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Fecal Sludge Management Services Diagnostic and Decision-Support Tools: an Overview WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM: WORKING PAPER Targeting the Urban Poor and Improving Services in Small Towns Fecal Sludge Management Services Diagnostic and Decision-Support Tools: An Overview Isabel Blackett and Peter Hawkins August 2016 CONFERENCE EDITION The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. This document is an output of a World Bank study led by Isabel Blackett and Peter Hawkins. World Bank team members Zael Sanz, Ravi Joseph, Chris Heymans and Guy Hutton also contributed their expertise. Special thanks to the consultancy teams from Oxford Policy Management (OPM) and WEDC at Loughborough University, led by project manager Ian Ross, technical lead Rebecca Scott, and Ana Mujica, Zach White and Mike Smith. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. WSP’s donors include Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and the World Bank. WSP reports are published to communicate the results of WSP’s work to the development community. Some sources cited may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to [email protected]. Permission will normally be granted promptly. For more information, please visit www.wsp.org. For permission to reproduce any part of this work for commercial purposes, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Targeting the Urban Poor and Improving Services in Small Towns Fecal Sludge Management Services Diagnostic and Decision-Support Tools: An Overview Isabel Blackett and Peter Hawkins August 2016 CONFERENCE EDITION Contents Introduction ...............................................................................1 Overview of the Tools and How They Fit Together ....................2 Diagnostic Tool 1: Fecal Waste Flow Diagram .........................4 Diagnostic Tool 2: City Service Delivery Assessment ..............6 Diagnostic Tool 3: Prognosis for Change Assessment ............8 Decision-Support Tool 4: Service Delivery Action Framework ................................................................... 10 Decision-Support Tool 5: Technical Intervention Options Assessment ............................................................... 13 Complementary Tools .............................................................15 Integrated Design Approach for Treatment .............................15 Public Health Risk Assessment .............................................. 15 Urban Sanitation Status Index ................................................ 16 FSM Costing .......................................................................... 16 References ...............................................................................18 Figures 1: The Sanitation Service Chain ............................................2 2: How the FSM Tools Fit Together .......................................3 3: City-Wide Fecal Waste Flow in Lima, Peru ........................ 5 4: Fecal Waste Flow Diagram for Informal Settlements in Lima, Peru ......................................................................5 5: City Service Delivery Assessment in Balikpapan, Indonesia ........................................................................... 6 6: Interlinked City Service Delivery Assessment and Prognosis for Change Process ...................................7 7: Three Key Concepts in Prognosis for Change ..................8 8: Process Map for Dhaka, Bangladesh ................................9 9: Correlation Between Open Defecation and Child Stunting ........................................................................... 15 10: Examples of USSI Output Maps for Spatial Prioritization in Maputo, Mozambique ............................. 16 Tables 1: Summary of Tools and Their Objectives ..............................3 2: Service Delivery Action Framework ................................... 11 3: Resulting Prioritized Actions: Illustrative Example for Dhaka City ....................................................................12 4: Technical Intervention Options for Different System Types: FSM in Dhaka Slums ..............................................14 iv Targeting the Urban Poor and Improving Services in Small Towns Introduction Addressing the need for appropriately conceived and imple- ipal and community action, with limited acknowledgment mented fecal sludge management (FSM) services from on- that tackling the challenges will require substantial external site sanitation systems is critical to improving sanitation support—from other levels of government and/or through services in urban areas. A preliminary review of the status of investment projects, for example. The tools summarized FSM in 12 cities, drawing on secondary data, led to the here take these factors into account, and aim to help stake- adoption of some draft diagnostic tools and the proposed holders consider how to develop urban sanitation services development of others (Blackett et al. 2014). Building on that safely manage the large amount of fecal waste which is this, and using extensive primary data from five cities (Balik- not discharged into sewers. papan, Indonesia; Dhaka, Bangladesh; Hawassa, Ethiopia; Lima, Peru; and Santa Cruz, Bolivia), a series of diagnostic These tools are primarily intended for carrying out a sanita- and decision-support tools have been developed to inform tion situation diagnosis and the preliminary selection of the design of FSM intervention options in the context of intervention options, bringing a focus to each element of the the economic and political economy realities cities face. sanitation service chain (see Figure 1). They will be particu- larly useful at the project identification and preparation stage. This document provides an overview of the tools and how they might be used, and also provides links to other However, much of the data collected will also be useful in resources. The outputs of these tools are targeted at govern- the design of interventions. While some of the tools are ment decision-makers, development organizations, service applicable to urban sanitation as a whole, others are specific providers/utilities, and city/municipal authorities. An to FSM. In addition to the tools, a number of policy recom- increasing number of urban sanitation toolkits to guide mendations on FSM emerged from the work, including: decision-making at the city level already exist, but most of • FSM must be included in national policy and them do not focus specifically on FSM, nor do they address funding arrangements, complemented by city-level political economy issues. They also tend to focus on munic- sanitation planning systems, and bylaws that oblige both households and service providers to play their part in delivering a complete sanitation service chain. • The private sector has a crucial role to play, but CONTEXT needs incentives, technical assistance and access to • This document provides an overview of diag- safe disposal sites at economical distances from col- nostic and decision-support tools developed for lection areas. urban fecal sludge management services. Find • Clear definition of institutional roles, enforceable the tools online: worldbank.org/fsm regulations, and effective planning, budgeting and • Each tool is presented with an example based monitoring processes for FSM are
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