DOCSLIB.ORG

Pga 183237.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pga 183237.Pdf THE NEED FOR DISRUPTIVE GAME CHANGING APPROACHES IN WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE Carl E. Hensman, Ph.D. Senior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ~2.5 BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE TODAY NEED FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT (FSM) 114 4 2 7 1 20 72 3 5 190 40 28 4 79 72 19 2 18 21 6 57 41 1,105 13 % of population 23 served by: 144 1 5 12 Sewer 13 5 7 593 Septic 3 25 5 1 Flush/ pour flush pit 17 61 13 Pit - Dry 17 44 Other1 193 Environment (Open Defecation) 439 87 Current population of region 3 xx with need for FSM (Million) 1. Open pits, pits without slabs and composting toilets included in "Other" as these do not need FSM (open pits/ pits without slabs covered up when full) © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 2 Source: UN JMP sanitation data, BCG analysis WATER SCARCITY WILL MAKE FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT (FSM) INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT Projections 2030 74% - of world's population will live in Sub-Saharan Africa & Asia. ‘000 litres/person/year Extreme scarcity < 500 Scarcity 500-1,000 Stress 1,000-1,700 Adequate 1,700-4,000 Abundant 4,000-10,000 Surplus >10,000 No data 1. United Nations environment programme Source: ‘Global Water Initiative’ (June 2005), GEF International Waters Conference, The Coca-Cola Company, Grail Research, BCG Analysis © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 3 POOR FSM IS AKIN TO INSTITUTIONAL OPEN DEFECATION Sludge direct to the environment when no service chain Effectively 2% treated 20% Leakage WC to sewer Not effectively of fecal sludge Illegally treated Safely emptied safely disposed dumped 2% Unsafely emptied of fecal sludge 79% 98% unsafely disposed On-site facility Left to overflow or abandoned 1% 1% 69% 9% 9% 1% 9% Open defecation Residential environment Drainage systems Receiving waters Source: WSP analysis, using BMGF funded research Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 4 INDIA SANITATION STATUS Speculated sewered networks coverage • 62,000 MLD sewage generation, No treatment, no but installed capacity (STPs) is only 37% i.e. 23,277 MLD 20% installed capacity • Of the 816 STPs, only 522 operational, hence actual available capacity is only 30% 70% Potential for fecal 50% sludge co-treatment at sewage %fecal waste %fecal treatment plants 10-15% Potential for treatment Treatment capacity through fecal sludge (operational sewage 30% treatment plants treatment plants) 15-20% Estimated utilized capacity Based on estimates: Center Pollution Control Board, IndiaSpend, Center for Science and Environment Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 5 CURRENT SOLUTIONS ALL HAVE SIGNIFICANT LIMITATIONS Current solutions, both centralized and decentralized, have significant limitations that jeopardize health and safety and, in many cases, perpetuate open defecation practices. HANGING TOILETS PIT LATRINES SEPTIC TANKS SEWERAGE Foul odors Expensive to install, maintain Poor user experience Require infrastructure Safety hazards Require considerable water Environmental contamination Treatment not assured Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 6 TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES: 3 SUB-PORTFOLIOS REINVENTED TOILET OMNI INGESTOR OMNI PROCESSOR Single-unit (SURT) Multi-unit (MURT) Household scale Multi-unit scale Pumping and processing Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 7 THE REINVENTED TOILET PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO ADDRESS TODAY’S LIMITATIONS The Reinvented Toilet is a modular, transformative technology that offers a non-sewered sanitation solution, eliminating the need for a piped collection system. The aim of the Reinvented Toilet is to: destroy all pathogens onsite and recover valuable resources, operate without sewer, water or electricity connections and cost less than $0.05/user/day in a sustainable business model. ELIMINATE PATHOGENS CONVEY LOW LIFE-CYCLE . Eliminate safety concerns via handling COSTS . Reduce disease burden . Reduce need for pit emptying . Improve environmental safety . Ensure a sustainable business model, including maintenance via service providers OPERATE OFF GRID PRESENT MODULAR, . Eliminate need for external inputs such ATTRACTIVE INTERFACE as water and energy . Reduce / eliminate construction costs . Make portable and easy to install . Provide clean and dignified product . Eliminate odors and waste Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 8 OUR CORE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES ELECTROCHEMICAL WET OXIDATION DRY COMBUSTION BIOLOGICAL Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 9 INDIAN SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSEHOLD CONNECTED PROCESSING SYSTEMS - SEGMENT DESCRIPTORS – VALUE FOR BY-PRODUCTS Age of construction (a) Existing construction (>1 year) Use Dwelling Electric Cost New construction (<1 year) Toilet ownership Toilet Case (Sq.M) US$/Month No toilet Drain availability No drain Drain No drain Drain 1 46-74 3.5-7.5 Age of construction (b) Old (>10 yrs.) Recent (<10 yrs.) Highest 2 46-74 <3.5 Occupation of education Chief Wage achieved in Earner 3 >74 >7.5 family 4 <46 <3.5 Skilled labor and small 1 3 4 5 6 8 business owners 5 <46 3.5-7.5 Some college 6 >74 >7.5 education Salaried 7 46-74 3.5-7.5 No college 2 7 9 education 8 >74 >7.5 9 46-74 3.5-7.5 Unskilled labor Utility for by-products By-product type Utility color coding Electricity Biogas Water Ash Fertilizer Negative Neutral Medium High Value for By-products was evaluated on a relative basis, and as ‘stated value’. This does not imply absolute lack of value and households may use by-products evaluated as ‘neutral’ with behavior change and education. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 10 Source: FSG primary research; FSG analysis INDIAN MULTI-FAMILY HOUSEHOLD / COMMERCIAL SECTOR PROCESSING SYSTEMS - SEGMENT DESCRIPTORS – VALUE FOR BY-PRODUCTS Age of construction New construction Existing construction Commercial/ Commercial/ Usage type Residential Residential Institutional Institutional Primary Use Generator Key Decision Average price/ hours of Case /Solar Maker ULB land electricity categori- supply 1 Both BAC zation 2 Gen BA 1 5 8 Premium & Luxury 3 BA Low 2 6 4 BA/BC electricity (≤80% hours) 5 Gen BA/BC Mid- Note: For biogas, Note: For biogas, segment commercial / High 3 commercial / institutional segments 6 Gen H electricity institutional segments (>80% hours) do not have any do not have any 7 H consumption usage and consumption usage and 4 find the odor of the 7 find the odor of the 8 BO Affordable waste gas undesirable. waste gas undesirable. B – Builder By-product type Utility for by-products Utility color coding A – Architect Electricity Biogas Water Ash Fertilizer Negative Neutral Medium High C – Contractor O – Owner Value for By-products was evaluated on a relative basis., and as ‘stated value’. This does not imply absolute lack of value and HHs may use by-products H – Homeowner evaluated as ‘neutral’ with behavior change and education. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 11 Source: FSG primary research; FSG analysis ENERGY FOR OFF-GRID SANITATION Energy Production from Human Feces 30 Conversion Efficiency Losses 25 20 15 10 5 MJ/Kgproduct of final MJ/kg of original dry human feces 0 Onabanjo, 2016; Ward, 2014; UNU-INWEH, 2015 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 12 BMGF-WSH TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES PORTFOLIO – PEOPLE SERVED V’S NET ENERGY Current prototypes and systems 200 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 -200 -400 /user) -600 wh ( Solid Feces Combustion -800 Biological plus electrochemical Net Electrical Energy -1000 Biological -1200 Number of Total Daily Users Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 13 “TRADITIONAL” RENEWABLE RESOURCES BEYOND WATER AND ENERGY Resource Urine (g/Person/Year) Feces (g/Person/Year) Nitrogen 1577 548 Simple struvite Phosphorous 131 183 field production in Potassium 474 406 Durban, South Sulphur 131 --- Africa. Testing UNU-INWEH, 2015 being performed by the eThekwini Nitrification and Water Services stabilization reactor at Division. Fed from Durban, South Africa a village urine utility, eThekwini Water diverting toilets. Services Division. Fed from the buildings urine diverted toilets. http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/eng/projects/vuna/ Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 14 MARKET DRIVEN OPPORTUNITIES: EXCRETA BY- PRODUCTS • Urine fed Microbial Fuel Cells (University of West of England) • Charging cell phones, lighting, Electrochemically Active Solution (ECAS), direct resource capture • Feces consuming Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) • 40-50% protein (Fishmeal in Africa = US$1500 / ton) • 20 ton / day facility in Durban South Africa (eWS/AgriProtein) • Distilled water from excreta drying process • Potentially lucrative engine coolant fluid market in Africa • Feces derived biochar worth US$6 / ton in India • Use steam from the pyrolysis process to produce activated carbon worth US$60 / ton • Feces derived pyrolysis liquid (Bio-oil) • Higher energy content compared to woody biomass derived bio-oil due to lipids converting to aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons • Feces derived volatile fatty acids including acetic acid • Industrial reagent stock Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 15 STANDARDS (PC 305) TO DRIVE RESOURCE RECOVERY THROUGH POLICY CHANGE EXAMPLE OF REQUIREMENTS EXAMPLE OF KEY INDICATORS Parameters Justification Threshold Human Enteric Bacteria (E. coli as surrogate) ≤100 per liter Pathogens Virus (MS2 Coliphage) ≤10 per liter Protozoa (Clostridium perfringens spores) ≤1 per liter Helminth eggs Helminth eggs are considered a major ≤ 1 eggs per litre health burden in many developing countries (Ascaris suum ova - surrogate) COD Standard environmental performance ≤ 50 (Category A) parameter ≤ 150 (Category B) TSS Standard environmental performance ≤ 10 (Category A) parameter ≤ 30 (Category B) Total nitrogen Nitrogen is a pollutant for surface water > 70% reduction and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Innovative Carbon Capture Through Enhanced Fecal Sludge Management
    China, People's Republic of: Innovative Carbon Capture through enhanced Fecal Sludge Management Project Name Innovative Carbon Capture through enhanced Fecal Sludge Management Project Number 52290-001 Country China, People's Republic of Project Status Proposed Project Type / Modality of Technical Assistance Assistance Source of Funding / Amount Strategic Agendas Environmentally sustainable growth Inclusive economic growth Drivers of Change Governance and capacity development Knowledge solutions Partnerships Private sector development Sector / Subsector Water and other urban infrastructure and services - Urban sanitation Gender Equity and Effective gender mainstreaming Mainstreaming Description The technical assistance (TA) will support the development of carbon sequestration and safe carbon sink plans resulting from enhanced tree irrigation through improved fecal sludge management (FSM) practices. A market assessment funded by the Sanitation Financing Partnership Trust Fund (SPF) under the Water Financing Partnership Facility (WFPF) has recommended enhanced fecal sludge management practices that can result in reusing treated sludge for the safe irrigation of trees in the Beijing Capital Region (BCR) and other water-stressed cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC). As a result of improved irrigation practices, improved tree growth will function as carbon sink, improving carbon capture. Project Rationale and Linkage Both water shortages and increased energy consumption are serious climate mitigation issues in PRC. to Country/Regional Strategy The Government is responding by investing in carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation measures and although carbon capture technologies hold promise, trees remain the best carbon sink. Trees need water and water starved areas in Northern China, including BCR, face energy-intensive and expensive alternatives to meet increasing water demand.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Sanitation Services
    Technical Brief 5 URBAN SANITATION SERVICES USAID Water and Development TECHNICAL SERIES INTRODUCTION In a global and increasingly urbanized world, cities play a key role in building a better future. Better managed cities with improved services contribute to improved health, governance, cleaner environments, dignity, and economic growth. However, human waste must be managed in ways that safeguard the urban environment, including water and food supplies, to maximize development outcomes. The purpose of this technical brief is to provide an overview of the important factors to consider in the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) urban sanitation programming. In addition to the USAID Water and Development Plan under the U.S. Global Water Strategy, this technical brief is aligned with USAID’s Sustainable Urban Services Policy, Private Sector Engagement Policy, and Environmental Natural Resource Management Framework. This document focuses on human excreta management activities that are attributable to the Agency’s Water Directive and does not include broader sanitation areas such as solid waste. KEY TAKEAWAYS • Urban sanitation is more than just toilets. Dense urban environments require consideration of the whole sanitation service chain to ensure safely managed sanitation: fecal waste containment, collection, transport, treatment, and final disposal or reuse. • Effective urban sanitation is city-wide and inclusive. There is no simple solution – rapidly growing cities require a range of technical solutions across the sanitation service chain. Ensuring that everyone benefits from safely managed sanitation requires specific approaches to target the underserved. • Apply commercial principles to service provision. Management of sanitation services is as important as the technologies involved, and financial viability is a critical element of sustainable services.
    [Show full text]
  • Fecal Sludge Management Services Diagnostic and Decision-Support Tools: an Overview
    WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM: WORKING PAPER Targeting the Urban Poor and Improving Services in Small Towns Fecal Sludge Management Services Diagnostic and Decision-Support Tools: An Overview Isabel Blackett and Peter Hawkins August 2016 CONFERENCE EDITION The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. This document is an output of a World Bank study led by Isabel Blackett and Peter Hawkins. World Bank team members Zael Sanz, Ravi Joseph, Chris Heymans and Guy Hutton also contributed their expertise. Special thanks to the consultancy teams from Oxford Policy Management (OPM) and WEDC at Loughborough University, led by project manager Ian Ross, technical lead Rebecca Scott, and Ana Mujica, Zach White and Mike Smith. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. WSP’s donors include Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and the World Bank. WSP reports are published to communicate the results of WSP’s work to the development community. Some sources cited may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Fecal Sludge “Management” in Urban India
    When the pits fill up: Fecal Sludge “Management” in urban India By Sharada Prasad Chitradurga Srinivasa Murthy A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Energy and Resources in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Isha Ray, Co-Chair Professor Kara Nelson, Co-Chair Professor Stanley Brandes Professor NC Narayanan Spring 2018 Abstract When the pits fill up: Fecal sludge “management” in urban India by Sharada Prasad Chitradurga Srinivasa Murthy Doctor of Philosophy in Energy and Resources University of California, Berkeley Professor Isha Ray, Co-Chair Professor Kara Nelson, Co-Chair Onsite sanitation systems (OSS) have burgeoned in urban India as sewer infrastructure has not been able to catch up with the rapid urbanization and growth. India’s aspirational flagship program on sanitation and hygiene -- the Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Campaign) – has abetted the construction of toilets with the aims to increase access to, and the use of, toilets to eliminate open defecation. However, management of fecal sludge (FS) generated by the OSS is critical for sustainable sanitation. FS needs to be safely contained, emptied, transported, and disposed of or reused after adequate treatment. In un-sewered cities of India, the services of emptying and transporting FS are mainly provided by privately-run cleaning trucks. Lack of adequate fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) compel the trucks to either dispose of the FS without any treatment or facilitate its reuse in agriculture. In this dissertation, we trace the activities that kick in when a pit fills up.
    [Show full text]
  • Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries a Planning Manual
    First edition 2002 Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries A planning manual F l o r i a n K l i n g e l , Agnès Montangero, Doulaye Koné, and Martin Strauss Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science & Technology Department for Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries Planning of Fecal Sludge Management Foreword This manual has been produced by SANDEC, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, which is part of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG). The main principles for strategic sanitation planing have been adopted from the guide “Strategic Planning for Municipal Planning” from GHK Research and Training Ltd. SANDEC has carried out a case study of fecal sludge management in order to enlighten the issues specific to planning of fecal sludge management. This study took place in the City of Nam Dinh, in Vietnam. The corresponding study report “Septage Management Study Nam Dinh” has been issued by SANDEC and the Nam Dinh Urban Development Project (funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation). This manual is a first approach to provide guidance on strategic planning of fecal sludge management. It is intended to further develop this manual. Therefore SANDEC will highly appreciate your comments and suggestions on the manual. For further information and comments, please contact Mr. Martin Strauss at: Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) Management of Sludge
    [Show full text]
  • Business Models for Fecal Sludge Management in India
    RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 18 (SPECIAL ISSUE) ISSN 2478-0529 Business Models for Fecal Sludge 18 Management in India Krishna C. Rao, Sasanka Velidandla, Cecilia L. Scott and Pay Drechsel About the Resource Recovery & Reuse Series Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. This subprogram aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This subprogram works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU), and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents present summaries and reviews of the subprogram’s research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research for development continuum. RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE SERIES 18 (SPECIAL ISSUE) Business Models for Fecal Sludge Management
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Assessment of Fecal Sludge Treatment in Refugee Context
    Feasibility Assessment of Fecal Sludge Treatment in Refugee Context Feasibility Assessment of Fecal Sludge Treatment in Refugee settings in Jordan and Lebanon Jordan and Lebanon 11/2016 – 5/2017 Martin Ohlsen, Mission Focal Point for Jordan ([email protected]) UPM Ltd. & Centre for Sustainable Environmental Sanitation (CSES) at the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) UPM Environment Engineering Project Management 1 Consulting (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Feasibility Assessment of Fecal Sludge Treatment in Refugee Context Mission statement (Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation) « Because the innovations we support can be most immediately valuable in densely populated areas, our main focus is on urban sanitation. Our priorities include developing non-sewered sanitation approaches, identifying new delivery models, and advocating for public policies that support improved sanitation in densely populated areas.” http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global- Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene Feasibility Assessment of Fecal Sludge Treatment in Refugee Context Scope of work 1. Investigate and report on state of faecal sludge treatment in Lebanon and Jordan related to mainly Syrian refugee settings, 2. establishing contact to relevant institutions and organizations, 3. working on these topics in both countries, 4. analysing reports and literature, 5. in-country missions prepared logistically in partnership with a local partner, 6. develop innovative methods and techniques to reduce, recycle and re-use the sanitation waste, to protect the aquifers and to reduce the land footprint. Feasibility Assessment of Fecal Sludge Treatment in Refugee Context Macro strategy: Criteria Line ministries, local partner, NGO and municipalities, national policy and plan, urgency Pre-selection criteria are: » Large number of refugees - in relation to local population, » Degree of sanitation crisis with readiness to change, » Proud to be selected and to become a project partner, » Already a host for a BMGF intervention through institutional partners/ grantees.
    [Show full text]
  • Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises
    Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises Editors Miriam Englund Linda Strande Bibliographic Reference: Englund, M. and Strande, L., (Editors). 2019. Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. Dübendorf, Switzerland. ISBN: 978-3-906484-70-9 © Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development Dübendorf, Switzerland, www.sandec.ch Permission is granted for reproduction of this material, in whole or part, for education, scientific or development related purposes except those involving commercial sale, provided that full citation of the source is given. A free PDF copy of this publication can be downloaded from www.sandec.ch/fsm_tools. Text Editing: Claire Taylor Photos: Eawag-Sandec Authors Contributors and reviewers (in alphabetical order) (in alphabetical order) Nienke Andriessen Ashanti Bleich Miriam Englund Damir Brdjanovic Moritz Gold Nadège de Chambrier Marius Klinger Guillaume Clair Christoph Lüthi Kayla Coppens Samuel Renggli Marta Fernàndez Cortés Stanley Sam Christopher Friedrich Linda Strande Pavan Indireddy BJ Ward Abishek Sankara Narayan Ariane Schertenleib Dorothee Spuhler Fabian Suter Elizabeth Tilley Lukas Ulrich Imanol Zabaleta Foreword The book ‘Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation’ was first published in 2014 and has since been translated into English, French, Hindi, Marathi, Russian, Spanish and Tamil. It is used by practitioners and universities around the world. Since its publication, the sector has been rapidly growing and adapting to address the need for faecal sludge management. To keep pace with rapid developments, publications are needed that can adapt more quickly during the time required for new books and book editions to be published.
    [Show full text]
  • India City Archetype: Steady Roller 0.1–1 Million People, 20–40% Sewage Coverage, High Number of Septic Tanks1
    India City Archetype: Steady Roller 0.1–1 million people, 20–40% sewage coverage, high number of septic tanks1 Consider co-treatment: improvement of existing Yes or planned STPs to treat Do existing or planned FS. Also consider G-OP for STPs have extra biosolids treatment. capacity to treat FS? No Assumptions 1 Analysis is based on cost comparison at a Consider ~200K-240K fecal sludge management (FSM) adopting FSM reliant population equivalent. Depending on specific population needs, multiple/distributed SCWO-OP or P-OP systems may be required. Note that STeP’s “Market Insights for the Omni Processor” report indicates that decision makers may Is land availability Consider P-OP, consider ease-of-operation when selecting a Yes a constraint?2 SCWO-OP, or FS-4 FSM system for this city archetype. However, this factor is not considered in the decision No tree, because ease-of-operation issues are assumed to be easily addressed via training or 3 hiring. See second page for FSM system Are land prices high? Yes Consider FS-4 descriptions. STP stands for sewage treatment plant, and FS stands for fecal sludge. Other No acronyms are explained on the second page. 2 For example, is <2 hectares of land available Are you considering Consider Yes for a fecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP)? co-treatment of MSW? G-OP 3 For example, does the land available for the FSTP cost Rs 39,400/m2 or more? Note that all No remaining questions in the decision tree assume low land prices (e.g., ~Rs 3,150/m2).
    [Show full text]
  • Achieving Sustainable Sanitation in Asia 3 “Wastewater Management Has Become Impossible to Ignore, and New Ways to Finance It Are Being Sought.”
    policy brief No. 2019-4 (June) Key Points • Development finance Achieving Sustainable Sanitation has largely been directed towards centralized systems of wastewater in Asia management, which has resulted in large populations being Sahana Singh, Editor, Asian Water Magazine excluded from proper wastewater collection and treatment services. • In order to ensure the success of decentralized sanitation strategies, there is a need for institutional reform and the setting up Introduction of robust frameworks. • The spillover effects of Five thousand years ago, when the urban residents of the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization proper sanitation, which sat on their toilets, their rural brethren used the fields to defecate. In both the urban include an increase in and rural models of sanitation, nutrients were recycled via natural fertilizers, and property tax revenues, water bodies were not used for dumping raw waste. Ancient Sanskrit oral texts lay can help to offset the costs of fecal sludge out the importance of not allowing human waste, blood, or hazardous substances management. to contaminate water bodies under any circumstances. Accordingly, defecation was always conducted in distant, uninhabited places, after which feces were covered with soil, and the left hand was used for washing with small amounts of water. Natural plant-based soaps or sand were used to wash the left hand, which would still not be used for eating, just as a precaution. Cholera epidemics were unheard of in ancient India. In contrast, London’s sewer commissioners “proudly noted the huge volume of human waste that the city’s toilets efficiently deposited into the river (Thames); 29,000 cubic yards in the spring of 1848 and 80,000 cubic yards by the winter of 1849” (Shah 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Fecal Sludge Management Technical Brief
    Technical Brief: Introduction to Fecal Sludge Management Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 2 What is Fecal Sludge Management? ................................................................................. 3 2.1 Emptying and Transport .............................................................................................. 4 2.2 Treatment ................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Use or Disposal .......................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Risk Management ....................................................................................................... 5 3 The Importance of Fecal Sludge Management ................................................................. 6 4 The Global Need for Fecal Sludge Management .............................................................. 9 5 Implementation Challenges ............................................................................................. 10 6 International Guidelines, National Law and Policy ........................................................ 11 7 The Knowledge Gap ......................................................................................................... 13 8 Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 14
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Financial Value of Faecal Sludge Reuse in Low-Income Countries
    sustainability Review A Review of the Financial Value of Faecal Sludge Reuse in Low-Income Countries Adrian Mallory 1 , Rochelle Holm 2 and Alison Parker 1,* 1 Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; a.mallory@cranfield.ac.uk 2 Centre of Excellence in Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Mzuzu 2, Malawi; [email protected] * Correspondence: a.parker@cranfield.ac.uk Received: 6 August 2020; Accepted: 25 September 2020; Published: 10 October 2020 Abstract: Faecal sludge reuse could promote responsible waste management and alleviate resource shortages. However, for this reuse to be carried out at scale, it needs to be financially viable. This paper reviews the financial values of resource recovery from 112 data points from 43 publications from academic and grey literature. The results found 65% of the existing literature is projected rather than being based on observed data from products in practice, with limited studies providing actual experiences of revenue in practice. Some of the estimates of the potential value were ten times those observed in data from operating businesses. Reasons for this include pricing of products against unrealistic competitors, for example, pricing briquettes against diesel fuel, or difficulties in marketing or regulation of products in practice. The most common form of reuse in practice is agricultural composting, which is also the lowest value product. Few cases were able to achieve more than $5/person/year from sludge reuse, therefore other drivers are needed to promote proper human waste disposal, including the health and dignity of citizens, but which are not easily monetised.
    [Show full text]