Climate Change and Civic Space in Mena Spotlight on Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia

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Climate Change and Civic Space in Mena Spotlight on Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia SPOTLIGHT ON IRAQ, JORDAN, LEBANON, MOROCCO, AND TUNISIA JUNE 2021 CLIMATE CHANGE AND CIVIC SPACE IN MENA SPOTLIGHT ON IRAQ, JORDAN, LEBANON, MOROCCO, AND TUNISIA CLIMATE CHANGE AND CIVIC SPACE IN MENA JUNE 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS 5 1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1. Report Outline ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 1.2. Methodology ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 10 1.3. The Climate Crisis ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 1.4. Civic Space ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 1.5. COVID-19 Implications ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 1.6. Public Participation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 1.7. International Laws and Standards on Human Rights ��������������������������������������������18 1.8. The UNFCCC and Civil Society Participation ���������������������������������������������������������19 1.9. The Paris Climate Agreement ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 1.10. Public Participation and the UN Sustainable Development Agenda �������������������24 1.11. Open Government Partnership (OGP) ������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 1.12. Enabling Environment for CSOs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28 2. IRAQ 30 2.1. National Climate Change Scene ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 32 2.2. Public Participation in Climate Action ������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 2.3. Climate Change and Environmental Movements �������������������������������������������������� 39 2.4. Enabling Environment for CSOs �����������������������������������������������������������������������������42 3. JORDAN 54 3.1. National Climate Change Scene ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 56 3.2. Public Participation in Climate Action ������������������������������������������������������������������� 70 3.3. Climate Change and Environmental Movements �������������������������������������������������� 73 3.4. Enabling Environment for CSOs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76 4. LEBANON 92 4.1. National Climate Change Scene ������������������������������������������������������������������������������94 4.2. Public Participation in Climate Action ������������������������������������������������������������������� 99 SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION 4.3. Climate Change and Environmental Movements ������������������������������������������������101 4.4. Enabling Environment for CSOs �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 106 5. MOROCCO 124 5.1. National Climate Change Scene ����������������������������������������������������������������������������126 5.2. Public Participation in Climate Action �����������������������������������������������������������������129 5.3. Climate Change and Environmental Movements ������������������������������������������������132 5.4. Enabling Environment for CSOs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������135 6. TUNISIA 160 6.1. National Climate Change Scene ����������������������������������������������������������������������������162 6.2. Public Participation in Climate Action �����������������������������������������������������������������172 6.3. Climate Change and Environmental Movements ������������������������������������������������177 6.4. Enabling Environment for CSOs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������178 7. CONCLUSION 194 7.1. The Role of Media ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������196 7.2. Conclusion ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������196 7.3. Recommendations ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������199 7.4. Study Limitations �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 200 4 INTRODUCTION IRAQ LIST OF ACRONYMS JORDAN 4C Maroc Moroccan Competence Centre for Climate Change AESVT Association for Earth and Life Science Teachers AMCDD Moroccan Alliance for Climate and Sustainable Development AMDH Moroccan Association for Human Rights LEBANON ASEZA Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority AYCM Arab Youth Climate Movement BAU Business As Usual CAN Climate Action Network MOROCCO CANAW Climate Action Network - Arab World CAT Climate Update Tracker CBOs Community Based Organizations CIS Inter-ministerial Monitoring Committee CO2 Carbon Dioxide TUNISIA COP Conference of the Parties COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease 2019 CSOs Civil Society Organizations DRI Democracy Reporting International CONCLUSION EENA Enabling Environment National Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FES Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas 5 SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION GI Gherbal Initiative GIZ The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit HLPF High-Level Political Forum ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights ICNL International Center for Not-for-Profit Law ICT Information and Communication Technologies IGCO Iraq Green Climate Organization INDCs Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INGOs International Non-Governmental Organizations IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency IRM Independent Reporting Mechanism IYAF International Youth Ambassadors Foundation KP Kyoto Protocol KRG Kurdistan Regional Government LCA Lebanon Climate Act LEDS Low Emission Development Strategy’s LULUCF Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MENA Middle East and North Africa MoE Ministry of Environment MoEnv Ministry of Environment MoP Ministry of Planning MoPIC Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation MoSD Ministry of Social Development MoWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCC National Climate Change Committee 6 INTRODUCTION IRAQ NCCI NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions NDP National Development Plan NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NWSS National Water Sector Strategy JORDAN OGP Open Government Partnership OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PPES Policy Paper for Electricity Sector PTRC-SM Territorial Plan to Address Global Warming of Souss Massa LEBANON RSCN Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIGI Sisterhood Is Global Institute UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations MOROCCO UNDAF UN Development Assistance Framework UNDP UN Development Programme UNEP UN Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change TUNISIA UNHLP UN High-Level Panel UPR Universal Periodic Review USAID United States Agency for International Development VAT Value-Added Tax VLRs Voluntary Local Reviews CONCLUSION VNR Voluntary National Review WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WEF World Economic Forum 7 SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION 8 INTRODUCTION IRAQ 1. INTRODUCTION JORDAN 1.1. REPORT OUTLINE This report proceeds as follows: first, it provides an overview of current international laws and conventions related to free- dom of assembly and freedom of expression, as well as civil LEBANON society, highlighting best practices and guidelines for states. Second, it moves to an overview of climate change activism and organizing generally in the Middle East and North Afri- ca (MENA) region, as well as a brief introduction to the cur- rent (2015-onwards) situation concerning freedoms and civil MOROCCO society functioning and regulations. Then the report highlights national laws, adoption of inter- national treaties, regulations, and conventions concerning the above freedoms, followed by an overview of the current situation facing civil society and especially climate/environ- TUNISIA mental activism and organizations. This is followed by findings from “the ground” which were collected through interviews with organizers and organiza- tions, as well as media and observer reports. The report will enable an understanding of the current gaps between international and national laws, as well as the gaps CONCLUSION between national laws and current practices. The report concludes with key findings from each country as well as recommendations for policy implementation and further research. 9 SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.2. METHODOLOGY The research was carried out in three phases. First, desk re- search was undertaken to understand the current legal and policy frameworks within each of the five countries, as well as existing climate-related civic spaces and social movements. This included a review of national climate change agree- ments and strategies, changes in laws and policies related to freedom of assembly/participation/expression, and cov- erage of existing social movements,
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