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Mostri Del Giappone Narrative, Figure, Egemonie Della Dis-Locazione Identitaria

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Mostri Del Giappone Narrative, Figure, Egemonie Della Dis-Locazione Identitaria MOSTRI DEL GIAPPONE DEL MOSTRI Ca’ Foscari Japanese Studies 2 Religion and Thought 1 — Mostri del Giappone Narrative, figure, MIYAKE egemonie della dis-locazione identitaria Toshio Miyake Edizioni Ca’Foscari 2 Mostri del Giappone Ca’ Foscari Japanese Studies Religion and Thought Collana diretta da Paolo Calvetti, Massimo Raveri Bonaventura Ruperti, Guido Samarani 2 | 1 Edizioni Ca’Foscari Ca’ Foscari Japanese Studies Religion and Thought General scientific editors Religion and Thought sub-series: Massimo Raveri (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Arts and Literature sub-series: Bonaventura Ruperti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) History and Society sub-series: Guido Samarani (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Linguistics and Language Education sub-series: Paolo Calvetti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Scientific committee Religion and Thought sub-series: Andrea De Antoni (Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan) Federico Marcon (Princeton University, USA) Tatsuma Padoan (SOAS, University of London, UK) Arts and Literature sub-series: Tomoko Aoyama (The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia) Jaque- line Berndt (Kyoto Seika University, Japan) Luisa Bienati (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Caterina Mazza (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Carolina Negri (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Andreas Regelsberger (Universität Trier, Deutschland) Silvia Vesco (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Pierantonio Zanotti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Linguistics and Language Education sub-series: Patrick Heinrich (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Hideo Hosokawa (Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan) Kikuo Maekawa (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tokyo, Japan) Marcella Mariotti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Barbara Pizziconi (SOAS, University of London, UK) Aldo Tollini (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) History and Society sub-series: Kimio Ito¯ (Kyoto University, Japan) Toshio Miyake (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Andrea Revelant (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Steffi Richter (Universität Leipzig, Deutschland) Sven Saaler (Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan) Editorial review board Daniele Beltrame (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Sonia Favi (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Claudia Iazzetta (Università di Napoli «L’Orientale», Italia) Daniela Moro (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Executive coordinator Marcella Mariotti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Head office Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia e sull’Africa Mediterranea Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Palazzo Vendramin dei Carmini Dorsoduro 3462 30123 Venezia Mostri del Giappone Narrative, figure, egemonie della dis-locazione identitaria Toshio Miyake Venezia Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing 2014 Mostri del Giappone: Narrative, figure, egemonie della dis-locazione identitaria Toshio Miyake © 2014 Toshio Miyake © 2014 Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing per la presente edizione Qualunque parte di questa pubblicazione può essere riprodotta, memorizzata in un sistema di recupero dati o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico o mecca- nico, senza autorizzazione, a condizione che se ne citi la fonte. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission provided that the source is fully credited. Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Dorsoduro 3246 30123 Venezia http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/ [email protected] 1a edizione maggio 2014 ISBN 978-88-97735-68-7 (pdf) ISBN 978-88-97735-67-0 (stampa) Progetto grafico di copertina: Studio Girardi, Venezia Certificazione scientifica delle Opere pubblicate da Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: tutti i saggi pubblicati hanno ottenuto il parere favorevole da parte di valutatori esperti della materia, attraverso un processo di revisione anonima sotto la responsabilità del Comitato scientifico della collana. La valutazione è stata condotta in aderenza ai criteri scientifici ed editoriali di Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. Scientific certification of the works published by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari - Digital Publishing: all essays published in this volume have received a favourable opinion by subject-matter ex- perts, through an anonymous peer review process under the responsibility of the Scientific Committee of the series. The evaluations were conducted in adherence to the scientific and editorial criteria established by Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. I capitoli 2, 3, 4 e 5 sono basati su studi precedentemente pubblicati (Miyake 2006, 2008, 2010a, 2011). L’autore ringrazia i rispettivi editori per la gentile autorizzazione a pubblicarne una versione riveduta e aggiornata. Abstract Contemporary Japan has become the stage for displaying an endless assortment of traditional, modern, and postmodern monsters. But why have old and new monsters gained such prominence with regard to folk- loric customs, premodern urban culture, contents industry, and trans- national flows? How is this popularity connected to national identity formation and institutional legitimacy, as exemplified by the modern rise of yōkaigaku, the nativist science of monsters? And finally, what is the critical potential of monstrosity in terms of displacing naturalised identification and Othering, within the globalising entanglement of self- representations in Japan and hetero-representations of Japan? These questions aim to complicate our understanding of ‘Japan’ and ‘monsters’ in order to contribute to a transcultural theory of monsters, in contrast to prevalent investigations that focus instead on the cul- tural-intrinsic or the historical-specific Japaneseness of its monstrous repertoire. The book explores the «ontological liminality» addressed in monster theory (Cohen, 1996) by means of a multi-disciplinary approach, cross-cutting literary studies, visual studies, cultural anthropology, his- tory and sociology. More specifically, it examines the discursive emer- gence of monstrous Japan, as configured by the modern intertwining of hegemonic Occidentalism, Orientalism, and self-Orientalism. The volume brings together different case studies on some of the most popular monsters in Japan, from the classical past to the contemporary present. Particular attention is given to the interlinking of narratives, figures, and hegemonies involved in the establishment of the tengu (the mountain monster), the kappa (the water goblin), the hybrid monsters in Miyazaki Hayao’s animation, and the wider trans/national monstering process shaping present Japan. Sommario Avvertenze 9 1 Introduzione Verso una teoria transculturale dei mostri e della mostruosità 11 Sommario 1. Monster studies e yoøkaigaku. – 2. Il nuovo yoøkaigaku. – 3. Yoøkai, modernità e identità nazionale come marginalit centralizzata. – 4. Giappone mostruoso? Occidentalismo, orientalismo e auto-orientalismo. – 5. Dislocazioni, sconfinamenti, deformazioni. – 6. Narrati- ve, forme, egemonie. 2 Il tengu, demone divino della montagna 45 Sommario 1. Le origini. – 2. Demone o divinità? – 3. Tengu e yamabushi. – 4. Tengu e samurai. – 5. Lo yamabushi tengu dal naso lungo. – 6. Morte e rinascita in epoca moderna. – 7. Il tengu come simbolo di alterità contesa. – 8. Il tengu di Takashi Yoichi. 3 Il kappa, il mostro-folletto dell’acqua 77 Sommario 1. Un mostro anfibio. – 2. Le origini. – 3. La metamorfosi contemporanea del kap- pa: da mostriciattolo grottesco a icona amicale. – 4. Il kappa di Akutagawa Ryu�nosuke. – 5. Il kappa di Takashi Yoichi. 4 I mostri nel cinema di Miyazaki Hayao 101 Sommario 1. Oriente + Occidente = mostro? – 2. L’estetica del mostruoso nel cinema di Miyazaki Hayao. – 3. (S)confinamenti mostruosi: tradizione, anime e J-culture nell’era della globalizzazione. 5 Giappone, paese dei mostri o paese mostruoso? 117 Sommario 1. Mostri, culture pop e identità nazionale. – 2. Doppio orientalismo mostruoso del Giappone. – 3. Mostri e auto-orientalismo. Bibliografia generale 139 Indice analitico 151 Avvertenze Il Sistema di trascrizione seguito è lo Hepburn, che si basa sul principio generale che le vocali siano pronunciate come in italiano e le consonanti come in inglese. In particolare si tengano presente i seguenti casi: ch è un’affricata come l’italiano «c» in cena g è sempre velare come l’italiano «g» in gara h è sempre aspirata j è un’affricata s è sorda come nell’italiano sasso sh è una fricativa come l’italiano «sc» di scena u in su e in tsu è quasi muta e assordita w va pronunciata come una «u» molto rapida y è consonantico e si pronuncia come l’italiano «i» di ieri z è dolce come nell’italiano rosa; o come in zona se iniziale o dopo «n» Il segno diacritico sulle vocali indica l’allungamento delle stesse, non il raddoppio. N.B. Seguendo l’uso giapponese il cognome precede sempre il nome, eccetto per quegli autori giapponesi che scrivono in lingua non giap- ponese (inglese, tedesco, italiano). Tutti i termini giapponesi sono resi al maschile. Dei nomi propri e delle opere citate sono riportati i kanji (caratteri cinesi) solo la prima volta che compaiono nel testo. La traduzione italiana dei titoli giapponesi è in corsivo solo se l’opera è stata pubblicata in Italia. Periodizzazione Tardo VI secolo-710 periodo Asuka 飛鳥 710-794 periodo Nara 奈良 794-1185 periodo Heian 平安 1185-1333 periodo Kamakura 鎌倉 1333-1568 periodo Muromachi 室町 (o Ashikaga 足利) [1336-1392 Nanbokuchō 南北朝] [1467-1568 Sengoku 戦国] 1568-1600 periodo Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山
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