VOLUME 8, NO. 2 • JANUARY 2020 OXFORD MONITOR OF FORCED MIGRATION Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration The Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration (OxMo) is a bi-annual, independent, academic journal engaging in a global intellectual dialogue about forced migration with students, researchers, academics, volunteers, activists, artists, as well as those displaced themselves. By monitoring policy, legal, political and academic developments, OxMo draws attention to the realities of forced migration and identifies gaps in refugee protection. Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief Chloe Marshall-Denton Lena Kainz First Hand Editors Vicky Taylor Fatima Zehra Naqvi Erica Sewell Timo Schmidt Academic Editors Andrea Ortiz Lucy Boddington Lorna Morris Field Monitor Editors Danilo Zak Anne Schnitzer Jun Pang Olivia Johnson Policy Monitor Editors Alexandra Biggs Amy Fallon Jorica Pamintuan Law Monitor Editors Louisa Yasukawa Mia Haas-Goldberg Artistic Expression Editors Chloe Marshall-Denton Lena Kainz Disclaimer Opinions expressed by authors in OxMo do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Editors. Articles published in OxMo do not represent the views of the Refugee Studies Centre or the University of Oxford. Copyright for articles published in OxMo rests with the author(s). Materials may be downloaded, re- produced, and circulated in entirety provided that the title, author, and source (OxMo) is acknowledged. Unless indicated otherwise, the photos featured with each article were taken by the author(s). The photo on the front and back cover featured on this issue were taken by Stephen Dover. A special thank you to Jorica Pamintuan for the graphic design of this issue. For more information about OxMo’s past issues and upcoming deadlines, visit our website www.oxforcedmigration.com or follow us on Twitter: @oxmofm Table of Contents Foreword v CHLOE MARSHALL-DENTON AND LENA KAINZ FIRST HAND SECTION Why Resettlement? 1 HEBA AND NOUR Self and Self-Reliance 5 GERAWORK TEFERRA POETRY Why I Leave Home 9 ቤተይ ገዲፈ YOHANA TEKESTE Sister 11 CELESTE CANTOR-STEPHENS And Then It Rained 16 CARLA SOFIA FERREIRA FERNANDES LAW MONITOR More Rights, Less Justice: Tribal Communities and the Indian Republic 18 PRASHANT SINGH AND MEGHNA SHARMA ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and 24 Displacement’: A UN Study on Indigenous Migration ANNE-CÉLINE LEYVRAZ POLICY MONITOR When ‘Qualifying’ as a Refugee Gets You Permanent ‘Illegal’ Status in 30 Hong Kong ANNIE LI The Politics of Exhaustion: Immigration Control in the British-French 33 Border Zone MARTA WELANDER Eight Years of Displacement: Syria’s Statelessness Still Unidentified 39 THOMAS MCGEE AND ZAHRA ALBARAZI ii Water Scarcity and Environmental Displacement in Southern Iraq: 45 Perceptions and Realities TIBA FATLI FIELD MONITOR 54 Remembering the Camps: Portuguese De-Colonization, Competing Colonialisms in Mozambique, and Deportation to India NAFEESAH ALLEN 62 Reflective Practice and the Contribution of Refugee-Researchers to Critical Understandings of the Refugee Integration Process VEYSI DAG 68 A Model of Protracted Suffering among Refugees on the Greek Islands: The Case of Chios MOHAMAD ALHUSSEIN SAOUD AND MARTA WELANDER ACADEMIC SECTION The Picture from Above: Using Satellite Imagery to Overcome 75 Methodological Challenges in Studying Environmental Displacement ALISON HESLIN AND LISA THALHEIMER Challenges to the Governance of the Return of Victims Abroad to 88 Colombia PAUL DE Ryck AND STÉPHANIE LÓPEZ VILLAMIL Regionalisation Versus Securitisation: The Pending Fate of the Refugee 103 Protection Regime in Central America BRIANNA GÓMEZ CASTRO Between Torture and Hiding: The North Korean Migration Case in 122 China PHILLIP KRAETER Beyond the ‘Women-and-Children’ Bias in Human Trafficking: A Study 132 of Haitian Migrants in the Dominican Republic JEAN-PIERRE MURRAY Artistic and Creative Expressions Journey Signs of Asylum Seeking 151 ERNEST ZHANAEV iii Foreword Dear Reader, In this issue, we feature twenty contributions from thinkers around the world on issues cutting across policy, law, and research in the field of forced migration studies. Continuing OxMo’s long-standing tradition of offering space for critical and oft- neglected perspectives in the global discourse on displacement, several of this issue’s authors contribute their personal critiques, insights, and policy recommendations from their own experience of displacement. In the first hand section, two resettled refugees in the UK make the case for scaling up resettlement, while a resident of Kakuma refugee camp urges us to rethink self-reliance strategies in Kenya and beyond. Together, they reflect on the role and potential of policy in enabling displaced individuals to shape and reconstitute meaningful lives in and beyond displacement. Contributors to the Artistic and Field sections further explore themes of integration, bureaucracy, and discrimination from the perspective of researchers who have experienced asylum and integration first hand. While the photography taken by a Kyrgyz researcher during his personal journey through the British asylum system explores the materiality of bureaucracy and everyday life, another contribution reflects on the positionality, practice, and experiences of a refugee-researcher addressing bottom-up integration in Europe. This issue’s contributions speak to varied geographical, as well as historical, contexts: from competing forms of colonialism in Mozambique to contesting power at the British- French border zone; they offer broader theoretical insights into the displacement, contestation, and injustices to which coercive practices of colonialism and border enforcement have given rise. The issue further shines a new light on long-standing challenges, such as the statelessness of Syrians and the protracted suffering of refugees on Greek islands. Throughout the volume, our contributors continue to expose gaps and challenges in the current protection regimes for displaced individuals, whether it be the legal limbo of refugees in Hong Kong, protection challenges of North Koreans in China, limitations of the legal framework on indigenous migration, or the pending fate of the refugee regime in Central America. The issue also considers nascent themes in the study of forced migration, in particular focusing on climate-induced displacement. Encouraging an understanding of environmental displacement both from ‘below’ and ‘above’, our authors in turn explore the link between water scarcity and mobility in southern Iraq - urging for greater understandings of local perspectives on climate-displacement - and share their reflections on the use of satellite imagery to overcome methodological challenges in studying this form of displacement. These different perspectives contribute to a burgeoning conversation on environmental displacement and provide avenues for better understanding and responding to environmental distress. As in our previous issue, we are proud to feature artistic and creative expressions and to publish pieces in different languages. This time, we would like to draw your attention to poetry featured in both English and Tigrinya written by an Eritrean refugee in Ethiopia, as well as English-language poems drawing on themes of displacement, migration, and family. iv Finally, we would like to thank everyone who has worked tirelessly over the past months to put together OxMo’s Volume 8.2, not least the editors and authors without whom this issue would not have been possible. We would also like to express our gratitude to the staff and faculty of the University of Oxford for their continued and strong support of OxMo. We hope you will find joy, inspiration, as well as food for thought and action in engaging with the ideas, images, critical reflections, and personal stories of OxMo’s Volume 8.2. Enjoy reading! Chloe Marshall-Denton & Lena Kainz Co-Editors-in-Chief Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration v Why Resettlement? HEBA AND NOUR1 We are Nour and Heba, Syrian host country, we could rebuild our life refugees who resettled from Jordan to there. However, it was difficult to support Wales in August 2018. We have been our living costs since our legal status did refugees for seven years. The war not permit us to work. destroyed everything in our lives, our houses, our jobs, and our dreams. We Nour: In Jordan, I was lucky to lost some of our relatives. The war has continue my university education scattered our siblings across the world in accounting. Most Syrians without and we lost the simplest right to live any identity documents were not together as a family. Two of our brothers allowed to go to school. It took are in Saudi Arabia and we have not seen three years to get my ID and enroll them for nine years. Our other brother is in school, which is a huge amount in Germany. We still feel the impact of of time in a person’s life. I was lucky war, especially during Ramadan, which because my brother was able to we cannot celebrate as before because financially support my university it should be celebrated with family. attendance since I had to pay for Nonetheless, we are fortunate for the the university each term. UNHCR resettlement programme, which transfers refugees to a country that has Heba: Even though I already have agreed to admit them and provide experience and certificates in permanent protection, and to relocate accounting from Syria, it was illegal to the United Kingdom (UK). for me to work as a refugee in Jordan. We are involved in the VOICES I was frustrated and felt that this rule