Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021, P. 199-212 (Research)

DOI: 10.22059/jesphys.2020.288915.1007160

Investigating the Linkage between Precipitation and Temperature Changes in and Greenhouse Gas Variability

Al-Khalidi, J.1*, Bakr, D.1, Hadi, A.2 and Omar, M.3

1. Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq 2. Associate Professor, Department of geography, Faculty of Education for Human Sciences, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq 3. Associate Professor, Department of physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sulaimami, Sulaimami, Iraq (Received: 16 Sep 2019, Accepted: 21 Jan 2020)

Abstract In this study, the homogeneity of annual precipitation and temperature in Iraq were examined for the periods 1981-2010 and 1971-2010, respectively in terms of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) and their link to . Observational data of precipitation and temperature were provided by Iraqi meteorological stations along with information on GHG concentrations from the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR V4.3.2). The homogeneity characterisations of both precipitation and temperature were undertaken, noting that precipitation was homogeneous over the period of study, whereas, temperature, on the other hand, had breakpoints for the meteorological stations investigated. The Mann-Kendall test was performed to determine the trend and magnitude of changes in climate conditions. The time series for precipitation showed a significant decline trend in six stations. However, temperature had a slight trend throughout the period of study. The annual time series of GHG emissions in Iraq and the link with the country’s climate was also investigated in this study indicating that the time series of N2O and CO2 increased over time, but CH4 decreased over the same period. The correlation coefficient values of both temperature and GHG were substantial and were found to increase in the southern stations, given the abundance of intense heat and industrial activities, while the relationship between GHG and precipitation were found to be low. Accordingly, GHG emissions have a direct link with the climatic conditions in Iraq due to the development and contribution of various industries, oil refineries, pollutants and population growth that contributed towards climatic change in Iraq.

Keywords: Iraq, Precipitation, Temperature, Homogeneity, Greenhouse, Mann-Kendall, Climate change.

1. Introduction The study of climate change in Iraq is very emissions are important factors in GHGs. important. Decreasing rainfall, increasing Many studies have identified the relationship temperatures and extreme heat waves, between CO2 concentrations and air frequent dust storms, and are all temperature. Florides and Christodoulides indexes of climate change contributed by oil (2009) found that concentrations of CO2 gas factories and refineries, coal energy plants, were higher compared to normal pollution and population growth causing the concentration levels, although temperatures rise in GHG emissions. According to the significantly fluctuated. Methane (CH4), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change second most important greenhouse gas has an (IPCC, 2001) of the United Nations (UN), indirect effect on these concentrations in the climate change is the phenomenon associated Ozone layer and water vapour in the with increasing of the average air stratosphere (Harvey and Huang, 1995). temperature, including that of rising Whereas, N2O is one of the trace gases that temperature in oceans. The greenhouse effect play an important role in global warming, it is the phenomenon that is accrued when is responsible for the degradation of the water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) Ozone layer. Indeed, the concentration of and other atmospheric gases absorb the N2O has been increasing over many decades. outgoing infrared radiation causing global N2O is responsible for Nitrogen (N) found in temperatures to rise (IPCC, 2007). the soil, which is dissolved by rain and The increase in CO2, CH4, and N2O absorbed in the soil. N2O has afforded greater *Corresponding author: [email protected] 200 Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021

global warming effects compared to CO2, between 1950 and 2003, with the results contributing to climate change (Reay et al., spatially coherent with the trend associated 2012). with temperature during this period. Also, Alsarmi and Washington (2011) explored Stephenson et al. (2013) examined mean climate change in the Arabian Peninsula, temperature and precipitation extremes for finding that there were many factors the Caribbean region with the results attributed to climate change in mid-1997 due indicating inhomogeneous temperature and to the El-Nino effect. Similarly, climate precipitation. change in the context of river flow was In contrast, the Mann-Kendall test was explored by Adamo et al. (2018) in the performed by Tan et al. (2019) to identify the Tigris, and Euphrates river basins, given the trends of temperature and precipitation decreasing rainfall in the areas and increasing extremes in Malaysia. The test indicated a temperatures caused drought and frequent non-significant trend in all annual climate sand storms; that are also considered to be extremes. Ali et al. (2019) studied the flow climate change indexes. Whereas, Zakaria et change in the Zab River in northern Iraq, al. (2013) predicted significant problems for finding a declining trend in the annual and society in Iraq given rising sea levels in the individual months, which were consistent Arabian Gulf region, causing a steady with decreasing precipitation in the Iraqi increase in the salinity of Iraqi rivers. Awadh region. and Ahmed (2013) examined the trend of Accordingly, this study points to changes in three climatological parameters (i.e. Iraqi climate variables by applying temperature, evaporation, and precipitation) homogeneity and trend tests and indicating of four meteorological stations in Iraq, the link between the GHG emissions and finding that both temperature and Iraqi annual precipitation and temperature. evaporation had increased over time, whereas precipitation had decreased. Also, CO2 was 2. Iraqi climatological characteristics most dominant in terms of Iraqi Iraq is located in the south-western region of climatological parameters. Two time periods . Having vast mountainous areas which 1998-1999 and 2007-2008 pointed significant cover the north and north-eastern areas of in Iraq, the more intense of which Iraq, the plain region extends from the was on the south-western parts (Hameed et middle to the southern region, while the al., 2018). Both drought and salinization of desert covers the western region (Figure 1). water in Iraq rivers was mainly due to the The central and southern regions of Iraq are construction of dams along the Tigris river in characterised having low precipitation (100- Turkey, which was also considered to be an 200 mm/year), intensifying in northern Iraq important environmental challenge in the reaching to about 1000 mm/year. About 90% middle-southern parts of Iraq (Ali, 2019). of the annual rainfall for Iraq is recorded in The homogeneity tests for a time series the winter months between December and detects a change along a time series to March. The other months, especially the most indicate the change points. Agha et al. (2017) heated months in summer, are extremely dry used four tests to assess the homogeneity of (Al-Falahi 2008). The minimum temperature annual and seasonal precipitation in northern during winter is near freezing in the northern Iraq where they found that the precipitation and north-eastern parts of the country, was homogeneous based on three tests, and while the temperature varies between 4 °C with only two stations having breakpoints in and 5 °C in the alluvial plains of southern the fourth test. Zhang et al. (2005) studied the Iraq. During summer, minimum temperatures homogeneity of the mean daily temperature vary between 22.2 °C and 29 °C (Salar, of 15 countries in the Middle East region 2013).

Investigating the Linkage between Precipitation and Temperature Changes in … 201

Figure 1. The Iraqi political and geographic map with weather stations (SRTM, 90 m).

3. Data and methodology parameters and GHG concentrations. The Iraqi meteorological organisation provided observational data of Iraq’s annual 4. Results precipitation and temperature. Precipitation 4-1 Iraqi precipitation hhomogeneity data were used for 18 stations spanningg the In this research study, annual precipitation period between 1981 and 2010, and homogeneity in Iraq was investigated for a temperature data were used for 8 out of the total of 18 stations, covering the period 18 stations covering the period between 1971 between 1981 and 20110. The precipitation and 2010. The Pettitt's Tests (Pettit, 1979) stations were divided into three groups (six includded in the XLSTAT software stations included in each group) according to (https://www.xlstat.com) added to Microsoft their location (i.e. northh, middle, and south). Excel was used to detect the point of change The northern mountainoouus stations (Figure 2) in the time series of both precipitation and had one mean value allong the time series temperature to identify the homogeneity of period (homogenous), the Sulaimania in the time series for the two climatological north-eastern area of Iraqi had the maximum parameters at a 95% confidence level. value for annual precipitation (150 mm) Mann-Kendall is a non-parametric test for recorded in 1992, which is considered as the determining the time series trend, the test maximum volume of raiinfall per year for the compares the data magnitude rather than the northern stations (Figurre 2c). The minimum values. Mann-Kendall, which is Microsoft value was recorded at Mosul station (10.9 Excel add-in, was used to detect trend mm). Most of the northeern stations included a components in the precipitation and three-point period in tiime for precipitation temperature time series (Salmi, 2002). The (1983-1988, 1990-1998, and 2000-2008), annual data of GHG and its various sources referring to the frequency of precipitation of were provided by the Emission Database for around eight years, butt with very few rain Globaal Atmospheric Research (EDGAR showers in 1999 and 2009. The middle V4.3..2) (Janssene-Maenhout et al., 2019) stations (Figure 3) were homogenous (having representing the period between 1970 and one mean value). Herree, the middle three 2012, and plotted using Origin 8.5 software stations located above the station (Figures 6 and 7). A Pearson correlation was (Kirkuk, Baiji, Tikrit) (Figure 3(a-b, e)) had a used to calculate the linear relationsship similar characterisation regarding the between the two Iraqi meteorological minimum precipitation years, with the 202 Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021

periodicity of the north stations having less precipitation compared tto the previous average rainfall. stations. The minimum precipitation was Kirkuk station had a maximum rainfall value recorded at Najaf station (0.27 mm) in 1991 of (85.8 mm), while the other three middle (Figure 4d), while Amara station had a value stations had a different structure and of (40.1 mm) recorded in 1998, considered as frequency from the other three stations. The one of the highest recorded years in the south minimum precipitation values were recorded stations (Figure 4b). in 1997 and 2008, with the minimum value In summary, precipitatioon in Iraq is recorded at the Alhai station (2.3 mmm) homogenous, with the characterisations (Figure 3f). The southern stations (Figure 4) varying due to the orography within the were also homogenous having less period of study.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure2. The homogeneity of the Iraqi precipitation (north stations) for the 1981-2010 period, the ((mu) refer to the mean of the precipitation. Investigating the Linkage between Precipitation and Temperature Changes in … 203

(a) (b))

(c) (d))

(e) (f)

Figure 3. The homogeneity of Iraqi precipitation (middle stations) for the 1981 – 2010 periood, the (mu) refers to the mean of the precipitation.

204 Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 4. The homogeneity of the Iraqi precipitation ((south stations) for the 1981 – 2010 period, the (mu) refers to the mean of the precipitation.

Investigating the Linkage between Precipitation and Temperature Changes in … 205

4-2. Iraqi temperature homogeneity (mu2) began between 19997 and 2010 (Table Annual temperature homogeneity was 1) since GHG could influence it. examined in this study in the context of Iraq. In addition, the second trend regime Temperature characterisation was identified for stations, Rutbah, Nasryia, and Basrah, at eight stations for the period between 1971 (Figure 5(d, f and h)) began after the and 2010. During this period, the temperature period between 1993 and 2010 (Table 1), was inhomogeneous (Figure 5), with two while the Baghdad and Alhai stations had a regimes of construction, and two means (mu) different time period from the other stations; over this period. The annual temperature the shift time beginning between 1984 and varied between the maximum value recorded 2010 and between 1995 and 2010, for the Basrah station (28.2 0C) to the respectively (Table 11). The minimum minimum value recorded at the Mosul station temperature was recorded for the years 1982 (18.30 0C) (Figure 5(f and a)) respectively. and 1992, which also reported significant Mosul and Kirkuk stations (Figure 5 (a,, b)) precipitation. The changes in the temperature had the same change point of variation, in values could be attributted to the increase in which the shift period of the second mean GHGs.

(a) (b))

(c) (d))

206 Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021

(e) (f)

(g) (h)

Figure 5. The homogeneity of the Iraqi temperature (eight stations) for the 1971 – 2010 period, thhe (mu1) refers to the temperature mean for the first period, and (mu2) refers to the temperature mean for the second period.

Table 1. The change periods of Iraqi temperature mean (Mu1) and (Mu2) for eight temperature stations.

Shift of data Stations (Mu1) period (Mu2) Kirkuk 1971-1996 1997- 2010 Mosul 1971-1996 1997- 2010 Rutbah 1971-1992 1993-2010 Baghdad 1971-1983 1984-2010 Alhai 1971-1994 1995-2010 Nasryia 1971-1992 1993-2010 Basrah 1971-1992 1993-2010

4-3. Trend component of Iraqi precipitation for all 18 meteorological precipitation and temperature stations decreased. However, at a non- To emphasis the trend of the two significant confidence level (Sig.) foor 12 climatological parameters, the Mann-Kendall stations, the trend showed a significant value trend test was undertaken for the stations. of 90% for Salahalden, Baiji, Diwaniya, Between 1981 and 2010, the annual Najaf, and Karbala stations. Whereas, in the Investigating the Linkage between Precipitation and Temperature Changes in … 207

middle of Iraq, the Tikrit station had a shown in Table 3. The Basra station had a significant negative trend of -0.31 at a 95% maximum value for the trend 0.09 due to its confidence level (Table 2). The minimum location in the south of Iraq, influenced by a trend (-0.198) presented at the Baghdad heat wave moving downwards. The GHG station refers to the precipitation stability at absorbs the long wave of Infrared (IR) this station, while the maximum trend of - radiation that reflected from the surface of 0.464 at the Alhai station. the earth and increasing the temperature. The trend for annual temperature between In summary, the precipitation and 1971 and 2010 was also investigated. Here, temperature in Iraq display a trend that could the temperature trend for eight stations was be influenced by GHGs. GHG emissions and shown to be positive, with small slope values their influence on the climate in Iraq is but with a significant confidence level, as discussed in the following section.

Table 2. Trend of Iraq annual precipitation between 1981 and 2010, *, + refer to 95%, 90% confidence respectively, the blank cells (Sig.) refer to the confidence level less than 90%.

Stations Test Z Sig. Q Dohok -0.21 -0.199 Zako -1.53 -0.408 Sulaimania -1.43 -0.337 Arbil -1.03 -0.460 Salahalden -1.78 + -0.321 Mosul -1.53 -0.376 Kirkuk -1.57 -0.371 Baghdad -1.21 -0.198 Baiji -1.68 + -0.306 Tikrit -2.09 * -0.311 Alhai -1.07 -0.464 Ramadi -1.53 -0.364 Diwanyia -1.86 + -0.320 Omara -1.53 -0.370 Najaf -1.82 + -0.318 Basra -1.50 -0.362 Karbala -1.68 + -0.301 Nasria -1.61 -0.370

Table 3. Trend of Iraq annual temperature between 1971 and 2010, *** refers to 99% confidence.

Stations Test Z Sig. Q Mosul 4.39 *** 0.048 Kirkuk 4.05 *** 0.040 Baghdad 3.01 ** 0.031 Rutba 5.76 *** 0.088 Naseryia 5.74 *** 0.060 Diwaniya 5.85 *** 0.062 Alhai 5.86 *** 0.073 Basra 6.23 *** 0.092

208 Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021

4-4. Greenhouse Gases over Iraq (Figure 6). The main source of CH4 in Iraq is Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4), and via fugitive emission compared with other Nitrous oxide (N2O) GHG emissions and sources (Figure 7b). Further, the their sources were investigated for the period concentration of CO2 has increased given between 1970 and 2012 (Figures 6 and 7). It the growth and development of industries was found that the N2O concentrations had a and transportation modes, considered as the low value compared with the other two gases, main contributing sourcess of CO2 in Iraq in which the concentration increased for the (Figure 7c). The positive trend of CO2 is same period (Figure 6). The rising N2O was evident over time which has an adverse mainly due to the increase of human and influence on climatic conditions in Iraq. In agricultuural activities; direct soil emission Figure 7b, some sources do not appear given and indirect N2O emissions from agriculture their small values compared with the other (Figure 7a). sources. The correlation between the two On the other hand, CH4 gas was found to climatological parameters (temperature and decrease over the same period due to feweerr precipitation) and the three GHG sources of Methane like in natural wetlands, concentrations are invesstigated in the organic waste, forest burning, and fossil fuels following section.

Figure 6. GHG emission (Kton) in Iraq for the period between 1970 and 20122.

(a) (b)

(c) Figure 7. GHG emissions (Kton) (a) N2O, (b) CH4, and (c) CO2 and its sources of Iraq for (1970 – 2012) period. Investigating the Linkage between Precipitation and Temperature Changes in … 209

4-5. The link between temperature and in the southern stations given industrial precipitation with GHG in Iraq growth within the region and human The link between temperature and activities (Figure 8c). As such, the significant precipitation and N2O, CH4, and CO2 are correlation values point ttowards the influence investigated by applying Pearson’s of GHG on climatic conditions and rising correlation method (Figure8). The temperatures in Iraq. temperature in Iraq between 1971 and 2010 The relationship bettween precipitation had a significant correlation with GHGs and and GHG between 1981 and 2010 a positive correlation between temperature was examined for the 18 stations (Figure 9(a- and N2O concentrations. The correlation c)), in which the correlation coefficient values increased southward given the between precipitation and the three GHG abundance of N2O sources (Figure 8a). In concentration was found to be negative contrast, the temperature had a negative but non-significant. However, the relation correlation with CH4 emissions but was between precipitation and GHG was significant in the southern region of Iraq consistent with the homogeneity test given fewer sources such as wetlands and for precipitation, which was found to have agricultural crops given the period of drought greater stability compared to temperature. in this period (Figure 8b). CO2 In summary, GHG impacted climatic concentrations had a significant positive conditions in Iraq, contributing to climate correlation with all eight stations, especially change.

(a) (b)

(c) Figure 8. Geographical map of Iraq. The value inside the map represents the correlation value oof the temperature and (a) N2O, (b) CH4 and (c) CO2.

210 Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 9. Geographical map of Iraq. The value inside the map represents the correlation value off precipitation, and (a) N2O, (b) CH4 and (c) CO2.

5. Conclusion and Discussion precipitation. The results presented and discussed in this As such, it can be concluded that climatic study have contributed to gaining a betteer conditions in Iraq are influenced by GHGs, understanding and appreciation of climate thus causing climate change over the period change in Iraq, and the influence of GHGs of study. brought about through climate variations. Furthermore, it was found that precipitation The main results of this study are presented was homogenous haviinng one mean as follows: throughout the period, whheereas temperature - The timme series related to precipitation in had breakpoints in all eiight stations (i.e. Iraq had homogeneous data spanning the inhomogeneous). The annnnual temperature period uunder study, but the temperature had a small but significant positive trend, shifted for eight stations after 1993 and 1997. while precipitation decreased over the period - Precipitation had a non-significant negative of study. A similar study conducted in China pattern, while temperature had a significant by Shen, et al. (2018) found that precipitation but slight upward trend. and temperature had breakpoints over the - GHGGs have been shown to have a period of study and that the maximum significant correlation with tempperature, buut temperature increased over time, while the with a considerably less relationship with minimum temperature and precipitation Investigating the Linkage between Precipitation and Temperature Changes in … 211

tended to decrease. Agha, O.M.A.M., Bağçacı, S.Ç. and Şarlak, The temperature in Iraq also showed a point N., 2017, Homogeneity analysis of change after 1993 and 1997, which could precipitation series in North Iraq. IOSR have been influenced by GHGs or other Journal of Applied Geology and climatic conditions such as the El-Nino Geophysics, 5(03), 57-63. effect. Similar results by Alsarmi and Ali, R., Ismael, A., Heryansyah, A. and Washington (2011) in the Arabian Peninsula Nawaz, N., 2019, Long term historic on climate change found that there were changes in the flow of lesser Zab River, many points of change after the middle of Iraq. Hydrology, 6(1), 22. 1997 due to the El-Nino pattern effect. Al-Khalidi, J., Dima, M. and Stefan, S., Altitude and mountainous regions in Iraq also 2017, Large-scale modes impact on Iraqi influence both precipitation and temperature climate variability. Theoretical and and different climate patterns. The study by Applied Climatology, 1-12. Al-Khalidi et al. (2017) found that the EOFs Al-Falahi, A.A., 2008, Middle East Water of both temperature and precipitation in Iraq and Livelihoods Initiative. ICARDA, are influenced by the orography of the area. Aleppo 7-9. A similar study by Ali et al. (2019) found Alsarmi, S. and Washington, R., 2011, that decreasing water levels in the Dukan Recent observed climate change over the Dam situated on the Zab River were due to Arabian Peninsula. J. Geophys. Res., 116, the decline in precipitation in the Iraqi D11109. region. IPCC. The Intergovernmental Panel on The GHG absorb the infrared radiation Climate Change, 2001, The Carbon Cycle causing the greenhouse phenomenon that is and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, p 195. responsible for the increase of the Climate Change. temperature. The precipitation correlated IPCC. Intergovernmental panel on climate negatively with the GHG emissions in Iraq. change, WMO, UNEP. Climate change, A similar study of Meehl et al. (2007) 2007, The physical science basis, identifies that the temperature increases with Summary for policymakers. IPCCWGI rising of GHG, while the precipitation Fourth Assessment Report. SPM2feb07. decreases with the increases of the GHG Janssens-Maenhout, G., Crippa, M., emissions in the subtropical region. Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., In conclusion, there is no doubt that climatic Dentener, F. Bergamaschi, P., Pagliari, conditions in Iraq are influenced by an V., Olivier, V. , Peters, J. , Aardenne, J. , increase in GHG concentrations. The rise in Monni, S., Doering, U., Petrescu, R., temperatures and a decrease in precipitation Solazzo, E. and Aardenne, J. A. V., 2019, are noticeable signals of climate change. EDGAR v4. 3.2 Global Atlas of the three major for the Acknowledgments period 19702012. Earth System Science The authors would like to thank the editor Data, 11(3), 959-1002. and reviewers of the journal for their help. Hameed, M., Ahmadalipour, A. and The authors are grateful to the Iraqi Moradkhani, H., 2018, Apprehensive meteorological organization and EDGAR drought characteristics over Iraq: results V4.3.2 for providing the data. of a multidecadal spatiotemporal assessment. Geosciences, 8(2), 58. References Harvey, L. D. and Huang, Z., 1995, Adamo, N., Al-Ansari, N., Sissakian, V.K., Evaluation of the potential impact of Knutsson, S. and Laue, J., 2018, Climate methane clathrate destabilization on change: consequences On Iraq’s future global warming. Journal of environment. Journal of Earth Sciences Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(3), 43- 100(D2), 2905-2926. 58. Florides, G.A. and Christodoulides, P., 2009, Addinsoft, 2019, XLSTAT statistical and Global warming and carbon dioxide data analysis solution. Boston, USA. through sciences. Environment https://www.xlstat.com. International, 35(2), 390-401. 212 Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, Vol. 46, No. 4, Winter 2021

Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., Precipitation Data (1978–2015) in North Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, T., Gregory, J. China. Advances in Meteorology. M., Kitoh, A., knutti, R., Murphy, M., Stephenson, T. S., Vincent, L. A., Allen, T., Noda, A. and Raper, S. C., 2007, Global Van Meerbeeck, C. J., McLean, N., climate projections. Peterson, T. and Trotman, A., 2013, Pettitt, A.N., 1979, A non-parametric "Changes in extreme temperature and approach to the change point problem. precipitation in the Caribbean region, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 19612010" Int. J. Climatol. 34, 2957- Series C, Applied Statistics, 28, 126-135. 2971. Reay, D.S., Davidson, E.A., Smith, K.A., Tan, M.L., Samat, N., Chan, N.W., Lee, A.J. Smith, P., Melillo, J.M., Dentener, F. and and Li, C., 2019, Analysis of Precipitation Crutzen, P.J., 2012, Global agriculture and Temperature Extremes over the Muda and nitrous oxide emissions. Nature River Basin, Malaysia. Water, 11(2), 283. Climate Change, 2(6), 410. Zakaria, S., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutsson, S., Salar, A., 2013, climate of Iraq (book in 2013, Historical and future climatic Arabic). Baghdad: Baghdad, Iraq, 134- change scenarios for temperature and 136. rainfall for Iraq. Journal of Civil Salmi, T., 2002, Detecting trends of annual Engineering and Architecture, 7(12), values of atmospheric pollutants by the 1574-1594. Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope Zhang, X., Aguilar, E., Sensoy, S., estimates-the Excel template application Melkonyan, H., Tagiyeva, U., Ahmed, N. MAKESENS. Ilmatieteen laitos. and Wallis, T., 2005, "Trends in Middle Shen, L., Lu, L., Hu, T., Lin, R., Wang, J. East climate extreme indices from 1950 to and Xu, C., 2018, Homogeneity Test and 2003", J. Geophys. Res, VOL. 110, Correction of Daily Temperature and D22104.