THE NEED FOR DISRUPTIVE GAME CHANGING APPROACHES IN WATER AND HYGIENE

Carl E. Hensman, Ph.D. Senior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ~2.5 BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE TODAY NEED FECAL MANAGEMENT (FSM)

114 4 2 7 1 20 72 3 5 190 40 28 4 79 72 19 2 18 21 6 57 41 1,105 13 % of population 23 served by: 144 1 5 12 Sewer 13 5 7 593 Septic 3 25 5 1 Flush/ pour flush pit 17 61 13 Pit - Dry 17 44 Other1 193 Environment (Open ) 439 87 Current population of region 3 xx with need for FSM (Million)

1. Open pits, pits without slabs and composting included in "Other" as these do not need FSM (open pits/ pits without slabs covered up when full) © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 2 Source: UN JMP sanitation data, BCG analysis WATER SCARCITY WILL MAKE (FSM) INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT Projections 2030 74% - of world's population will live in Sub-Saharan Africa & Asia.

‘000 litres/person/year

Extreme scarcity < 500 Scarcity 500-1,000 Stress 1,000-1,700 Adequate 1,700-4,000 Abundant 4,000-10,000 Surplus >10,000 No data

1. United Nations environment programme Source: ‘Global Water Initiative’ (June 2005), GEF International Waters Conference, The Coca-Cola Company, Grail Research, BCG Analysis © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 3 POOR FSM IS AKIN TO INSTITUTIONAL Sludge direct to the environment when no service chain

Effectively 2% treated 20% Leakage WC to sewer Not effectively of fecal sludge Illegally treated Safely emptied safely disposed dumped 2%

Unsafely emptied of fecal sludge 79% 98% unsafely disposed On-site facility Left to overflow or abandoned

1% 1% 69% 9% 9% 1% 9% Open defecation Residential environment Drainage systems Receiving waters

Source: WSP analysis, using BMGF funded research Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 4 INDIA SANITATION STATUS

Speculated sewered networks coverage • 62,000 MLD generation, No treatment, no but installed capacity (STPs) is only 37% i.e. 23,277 MLD 20% installed capacity • Of the 816 STPs, only 522 operational, hence actual available

capacity is only 30% 70%

Potential for fecal 50% sludge co-treatment at sewage %fecal waste %fecal treatment plants 10-15% Potential for treatment Treatment capacity through fecal sludge (operational sewage 30% treatment plants treatment plants) 15-20%

Estimated utilized capacity

Based on estimates: Center Pollution Control Board, IndiaSpend, Center for Science and Environment Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 5 CURRENT SOLUTIONS ALL HAVE SIGNIFICANT LIMITATIONS

Current solutions, both centralized and decentralized, have significant limitations that jeopardize health and safety and, in many cases, perpetuate open defecation practices.

HANGING TOILETS PIT SEPTIC TANKS Foul odors Expensive to install, maintain Poor user experience Require infrastructure Safety hazards Require considerable water Environmental contamination Treatment not assured

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 6 TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES: 3 SUB-PORTFOLIOS

REINVENTED OMNI INGESTOR

Single-unit (SURT) Multi-unit (MURT)

Household scale Multi-unit scale Pumping and processing

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 7 THE REINVENTED TOILET PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO ADDRESS TODAY’S LIMITATIONS The Reinvented Toilet is a modular, transformative technology that offers a non-sewered sanitation solution, eliminating the need for a piped collection system. The aim of the Reinvented Toilet is to: destroy all pathogens onsite and recover valuable resources, operate without sewer, water or electricity connections and cost less than $0.05/user/day in a sustainable business model.

ELIMINATE PATHOGENS CONVEY LOW LIFE-CYCLE . Eliminate safety concerns via handling COSTS . Reduce disease burden . Reduce need for pit emptying . Improve environmental safety . Ensure a sustainable business model, including maintenance via service providers OPERATE OFF GRID PRESENT MODULAR, . Eliminate need for external inputs such ATTRACTIVE INTERFACE as water and energy . Reduce / eliminate construction costs . Make portable and easy to install . Provide clean and dignified product . Eliminate odors and waste

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 8 OUR CORE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

ELECTROCHEMICAL WET OXIDATION DRY COMBUSTION BIOLOGICAL

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 9 INDIAN SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSEHOLD CONNECTED PROCESSING SYSTEMS - SEGMENT DESCRIPTORS – VALUE FOR BY-PRODUCTS

Age of construction (a) Existing construction (>1 year) Use Dwelling Electric Cost New construction (<1 year) Toilet ownership Toilet Case (Sq.M) US$/Month No toilet Drain availability No drain Drain No drain Drain 1 46-74 3.5-7.5 Age of construction (b) Old (>10 yrs.) Recent (<10 yrs.) Highest 2 46-74 <3.5 Occupation of education Chief Wage achieved in Earner 3 >74 >7.5 family 4 <46 <3.5 Skilled labor and small 1 3 4 5 6 8 business owners 5 <46 3.5-7.5 Some college 6 >74 >7.5 education Salaried 7 46-74 3.5-7.5 No college 2 7 9 education 8 >74 >7.5 9 46-74 3.5-7.5 Unskilled labor Utility for by-products By-product type Utility color coding Electricity Water Ash Fertilizer Negative Neutral Medium High

Value for By-products was evaluated on a relative basis, and as ‘stated value’. This does not imply absolute lack of value and households may use by-products evaluated as ‘neutral’ with behavior change and education.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 10 Source: FSG primary research; FSG analysis INDIAN MULTI-FAMILY HOUSEHOLD / COMMERCIAL SECTOR PROCESSING SYSTEMS - SEGMENT DESCRIPTORS – VALUE FOR BY-PRODUCTS

Age of construction New construction Existing construction

Commercial/ Commercial/ Usage type Residential Residential Institutional Institutional Primary Use Generator Key Decision Average price/ hours of Case /Solar Maker ULB land electricity categori- supply 1 Both BAC zation 2 Gen BA 1 5 8 Premium & Luxury 3 BA Low 2 6 4 BA/BC electricity (≤80% hours) 5 Gen BA/BC Mid- Note: For biogas, Note: For biogas, segment commercial / High 3 commercial / institutional segments 6 Gen H electricity institutional segments (>80% hours) do not have any do not have any 7 H consumption usage and consumption usage and 4 find the odor of the 7 find the odor of the 8 BO Affordable waste gas undesirable. waste gas undesirable. B – Builder By-product type Utility for by-products Utility color coding A – Architect Electricity Biogas Water Ash Fertilizer Negative Neutral Medium High C – Contractor

O – Owner Value for By-products was evaluated on a relative basis., and as ‘stated value’. This does not imply absolute lack of value and HHs may use by-products H – Homeowner evaluated as ‘neutral’ with behavior change and education.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 11 Source: FSG primary research; FSG analysis ENERGY FOR OFF-GRID SANITATION Energy Production from 30 Conversion Efficiency Losses

25

20

15

10

5 MJ/Kgproduct of final

MJ/kg of original dry human feces 0

Onabanjo, 2016; Ward, 2014; UNU-INWEH, 2015 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 12 BMGF-WSH TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES PORTFOLIO – PEOPLE SERVED V’S NET ENERGY Current prototypes and systems 200

0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 -200

-400 /user) -600 wh ( Solid Feces Combustion -800 Biological plus electrochemical Net Electrical Energy -1000 Biological

-1200 Number of Total Daily Users

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 13 “TRADITIONAL” RENEWABLE RESOURCES BEYOND WATER AND ENERGY

Resource Urine (g/Person/Year) Feces (g/Person/Year) Nitrogen 1577 548 Simple struvite Phosphorous 131 183 field production in Potassium 474 406 Durban, South Sulphur 131 --- Africa. Testing UNU-INWEH, 2015 being performed by the eThekwini Nitrification and Water Services stabilization reactor at Division. Fed from Durban, South Africa a village urine utility, eThekwini Water diverting toilets. Services Division. Fed from the buildings urine diverted toilets. http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/eng/projects/vuna/ Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 14 MARKET DRIVEN OPPORTUNITIES: EXCRETA BY- PRODUCTS

• Urine fed Microbial Fuel Cells (University of West of England) • Charging cell phones, lighting, Electrochemically Active Solution (ECAS), direct resource capture

• Feces consuming Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) • 40-50% protein (Fishmeal in Africa = US$1500 / ton) • 20 ton / day facility in Durban South Africa (eWS/AgriProtein)

• Distilled water from excreta process • Potentially lucrative engine coolant fluid market in Africa

• Feces derived biochar worth US$6 / ton in India • Use steam from the pyrolysis process to produce activated carbon worth US$60 / ton

• Feces derived pyrolysis liquid (Bio-oil) • Higher energy content compared to woody biomass derived bio-oil due to lipids converting to aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons • Feces derived volatile fatty acids including acetic acid

• Industrial reagent stock Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 15 STANDARDS (PC 305) TO DRIVE THROUGH POLICY CHANGE EXAMPLE OF REQUIREMENTS EXAMPLE OF KEY INDICATORS

Parameters Justification Threshold Human Enteric Bacteria (E. coli as surrogate) ≤100 per liter Pathogens Virus (MS2 Coliphage) ≤10 per liter Protozoa (Clostridium perfringens spores) ≤1 per liter Helminth eggs Helminth eggs are considered a major ≤ 1 eggs per litre health burden in many developing countries (Ascaris suum ova - surrogate) COD Standard environmental performance ≤ 50 (Category A) parameter ≤ 150 (Category B) TSS Standard environmental performance ≤ 10 (Category A) parameter ≤ 30 (Category B) Total nitrogen Nitrogen is a pollutant for surface water > 70% reduction and can cause eutrophication. Total Phosphorous is a pollutant for surface > 80% reduction phosphorous water and can cause eutrophication

pH Too high or too low pH is harmful to 6-9 biological life. Odor Indicator of pleasantness and comfort - < 2% Maximum percentage of observations reported as “unacceptable”

PM2,5 (μg/m³) Air pollution indicator - Emission < 10 thresholds (1 h average)

Noise Noise pollution indicator over the course ≤ 70 dBA (LEX,24h) of 24h

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 16 FINALLY - BEYOND JUST SANITATION RESOURCE RECOVERY

LHV (dry) (MJ/Kg) Moisture (%) Medical Waste (Non Anatomical) 30 1.5 Feces 25 75 Wood Fuel 19 50 Medical Waste (Anatomical) 17 70 Medical Waste (Maternity) 16 59 Lignite Coal 15 60

Potential Outputs from FS Microbiome studies (Kartik Chandran) • Fundamental understanding of the microbes present. • How far can we push them and what else can they do? • Can we move past the ‘black-box’ understanding through mathematical modeling • They are inherently linked to the human source.

Deng WY, Yan JH, Li XD, Wang F, Lu SY, Chi Y, et al. • Inference of human health?

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 17