MODULE 09A

FOR A CERTIFICATION

HUMAN FACTORS

Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series

72413 U.S. Hwy 40 Tabernash, CO 80478-0270 USA

www.actechbooks.com

+1 970 726-5111 WELCOME

The publishers of this Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series welcome you to the world of aviation maintenance. As you move towards EASA certification, you are required to gain suitable knowledge and experience in your chosen area. Qualification on basic subjects for each aircraft maintenance license category or subcategory is accomplished in accordance with the following matrix. Where applicable, subjects are indicated by an "X" in the column below the license heading.

For other educational tools created to prepare candidates for licensure, contact Aircraft Technical Book Company.

We wish you good luck and success in your studies and in your aviation career!

REVISION LOG

VERSION EFFECTIVE DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGE 001 2018 11 Module Creation and Release

Module 09A A - Human Factors iii CONTENTS

HUMAN FACTORS Foreign Substances‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.3 Welcome‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iii Environmental Factors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4 Revision Log‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iii The Nature of the Object Being Viewed‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4 Forward‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iv Color Vision‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4 EASA License Category Chart‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v Night Vision and Color Loss‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.5 General Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.5 Contents‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ ix Basic Function of the Ear‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.5 Performance and Limitations of the Ear‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 SUB-MODULE 01 Impact of Noise on Performance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 GENERAL Hearing Protection‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.1 Information Processing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 9.1 - General‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Information Processing Model‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Stage 1: Gathering Information‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7 The need to take Human Factors into account‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Stage 2: Perception or Assessment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7 The organizational environment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Stage 3: Evaluation and Decision Making‥‥‥ 2.7 Incidents related to Human Factors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Stage 4: Action/Response‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7 Case Study: Aloha Airlines Flight 243‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Stage 5: Feedback‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8 Investigation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.4 Attention and Perception‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8 Safety Recommendations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.4 Attention‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8 Case Study: British Airways BAC-111; Perception‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.9 Windscreen Blowout‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 Illusions of Perception‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.9 Investigation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 Situation Awareness‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.10 Safety Recommendations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.6 Memory‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.11 Case Study: Nose Wheel Jammed on Dash-8‥‥‥ 1.6 Memory Processes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.11 Investigation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 Claustrophobia and Physical Access‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.11 Case Study: Failure to Pressurize After Outflow Valve Fear of Heights ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.12 Left in Open Position‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 Investigation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 SUB-MODULE 03 Safety Recommendations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Case Study: Main Wheel Incorrectly Fitted‥‥‥‥ 1.8 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.1 Investigation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.8 9.3 - Social Psychology‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Safety Recommendations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.9 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Case Study: Torch (Flashlight) Left In Nose Wheel Responsibility (Individual and Group)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Steering Cable Run‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.9 Case Study: Taking it For Granted‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Investigation and Recommendations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.10 Group Or Team Responsibility‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3 Murphy's Law‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.10 Intergroup Conflict‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 Group Polarization/Groupthink‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 SUB-MODULE 02 Social Loafing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS Motivation and Demotivation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.1 Motivation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 9.2 - Human Performance and Limitations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Reward and Punishment: Effects on Behavior‥ 3.5 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.5 Vision‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Demotivation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.6 Basic Components of the Eye‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Peer Pressure‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.6 Factors Affecting Clarity of Sight‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Experiment to illustrate conformity Blind Spot‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.3 (Soloman Asch–1951)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.7 Refractive Errors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.3 Culture Issues‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8

Module 09A A - Human Factors ix CONTENTS

How does the organizational culture affect the work of Work Related Stress‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 an AMT?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Managing Stress‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 The Influence of Organizational Culture on Stress Coping Strategies‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Safety‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Achieving Relaxation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Role in Developing the Culture of Safety‥‥‥‥ 3.8 How stressed are you?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 How do you recognize an organization with Time Pressure and Deadlines‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 a good safety culture?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 Time Pressure and Self Imposed Pressure‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Teamwork‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 How can inappropriate actual or self imposed Characteristics of teams‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 pressure be managed?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Conditions For Effective Teamwork‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 Stress and Time Pressure in Shift and Task Shared and Understood Goal‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 Handovers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.7 Effective Leadership and Followership‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.10 Managing shift handovers?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.7 A Shared Mental Model‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.10 Key Points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.7 Practice Clear and Effective Communication‥ 3.10 Workload–Overload and Underload‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.8 Clear Delegation & Role Definition‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Factors determining workload‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.8 Clear Operating Procedures‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Work overload‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.9 Appropriate Allocation of Workload‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Causes of High Workload‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.9 Appropriate Authority Gradient‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Case Study: Short Handed!‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.9 Conflict Resolution‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Work Underload‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 Key points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Sleep and Fatigue, Shift Work‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 Management, Supervision and Leadership‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Fatigue‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 The Management Role‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 The Effects of Fatigue‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 The Supervisory Role‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 Case Study‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.12 Leadership‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 Are we the best judges of our level of fatigue?‥ 4.12 Characteristics of a Good Leader‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 The Impact of Fatigue in the Workplace‥‥‥‥‥ 4.12 What is leadership?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 The Causes of Fatigue‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.13 What leadership is not!‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.14 Case Study‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.15 Leadership under stress‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.15 Managing the risks of fatigue in aviation maintenance.‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.16 SUB-MODULE 04 Sleep Inertia (aka 'Sleep Drunkenness')‥‥‥‥‥ 4.16 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE Strategies to Deal with Fatigue‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.17 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.1 Key Points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18 9.4 - Factors Affecting Performance‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Shift Work‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Shift Work‥ 4.18 Fitness and Health‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Conclusion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18 Preemployment Physical‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Alcohol, Medications, and Drug Abuse‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19 Day to Day Fitness and Health‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Alcohol‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19 Positive Measures‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Alcohol and Safety‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Stress: Domestic and Work Related‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Alcohol and Sleep‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Disturbance of Paradoxical (REM) Sleep/Slow Characteristics of Stress‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Wave Sleep Cycle‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Stress is Cumulative‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Daytime Repercussions of Alcohol's Effects Causes of Stress‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 on Sleep‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Stressors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Alcohol and Attention‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Symptoms of Stress‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 What would you do?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Consequences for AMTs‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 Drugs‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21 Domestic Stress‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 How are drugs classified?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21 x Module 09A A - Human Factors CONTENTS

Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System‥ 4.22 SUB-MODULE 07 How do drugs affect people?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.22 COMMUNICATION Legal Drugs – Prescription and Over the Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.1 Counter‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.23 9.7 - Communication‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2 Key Points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.24 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2 What is Communication?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2 SUB-MODULE 05 Communication Channels‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Speech‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.1 Documents‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.2 9.5- Physical Environment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Non-verbal Communication‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.3 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Physical cues‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.3 Noise and Fumes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Within and Between Teams‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.3 Noise‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Shift Handover‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.4 Protecting Your Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Concepts‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.4 Fumes, Chemicals, Toxic Metals and Solvents‥‥ 5.3 Aids to Effective Communication at Chemicals‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.3 Shift Handover‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5 Paints and Primers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.4 Barriers to Effective Communication at Hydraulic Fluids‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Shift Handover‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.5 Solvents‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Shift Handover Meetings‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.6 Illumination‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.6 Walkthroughs‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.6 Climate and Temperature‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.7 Task Handover‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.7 The Body's Response to Heat‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.8 An Accident Related to a Shift Handover‥‥‥ 7.7 Heat Stress and Major Disorders‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.8 Four Ways to Improve Shift Handover‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8 Working in the Cold‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.9 Effective and Ineffective Handovers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.8 Know Your Temperatures‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.10 Work Logging and Recording‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.9 Preventing Cold Related Disorders‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.10 Scheduled Task Cards‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.9 Motion and Vibration‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.11 Non-scheduled Tasks‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.10 Working Environment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.12 Keeping Up-to-Date, Currency‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.10 What is a Safety Culture?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.12 Dissemination of Information‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.10 Building a Safety Culture‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.12 SUB-MODULE 08 SUB-MODULE 06 HUMAN ERROR TASKS Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.1 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.1 9.8 - Human Error‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.2 9.6 - Tasks‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.2 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 Error Models and Theories‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.3 Planning of tasks, equipment, and spares‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 The PEAR Model‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.3 Lack of resources... not a problem!‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 The Dirty Dozen‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.4 What would you do?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.4 Is this your preferred decision?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3 Lack of Communication (1)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.4 Key Points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.3 Complacency (2)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.4 Physical Work‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.4 Lack of Knowledge (3)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.6 Repetitive Tasks‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.5 Distraction (4)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.6 Visual Inspection‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.5 Lack of Teamwork (5)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.7 Complex Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.6 Fatigue (6)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.7 Lack of Resources (7)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.9 Pressure (8)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.10

Module 09A A - Human Factors xi CONTENTS

Lack of Assertiveness (9)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.10 Appendix‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ AP.1 Stress (10)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.10 Acronym Index‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ AC.1 Lack of Awareness (11)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.12 Norms (12)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.12 Types of Errors in Maintenance Tasks‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.14 Unintended Errors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.14 Slips‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.14 Lapses‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.14 Intended Errors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.15 Mistakes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.15 Violations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.15 Professor Reason's "Swiss Cheese" Model‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.16 Implications of Errors (i.e. Accidents)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.17 Avoiding and Managing Errors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.18 Error Management Systems (EMS)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.18 Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA)‥‥‥‥ 8.18 The MEDA Philosophy‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.19 The MEDA Process‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.19 Management Resolve‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.20 SUB-MODULE 09 HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.1 9.9 - Hazards in the Workplace‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.2 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.2 Recognizing and avoiding hazards‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.2 Identifying workplace hazards‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.3 Dealing With Emergencies‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.4 What is an emergency?‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.4 Preparing For Emergencies‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.4 Planning Ahead‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.4 Attitude of Safety‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.4 The Right Supplies‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.4 Emergency Contacts and Communications‥‥ 9.4 Responding to an Emergency‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.5 Possible work related accidents or emergencies‥‥ 9.6 Breathing Emergencies‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.6 Rescue Breathing and CPR‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.6 Chemical Burns‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.6 Head Injury ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.6 Hypothermia‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.7 Spinal Injury‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.7 Strains, Sprains and Broken Bones‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.7 Splintering‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.8 Additional Resources‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.8

xii Module 09A A - Human Factors Module 09AA- Human Factors 9.1 -General Requirements Knowledge GENERAL Sub-Module 01 "Murphy's" law. "Murphy's" error; factors/human to human attributable Incidents into account; factors human take to need The PART-66 SYLLABUS CERTIFICATION CATEGORY LEVELS ¦ A 1 1.1

GENERAL 9.1 - GENERAL

INTRODUCTION on platforms that are up high, or in a variety of adverse Why are human conditions such as fatigue, complacency, temperature/humidity conditions. The work can be and stress, so important in aviation maintenance? These physically strenuous, yet also requiring a high degree of conditions, along with many others, are called human attention to detail. (Figure 1-2) factors. Human factors directly cause or contribute to many aviation accidents. It is universally agreed that at Because of the nature of maintenance tasks, AMTs least 80 percent of maintenance related incidents involve commonly spend more time preparing for a task than human factors. If they are not prevented, and their actually carrying it out. Proper documentation of all causes detected, they can cause injuries, wasted time, maintenance work is a key element, and AMTs also and even accidents. (Figure 1-1) typically spend as much time updating maintenance logs as they do performing the work. THE NEED TO TAKE HUMAN FACTORS INTO ACCOUNT Human factors and how they affect people are very Aviation safety relies heavily on maintenance. When important to aviation maintenance. Such awareness it is not done correctly, it contributes to a significant can lead to improved quality, an environment that proportion of accidents and incidents. Some examples ensures continuing worker and aircraft safety, and of maintenance errors may include; parts installed a more involved and responsible work force. More incorrectly, missing parts, or necessary checks not being specifically, the reduction of even minor errors can performed. In comparison to many other threats to provide measurable benefits including cost reductions, aviation safety, the mistakes of an Aviation Maintenance fewer missed deadlines, reduction in work related Technician (AMT) can be more difficult to detect. injuries, reduction of warranty claims, and reduction in more significant events that can be traced back to Often times, these mistakes are present but not visible maintenance error. and have the potential to remain latent, affecting the safe operation of aircraft for long periods of time. AMTs It is apparent that anticipated or abnormal medical are confronted with a set of human factors unique conditions influence the AMTs work. Reduction in within aviation. Often times, AMTs are working in vision is a signpost of aging that is anticipated in all the evening or early morning hours, in confined spaces, AMTs over the age of 50 years. It compromises the visual

Figure 1-1. The above human factors and how they affect people are very important. Awareness of their Figure 1-2. Aviation maintenance technicians have influence can help control possible accidents many distractions and must focus on detail.

1.2 Module 09A A - Human Factors inspection of aircraft. Obesity is an abnormal medical human factors. These consequences from normal aging condition that leads to multiple metabolic changes. It or abnormal medical conditions are classified as Latent produces behaviors described by The Dirty Dozen of Medical or Environmental Conditions (LMEC). THE ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT HOW DOES YOUR ORGANIZATION STACK UP? GENERAL POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS There are sufficient staff appropriately licensed to cover the workload. Yes No The organization never encourages shortcuts or procedure violations. Yes No Management acts quickly to fix unsafe situations. Yes No Staff are encouraged to report errors and unsafe situations. Yes No The company has a 'just culture' policy. Incidents are investigated to identify why they occurred, not whom to blame. Yes No Staff receive human factors training. Yes No NEGATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS There is an extreme 'can-do' culture. Staff do whatever it takes to get a job done on time. Yes No Tasks are routinely performed according to 'norms' (informal work practices), rather than documented procedures. Yes No Staff are often required to work excessive hours. Yes No Work is done differently when there is time pressure. Yes No Shortages of spares or equipment often lead to workarounds. Yes No There is rapid staff turnover, or many inexperienced personnel. Yes No

INCIDENTS RELATED TO the substantial damage inflicted by the decompression HUMAN FACTORS established Aloha Airlines Flight 243 as a significant The following are major incidents that have been directly event in the history of aviation, with far reaching effects attributed to human factors. on aviation safety policies and procedures. (Figure 1-3)

CASE STUDY: ALOHA AIRLINES FLIGHT 243 The flight departed Hilo at 13:25 HST on April 28, Complacency is identified as one of "The Dirty Dozen" 1988 with six crew members and 89 passengers, bound of aircraft maintenance human factors. (Discussed in for Honolulu. No unusual occurrences were noticed full detail in Sub-Module 09, along with other error during the predeparture inspection of the aircraft. The models). The Dirty Dozen are 12 identified human aircraft had previously completed three round trip flights factors that lead to maintenance errors. Complacency from Honolulu to Hilo, Maui, and Kauai that day, all is at the top of this list and is the deadliest of the 12 which were uneventful. Meteorological conditions were factors. This is demonstrated by the tragic Aloha Flight checked but no advisories for weather phenomenon 243, which took place on April 28, 1988. Complacency occurred along the air route, per Airman's meteorological with the state of aging aircraft was exposed as the cause information or significant meteorological information. of the accident and this event became the watershed The captain was an experienced pilot with 8 500 flight accident that would bring much needed change. hours; 6 700 of those were in Boeing 737s. The first officer had significant experience flying 737s, having Aloha Airlines Flight 243 (AQ 243, AAH 243) was logged 3 500 of her total 8 000 flight hours in them. a scheduled Aloha Airlines flight between Hilo and Honolulu in Hawaii. On April 28, 1988, a Boeing No unusual occurrences were reported during the 737-297 serving the flight suffered extensive damage takeoff and ascent. Around 13:48, as the aircraft reached after an explosive decompression in flight, but was able its normal flight altitude of 24 000 feet (7 300 m) to land safely at Kahului Airport on Maui. There was about 23 nautical miles (43 km) south southeast of one fatality, a member of the flight crew who was swept Kahului, Maui, a small section on the left side of the overboard from the airplane. Another 65 passengers and roof ruptured with a "whooshing" sound. The captain crew were injured. The safe landing of the aircraft despite felt the aircraft roll left and right, and the controls went

Module 09A A - Human Factors 1.3 Figure 1-3. Aloha Airlines Flight 243; A watershed moment in aviation maintenance history that brought about much needed change in aviation maintenance. It was recognized that complacency in the state of aging aircraft was the main contributing factor to this accident. loose. The first officer noticed pieces of gray insulation the lap joints proposed by Boeing Alert Service Bulletin floating over the cabin. The door to the cockpit was gone SB 737.53A1039; and the lack of a complete terminating so the captain could look behind him and see blue sky. action (neither generated by Boeing nor required by the The resulting explosive decompression tore off a large FAA) after the discovery of early production difficulties section of the roof, consisting of the entire top half of in the Boeing 737 cold bond lap joint which resulted the aircraft skin extending from just behind the cockpit in low bond durability, corrosion, and premature to the forewing area. fatigue cracking.

The first officer was flying the plane at the time of the Safety Recommendations incident. After discovering the damage, the captain Investigator's made eighteen Safety Recommendations. took over and steered the plane to the closest airport, on Maui Island. Thirteen minutes later, the crew FAA Recommendations performed an emergency landing on Kahului Airport's • Provide specific guidance and proper engineering Runway 02. Upon landing, the crew deployed the support to principal maintenance inspectors to aircraft's emergency evacuation slides and evacuated evaluate modifications of airline maintenance passengers from the aircraft quickly. In all, 65 people programs and operations specifications, which were reported injured, eight seriously. propose segmenting major maintenance inspections. • Revise the regulation governing the certification of Investigation aviation maintenance technical schools and licensing The main factor was the failure of the Aloha Airlines of airframe and power plant mechanics to require maintenance program to detect the presence of that curriculum and testing requirements include significant disbonding and fatigue damage. modern aviation industry technology. • Require formal certification and recurrent training Contributing causes were the failure of Aloha Airlines of aviation maintenance inspectors performing management to supervise properly its maintenance forces. nondestructive inspection functions. Formal The failure of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) training should include apprenticeship and periodic to properly evaluate the Aloha Airlines maintenance skill demonstration. program, and to assess the airlines inspection and quality control deficiencies. The failure of the FAA to require Airworthiness Directive AD 87.21‑08 inspection of all

1.4 Module 09A A - Human Factors