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Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises

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Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises Editors Miriam Englund Linda Strande Bibliographic Reference: Englund, M. and Strande, L., (Editors). 2019. Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. Dübendorf, Switzerland. ISBN: 978-3-906484-70-9 © Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development Dübendorf, Switzerland, www.sandec.ch Permission is granted for reproduction of this material, in whole or part, for education, scientific or development related purposes except those involving commercial sale, provided that full citation of the source is given. A free PDF copy of this publication can be downloaded from www.sandec.ch/fsm_tools. Text Editing: Claire Taylor Photos: Eawag-Sandec Authors Contributors and reviewers (in alphabetical order) (in alphabetical order) Nienke Andriessen Ashanti Bleich Miriam Englund Damir Brdjanovic Moritz Gold Nadège de Chambrier Marius Klinger Guillaume Clair Christoph Lüthi Kayla Coppens Samuel Renggli Marta Fernàndez Cortés Stanley Sam Christopher Friedrich Linda Strande Pavan Indireddy BJ Ward Abishek Sankara Narayan Ariane Schertenleib Dorothee Spuhler Fabian Suter Elizabeth Tilley Lukas Ulrich Imanol Zabaleta Foreword The book ‘Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation’ was first published in 2014 and has since been translated into English, French, Hindi, Marathi, Russian, Spanish and Tamil. It is used by practitioners and universities around the world. Since its publication, the sector has been rapidly growing and adapting to address the need for faecal sludge management. To keep pace with rapid developments, publications are needed that can adapt more quickly during the time required for new books and book editions to be published. Therefore, ‘Faecal Sludge Management: Highlights and Exercises’ has been developed as a more flexible publication that will be regularly updated together with our online courses, to help fill this gap. The original book presents an integrated systems based approach including technical, planning and management aspects. The highlights and exercises presented here are currently more focused on the technical aspects. However, the content will continue to be expanded with future editions. The highlights and exercises are largely based on information that was put together for the production of our online courses. It is a compilation of highlights within each topic, together with exercises to test the users’ gained knowledge. Each of the chapters can be used directly in curriculums, training courses or workshops, and can be adapted to fit the context. The goal of the exercises is to start discussions, develop critical thinking, and evaluate learning of material. It is important to note that this exercise book is not intended to be used as a guideline or as a stand-alone reference, but to be used as a companion guide to existing publications and online courses. Achieving city-wide inclusive sanitation will require faecal sludge management solutions for every scale, for intermediate and permanent standalone solutions, and in combination with sewer-based systems. Hopefully an integrated and adaptive planning mindset, together with an engineering-design approach, will help facilitate sustainable solutions that can be adapted to local contexts. The learning objectives of this book include: Understanding the importance of faecal sludge management, and what is currently lacking; Knowing the fundamentals of an integrated approach to faecal sludge management that includes engineering, management and planning; Identifying the information required for the design and selection of technologies; Understanding management and planning approaches that help to ensure sustainable solutions; Being aware of current research and innovations in faecal sludge management; Knowing how to approach the implementation of faecal sludge management solutions. This book has five sections, general introduction, overview of fundamentals for design and selection of treatment technologies, established treatment technologies, planning and management, and current innovations in faecal sludge management. Each of the chapters has the following structure; Chapter learning objectives Additional resources for the specific topic Highlights including a general introduction, and overview of how to apply the topic Theoretical examples and case studies Exercises Companion materials for the use of this book The target audience of this book includes students and practitioners in the field who are or will be designing, planning, promoting, or managing faecal sludge management (FSM) systems. The book provides a comprehensive approach that includes an overview, design guidelines of treatment technologies, important considerations of operations and maintenance for successful operation of implemented technologies, and a planning approach so that all the necessary requirements are met to ensure a long-term, sustainable system. The book assumes the reader has basic knowledge of sanitation and wastewater treatment. Available free of charge at www.sandec.ch/fsm_book #### This course starts with an overview of what faecal sludge is and introduces you to the engineering fundamentals and required information for the design and selection of technologies. Sanitation solutions are prone to failure if an integrated planning approach that includes stakeholder involvement and the development of appropriate institutional, management and financial arrangements is not implemented. The course therefore dedicates a complete week to presenting the full picture, in addition to the technology, that needs to be considered for sustainable solutions. It concludes with a focus on current research and innovations in technologies, in order to provide an understanding of the most up-to-date options. The course is available in English, with French, Portuguese, and Spanish subtitles. Available free of charge at www.eawag.ch/mooc Table of contents Section 1. Introduction to faecal sludge management (FSM) 1.1 What is faecal sludge? 1 1.2 Engineering design approach for design of treatment technologies 11 Section 2. Overview of fundamentals for design and selection of treatment technologies 2.1 Treatment objectives 21 2.2 Overview of treatment mechanisms 27 2.3 Resource recovery 33 2.4 The Market-Driven Approach to selecting treatment products 43 2.5 Collection and transport technologies 53 Section 3. Treatment technologies for faecal sludge 3.1 Overview of treatment technologies 63 3.2 Settling-thickening tanks 71 3.3 Unplanted drying beds 81 3.4 Planted drying beds 93 3.5 Co-composting 101 3.6 Co-treatment of faecal sludge with wastewater 111 3.7 Effluent treatment technologies 119 Section 4. Integrated approach to faecal sludge management 4.1 Integrated planning approach 129 4.2 Assessment of the initial situation 133 Section 5. Innovation of faecal sludge 5.1 Anaerobic digestion 141 5.2 Conditioning 151 5.3 Solid fuels from faecal sludge 163 5.4 Vermi and fly larvae treatment 171 5.5 Lime stabilization and ammonia treatment 179 Chapter 1.1 What is faecal sludge? Miriam Englund and Linda Strande Technology Learning objectives Distinguish between types of faecal sludge, and wastewater and excreta Name the factors influencing characteristics of faecal sludge Name the main constituents of faecal sludge related to treatment Textbook Available at www.sandec.ch/fsm_book Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (2014). Faecal Sludge Management - Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation. Free online course (MOOC) Available at www.eawag.ch/mooc Introduction to Faecal Sludge Management. MOOC series by Eawag and EPFL. Modules ‘The global situation’ and ‘What is faecal sludge’. Further Eawag-Sandec publications Available at www.sandec.ch/fsm_tools Englund, M., Carbajal, J.P. and Strande, L., (2018). Method to Estimate Quantities and Qualities of Faecal Sludge. Sandec News 2018. Englund, M., Carbajal, J.P., Amédé, F., Bassan, M., Thi Hoai Vu, A., Nguyen, V.A. and Strande, L. (In prep). Modelling quantities and qualities (Q&Q) of faecal sludge in Hanoi, Vietnam and Kampala, Uganda for improved management solutions. Gold, M., Harada, H., Therrien, J.D., Nishida, T., Cunningham, M., Semiyaga, S., Fujii, S., Dorea, C., Nguyen, V.A. and Strande, L. (2017). Cross-country analysis of faecal sludge dewatering. Environmental Technology, 1-11. Schoebitz, L., Bischoff, F., Ddiba, D., Okello, F., Nakazibwe, R., Niwagaba, C.B., Lohri, C.R. and Strande, L. (2016). Results of faecal sludge analyses in Kampala, Uganda. Pictures, characteristics and qualitative observations for 76 samples. Eawag-Sandec. Strande, L., Schoebitz, L., Bischoff, F., Ddiba, D., Okello, F., Englund, M., Ward, B.J. and Niwagaba, C.B. (2018). Methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the design of treatment technologies and management solutions. Environmental Management, 223, 898-907. 1 Additional resources Henze, M., van Loosdrecht, M.C., Ekama, G.A. and Brdjanovic, D. (2008). Biological wastewater treatment. IWA Publishing. Metcalf & Eddy. (2014). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Technology Recovery. 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Tayler, K. (2018). Faecal sludge and septage treatment – a guide for low and middle income countries. Rugby, UK, Practical Action Publishing. Von Sperling, M. and de Lemos Chernicharo Augustos,
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