburban Verticalisation in London: Regeneration, Intra-Urban

    Title: Suburban Verticalisation in London: regeneration, intra-urban inequality and social harm Abstract: With the rapid and large scaled expansion of new developments of high rise flats, London’s outer boroughs are seeing a suburban growth not seen since the 1930s. The objective of this mass verticalization are similar to the suburbanisation that occurred in the inter-war period in aiming to provide housing to a growing urban population. However behind the demographic imperative, other economic, socio-cultural and political processes come into play as they did in the past. Considering spatial, social and material transformations, the paper is concerned with a combination of factors, actors, structures and processes in this initial analysis of the new vertical suburbs of London. With this combined perspective, the analysis contributes to critical debates in criminology that are expanding to issues of social harm and social exclusion in the capitalist city. In this paper, I interrogate the fact that an increase of the housing stock only partially addresses the housing crisis in London as the problem of the provision of social housing is becoming increasingly limited under tight budget constraints and a financial structure that relies on and facilitates the involvement of the private sector in the delivery and management of housing. I also question the promises of regeneration solutions through new-build gentrification which have proved ineffective in other urban contexts and should be examined further in the context of London suburbs where the scale of construction is unprecedented and comes to exacerbate inequalities that have long been overlooked when the focus has been on inner boroughs and their gentrification.
  • Urban Densification --A Sustainable Urban Policy?

    Urban Densification --A Sustainable Urban Policy?

    © 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: The Sustainable City II, CA Brebbia, JF Martin-Duque & LC Wadhwa (Editors). ISBN 1-85312-917-8 Urban densification --a sustainable urban policy? A. Skovbro Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Department of urban and regional planning, Denmark Abstract Planning policies in many European countries advocate for the Compact City or some sort of compaction process, as a strategy to obtain a more sustainable urban development, It contrasts the car-oriented urban sprawl of many modern cities, creating longer distances between urban functions, poor access to facilities and services, less efficient infrastructure provision, loss of open land, social segregation, etc. A Compact City policy in contrast should by regeneration and densification of the urban area crei~te the opposite, thus contributing to a more sustainable development in its broadest sense, social, economic and environmental, This paper explores the implications of urban densification, Based on a case study of a Copenhagen district, the paper will show the pros and cons of urban densification and the impacts on the urban environment, focussing on the local urban environment. The casestudy will be used to conclude whether densification and compact city policies can lead to a more sustainable urban environment. 1 Towards higher densities and sustainability in the 1990s Danish national government has supported a sort of densification policy since the mid 1990s. The turn in the 1990s Itowards higher densities in urban areas was happening due to several circumsti~nces.
  • From Urban Studies to Urban Architecture: Critiques on the Use of Eurocentric Theories in Shaping the Emerging Cities” in Kudhori, D., & Kamini, Y

    From Urban Studies to Urban Architecture: Critiques on the Use of Eurocentric Theories in Shaping the Emerging Cities” in Kudhori, D., & Kamini, Y

    BANDUNG SPIRIT BOOK SERIES TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGY Global Challenges and Local Responses in Africa and Asia 55 Years after the Bandung Asian-African Conference 1955 Editors: Darwis Khudori and Yukio Kamino Swadiansa, E. (2012b). “From Urban Studies to Urban Architecture: Critiques on the Use of Eurocentric Theories in Shaping the Emerging Cities” In Kudhori, D., & Kamini, Y. (ed). Towards a Sustainable Ecology: Global Challenges and Local Responses in Africa and Asia. Published in 5 countries; Beijing: OCHSPA Alliance, Malang: UB Press, Paris: GRIC Le Havre Universite, Tokyo: OISCA International, Casablanca: Africa Challenge. Pp. 235-43. ISBN: 978-602-203- 274-8. Copyright © 2012 by Darwis Kudhori This document is protected by the copyright law, authorised permission granted strictly for the open publication on Global University portal. To order complete version of the book please visit: www.bandungspirit.org Page 1 of 10 From Urban Studies to Urban Architecture: Critiques on the Use of Eurocentric1 Theories in Shaping the Emerging Cities Eka Swadiansa ABSTRACT The civilization of mankind today can be defined as an urban civilization. Historically speaking, ‘Urban Theories’ have originally been developed in Europe and later in the United States, thus today; their worldwide practices are always greatly influenced by the Eurocentric point of view. The Urban Theories were developed from ‘Urban Studies and Urban Planning’, to greater focus on ‘Urban Design and Compact City’, and to globally focus on ‘Alpha City’; however, far from these established utopia, the emerging cities are still struggling for fulfilling the basic primordial needs among their proletarian citizen. This paper is a two-section inquiry.
  • Troubled Waters. Ideas Towards a New Regulatory Regime of Water in Mexico

    Troubled Waters. Ideas Towards a New Regulatory Regime of Water in Mexico

    TROUBLED WATERS. IDEAS TOWARDS A NEW REGULATORY REGIME OF WATER IN MEXICO Pablo Larrañaga Regulation, Public Policy and Development IIJ-UNAM 1. Introduction Water management in Mexico is a complex problem that requires urgent answers. According to the OECD, despite the fact that nowadays 91.3% of the population has access to safe drinkable water and 89% has access to sanitation water, the available amount of water per capita within the Mexican territory has being drastically cut down over the last decades, mostly due to demographical factors: the rise in the population and its massive migration from rural to urban areas. Furthermore, water distribution (trough rainfall) in the diverse regions and zones of the country its very dissimilar and the rain/drought patterns have diverged even more radically in the last years. As a result of this, more than 75% of the population inhabits in regions with relatively scarce water compared with the arising demand. On top of this, a significant part of the rivers, lakes and groundwater is being threatened by different pollution sources1. If these problems are not faced promptly and effectively there is no feasible expectation on improving drinkable water availability. There is a clear tendency towards the worsening on the conditions and possibilities of a solution since, nor the tendencies and the demographic patterns in the country seems to being experimenting any sensible change, nor the governmental capacity for executing public policies (budget, technical capacity, etcetera) seems to be 1 OCDE, (6/11/2012), Making Water Reform Happen in Mexico, https://www.oecd.org/gov/regionalpolicy/Making%20Water%20Reform%20Happen%20_%20Mexico_Jan18.pdf.
  • Lasa Program

    Lasa Program

    WEDNESDAY / FULL SCHEDULE WEDNESDAY 2:00PM - 5:00PM Contact Person: Merilee S Grindle, Harvard University 001 // FEA - Featured/Invited Session - Wednesday, 2:00pm - 5:00pm, Chicago Room Pre-Conference Workshop - Exploring the Ins and Outs of Academic Publishing: An Insider's View (Journals) Sponsor: Latin American Perspectives Session Organizer: Ronald H Chilcote, University of California/Riverside Chairs: Rory M Miller, University of Liverpool Ronald H Chilcote, University of California/Riverside Bulletin of Latin American Research: Antoni M Kapcia, University of Nottingham Crítica y Emancipación: Pablo Antonio Amadeo Gentili, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Hispanic American Historical Review: John D French, Duke University Journal of Latin American Studies: Rory M Miller, University of Liverpool Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies: Joanne Rappaport, Georgetown University Latin American Perspectives: Ronald H Chilcote, University of California/Riverside Latin American Politics and Society: Alfred P Montero, Carleton College Nomadias: María Sol Vera Giusti, Editorial Cuarto Propio Problemas del Desarrollo: Alicia Girón, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas/UNAM Revista de Economia Política: Luiz Carlos Bresser- Pereira, Fundação Getulio Vargas Temas: Rafael Meinardo Hernández Rodríguez, Revista Temas WEDNESDAY 6:45PM - 8:00PM 002 // REC - Reception - Wednesday, 6:45pm - 8:00pm, Red Lacquer Room Welcome Ceremony: Inaugural Guillermo O'Donnell Memorial Lecture by Ricardo Lagos Contact Person: Merilee S
  • 金融商品取引法令に基づく金融庁の登録・許認可を受けていない業者 （"Cold Calling" - Non-Registered And/Or Non-Authorized Entities）

    金融商品取引法令に基づく金融庁の登録・許認可を受けていない業者 （"Cold Calling" - Non-Registered And/Or Non-Authorized Entities）

    金融商品取引法令に基づく金融庁の登録・許認可を受けていない業者 （"Cold Calling" - Non-Registered and/or Non-Authorized Entities） 商号、名称又は氏名等 所在地又は住所 電話番号又はファックス番号 ウェブサイトURL 掲載時期 （Name） （Location） （Phone Number and/or Fax Number） （Website） （Publication） Miyakojima-ku, Higashinodamachi, 2020年6月 SwissTrade Exchange 4-chōme−7−4, 534-0024 Osaka, https://swisstrade.exchange/ (June 2020) Japan 2020年6月 Takahashi and partners (June 2020) Shiroyama Trust Tower 21F, 4-3-1 https://www.hamamatsumerg 2020年6月 Hamamatsu Merger Group Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105- Tel: +81 505 213 0406 er.com/ (June 2020) 0001 Japan 28F Nakanoshima Festival Tower W. 2020年3月 Tokai Fuji Brokerage 3 Chome-2-4 Nakanoshima. (March 2020) Kita. Osaka. Japan Toshida Bldg 7F Miyamoto Asuka and 2020年3月 1-6-11 Ginza, Chuo- Tel:+81 (3) 45720321 Associates (March 2021) ku,Tokyo,Japan. 104-0061 Hibiya Kokusai Bldg, 7F 2-2-3 Uchisaiwaicho https://universalassetmgmt.c 2020年3月 Universal Asset Management Chiyoda-ku Tel:+81 3 4578 1998 om/ (March 2022) Tokyo 100-0011 Japan 9F Tokyu Yotsuya Building, 2020年3月 SHINBASHI VENTURES 6-6 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku (March 2023) Tokyo, Japan, 102-0083 9th Fl Onarimon Odakyu Building 3-23-11 Nishishinbashi 2019年12月 Rock Trading Inc Tel: +81-3-4579-0344 https://rocktradinginc.com/ Minato-ku (December 2019) Tokyo, 105-0003 Izumi Garden Tower, 1-6-1 https://thompsonmergers.co 2019年12月 Thompson Mergers Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Tel: +81 (3) 4578 0657 m/ (December 2019) 106-6012 2019年12月 SBAV Group https://www.sbavgroup.com (December 2019) Sunshine60 Bldg. 42F 3-1-1, 2019年12月 Hikaro and Partners Higashi-ikebukuro Toshima-ku, (December 2019) Tokyo 170-6042, Japan 31F Osaka Kokusai Building, https://www.smhpartners.co 2019年12月 Sendai Mubuki Holdings 2-3-13 Azuchi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tel: +81-6-4560-4410 m/ (December 2019) Osaka, Japan.
  • Off-Track Betting on Your Doorstep *Charges for Pay-Seats, Etc., Are Valid As of Nov

    Off-Track Betting on Your Doorstep *Charges for Pay-Seats, Etc., Are Valid As of Nov

    Ashiyu foot bath at WINS Isawa Excel Floor of WINS Shin-Yokohama Carousel at WINS Shin-Shirakawa WINS Kyoto Entrance to WINS Namba WINS Sasebo in Huis ten Bosch WINS – off-track betting on your doorstep *Charges for pay-seats, etc., are valid as of Nov. 13th, 2009. Did you know that you can place a bet without going to a racecourse? Just pop in to your local WINS off-track betting facility! With branches all over Japan, WINS are also convenient places for meeting spot or just taking a coffee break. Some WINS facilities are set up with comfortable sofas and PC and monitor for your personal use, allowing you to enjoy the whole day at the races! Of course, WINS also make payouts on winning bets. WINS Sapporo(some pay-seats) WINS Shizunai WINS Kushiro WINS Ginza-dori WINS Korakuen (some pay-seats) WINS Kinshicho (some pay-seats) Dodo-Biratori Shizunai Route JR Senmo Main Line Main Senmo JR ▲Sapporo Stn. Homac ▼ 391 Subway Ryogoku Ichikawa ▼ Hokkaido Sales WINS Posful Fujiya Toei Subway Hibiya Line Ginza Stn. Police box Kasuga Stn. Kinshicho Stn. WINS Sapporo Toho Subway Line Shizunai Kushiro Loop Road Setsuribashi Oedo Line JR Sobu Line Cosmo● Shizunai River Kushiro Timber Building B Higashi Ginza Mitsukoshi ● ● ● Subway Fire Station Reservoir ● Korakuen Stn. JR Yurakucho Stn. Hanzomon Line Stn. Dept. Store Expressway ● Suidobashi Stn. Plaza ▲ Miyuki-dori 44 Arche● ●Senshu-An Seiko Mart ● Shizunai Kushiro Rosai● Kushiro Ginza Stn. Tokyo Dome City Shopping Kinshicho Stn. Ginza-dori Kamotsu Showa-dori Attractions T street Police Hospital Yotsume-dori Municipal Nemuro o Marunouchi Line Subway e ● Jidosha Matsuya Dept.
  • KSP 7 Lessons from Korea's Railway Development Strategies

    KSP 7 Lessons from Korea's Railway Development Strategies

    Part - į [2011 Modularization of Korea’s Development Experience] Urban Railway Development Policy in Korea Contents Chapter 1. Background and Objectives of the Urban Railway Development 1 1. Construction of the Transportation Infrastructure for Economic Growth 1 2. Supply of Public Transportation Facilities in the Urban Areas 3 3. Support for the Development of New Cities 5 Chapter 2. History of the Urban Railway Development in South Korea 7 1. History of the Urban Railway Development in Seoul 7 2. History of the Urban Railway Development in Regional Cities 21 3. History of the Metropolitan Railway Development in the Greater Seoul Area 31 Chapter 3. Urban Railway Development Policies in South Korea 38 1. Governance of Urban Railway Development 38 2. Urban Railway Development Strategy of South Korea 45 3. The Governing Body and Its Role in the Urban Railway Development 58 4. Evolution of the Administrative Body Governing the Urban Railways 63 5. Evolution of the Laws on Urban Railways 67 Chapter 4. Financing of the Project and Analysis of the Barriers 71 1. Financing of Seoul's Urban Railway Projects 71 2. Financing of the Local Urban Railway Projects 77 3. Overcoming the Barriers 81 Chapter 5. Results of the Urban Railway Development and Implications for the Future Projects 88 1. Construction of a World-Class Urban Railway Infrastructure 88 2. Establishment of the Urban-railway- centered Transportation 92 3. Acquisition of the Advanced Urban Railway Technology Comparable to Those of the Developed Countries 99 4. Lessons and Implications
  • Planning for Railway Station Network Sustainability Based on Node–Place Analysis of Local Stations

    Planning for Railway Station Network Sustainability Based on Node–Place Analysis of Local Stations

    sustainability Article Planning for Railway Station Network Sustainability Based on Node–Place Analysis of Local Stations Joon-Seok Kim and Nina Shin * College of Business Administration, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We principally focus on evaluating the local and entire network performance of railway stations for sustainable logistics management in South Korea. Specifically, we aim to address the issue of dealing with vulnerability in logistics dependent on the degree of connectivity. To resolve this issue, we investigate (i) the current level of local railway station sustainability performance from the perspectives of the value of the station (node) and the geographical location (place), and (ii) how railway station network management can prepare for imminent internal and external risks. Integrating node–place analysis and social network analysis approaches, we demonstrate a means of assessing (i) local railway station performance by comparing how one station’s value differs from that of other stations, and (ii) overall railway network performance by measuring the degree of connectivity based on the centrality characteristics. Consequently, we recommend improvement in planning orders considering the degree of local performance and network vulnerability for railway station network sustainability. Keywords: railway station; railway network sustainability; local station performance; railway network performance; node place analysis Citation: Kim, J.-S.; Shin, N. Planning for Railway Station Network Sustainability Based on 1. Introduction Node–Place Analysis of Local Stations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4778. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused sudden supply chain disruptions in https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094778 many countries. To prevent the spread of COVID-19 effectively, several countries, such as the UK, France, and China, have placed lockdowns in populated areas.
  • Rubber Flooring Sales Record [Korea] 2013-2009

    Rubber Flooring Sales Record [Korea] 2013-2009

    1/16 Rubber Flooring Sales Record [Korea] 2013-2009 ◐ Part of Public Facilities (more than 180 in total) 2013.12. updated No. Application Year/ Month Location Project No. Application Year/ Month Location Project 1 Public 2013.08 Incheon Haksan Culture Foundation 32 Airport 2011.06 Gyeonggi Gimpo Airport International line 2 facilities 2012.02 Seosan Sweage Treatment Plant 33 facilities 2009.11 Seoul Gimpo Airport 3 2011.12 Seoul Lifelong Learning Center 34 2008.10 Incheon Incheon International Airport 4 2011.12 Chungnam Chungnam Sweage Treatment Plant 35 Government 2013.10 Seoul Yeongdeungpo Post Office 5 2011.08 Gyeonggi Gyeonggi Workforce Development Center 36 office 2013.07 Ansan Ansan Credit Guarantee Funds 6 2010.12 Seoul Eunpyeong Child Development Center 37 2013.07 Daejeon National Fusion Research Institute 7 2010.12 Chonnam Naro Space Center 38 2013.07 Cheongju Cheongju Cultural Center 8 2009.12 Gyeongbuk Uljin Sweage Treatment Plant 39 2013.06 Daejeon Credit Guarantee Funds 9 2009.11 Chungbuk Yeongdong Waste Disposal 40 2013.06 Bucheon Bucheon City Hall 10 2009.11 kangwon Chuncheon Women's Center 41 2013.06 Busan National Oceanographic Research Institute 11 2009.08 Gyeonggi Munsan Filtration Plant 42 2013.05 Chilgok Chilgok Counties Center 12 Cultural 2013.08 Ulsan Hyundai Motor Co., Cultural Center 43 2013.01 Seoul Gangseo Office of Education 13 facilities 2013.07 Gwacheon Gwacheon National Science Museum 44 2013.01 Daegu Daegu Suseong-gu(ward) Office 14 2012.11 Daegu Student Cultural Center 45 2012.12 Jeungpyeong Jeungpyeong
  • From Urban Sprawl to Compact City – an Analysis of Urban Growth Management in Auckland

    From Urban Sprawl to Compact City – an Analysis of Urban Growth Management in Auckland

    From Urban Sprawl to Compact City – An analysis of urban growth management in Auckland Joshua Arbury For my daughter Amalia - 1 - Acknowledgements: I would like to thank everyone who participated in the questionnaires and interviews, my supervisor Ward Friesen for providing useful insights and helpful suggestions, and particularly my mother, Jacquelyn Arbury, for her priceless help with proof-reading and editing. - 2 - Contents Title 1 Acknowledgements 2 Contents 3 List of Figures 5 Chapter One – Introduction 7 Chapter Two – Urban Sprawl versus the Compact City 14 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The rise of Urban Sprawl 18 2.3 Sustainability and Sprawl 29 2.4 The Compact City 44 2.5 Critiques of the Compact City 54 2.6 New Approaches and a Focus on Urban Design 58 2.7 Conclusions 63 Chapter Three – The Auckland Region: Problems and Responses 66 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 A History of Auckland’s Growth 69 3.3 The Auckland Regional Growth Strategy 74 3.4 Implementing the Strategy 89 3.5 Critiquing the Regional Growth Strategy 96 3.6 Conclusions 101 Chapter Four – Implementing the Regional Growth Strategy in Auckland City: creating ‘Transit-Oriented Developments’ 104 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 A ‘Growth Management Strategy’ for Auckland City 107 4.3 Transit-Oriented Developments 118 4.4 Conclusions 125 Chapter Five – Avondale’s Future 127 5.1 Introduction 128 - 3 - 5.2 A Brief History of Avondale 129 5.3 A ‘Liveable Community Plan’ for ‘Avondale’s Future’ 135 5.4 Visual Interpretation of Avondale’s Capacity for Growth 143 5.5 Questionnaire and Interview Results 149 5.6 Conclusions 157 Chapter Six – Conclusions 159 References 165 - 4 - List of Figures Figure 2.1: The effect of evolving transportation technologies on city form Figure 2.2: The evolving distance of a one hour commute Photo 2.1: The spatially extensive and automobile dependent urban sprawl Table 3.1: Desired regional outcomes to be achieved in a Regional Growth Strategy Table 3.2: Principles that will need to be applied to achieve desired outcomes Photo 3.1: An example of Residential 8b zone.
  • Beyond the Compact City: a London Case Study – Spatial Impacts, Social Polarisation, Sustainable 1 Development and Social Justice

    Beyond the Compact City: a London Case Study – Spatial Impacts, Social Polarisation, Sustainable 1 Development and Social Justice

    University of Westminster Duncan Bowie January 2017 Reflections, Issue 19 BEYOND THE COMPACT CITY: A LONDON CASE STUDY – SPATIAL IMPACTS, SOCIAL POLARISATION, SUSTAINABLE 1 DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL JUSTICE Duncan Bowie Senior Lecturer, Department of Planning and Transport, University of Westminster [email protected] Abstract: Many urbanists argue that the compact city approach to development of megacities is preferable to urban growth based on spatial expansion at low densities, which is generally given the negative description of ‘urban sprawl’. The argument is often pursued on economic grounds, supported by theories of agglomeration economics, and on environmental grounds, based on assumptions as to efficient land use, countryside preservation and reductions in transport costs, congestion and emissions. Using London as a case study, this paper critiques the continuing focus on higher density and hyper-density residential development in the city, and argues that development options beyond its core should be given more consideration. It critiques the compact city assumptions incorporated in strategic planning in London from the first London Plan of 2004, and examines how the both the plan and its implementation have failed to deliver the housing needed by Londoners and has led to the displacement of lower income households and an increase in spatial social polarisation. It reviews the alternative development options and argues that the social implications of alternative forms of growth and the role of planning in delivering spatial social justice need to be given much fuller consideration, in both planning policy and the delivery of development, if growth is to be sustainable in social terms and further spatial polarisation is to be avoided.