MODULE 09A FOR A CERTIFICATION HUMAN FACTORS Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series 72413 U.S. Hwy 40 Tabernash, CO 80478-0270 USA www.actechbooks.com +1 970 726-5111 WELCOME The publishers of this Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series welcome you to the world of aviation maintenance. As you move towards EASA certification, you are required to gain suitable knowledge and experience in your chosen area. Qualification on basic subjects for each aircraft maintenance license category or subcategory is accomplished in accordance with the following matrix. Where applicable, subjects are indicated by an "X" in the column below the license heading. For other educational tools created to prepare candidates for licensure, contact Aircraft Technical Book Company. We wish you good luck and success in your studies and in your aviation career! REVISION LOG VERSION EFFECTIVE DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGE 001 2018 11 Module Creation and Release Module 09A A - Human Factors iii CONTENTS HUMAN FACTORS Foreign Substances ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.3 Welcome ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iii Environmental Factors ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4 Revision Log ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iii The Nature of the Object Being Viewed ‥‥‥‥ 2.4 Forward ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iv Color Vision ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4 EASA License Category Chart ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v Night Vision and Color Loss ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.5 General Knowledge Requirements ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v Hearing ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.5 Contents ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ ix Basic Function of the Ear ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.5 Performance and Limitations of the Ear ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 SUB-MODULE 01 Impact of Noise on Performance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 GENERAL Hearing Protection‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 Knowledge Requirements ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.1 Information Processing ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 9.1 - General ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Information Processing Model ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Stage 1: Gathering Information‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7 The need to take Human Factors into account ‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Stage 2: Perception or Assessment ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7 The organizational environment ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Stage 3: Evaluation and Decision Making ‥‥ 2.7 Incidents related to Human Factors ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Stage 4: Action/Response ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7 Case Study: Aloha Airlines Flight 243 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Stage 5: Feedback ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8 Investigation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.4 Attention and Perception ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8 Safety Recommendations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.4 Attention ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8 Case Study: British Airways BAC-111; Perception ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.9 Windscreen Blowout ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 Illusions of Perception ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.9 Investigation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.5 Situation Awareness ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.10 Safety Recommendations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.6 Memory ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.11 Case Study: Nose Wheel Jammed on Dash-8 ‥‥ 1.6 Memory Processes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.11 Investigation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 Claustrophobia and Physical Access ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.11 Case Study: Failure to Pressurize After Outflow Valve Fear of Heights ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.12 Left in Open Position ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 Investigation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 SUB-MODULE 03 Safety Recommendations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.7 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Case Study: Main Wheel Incorrectly Fitted ‥‥‥ 1.8 Knowledge Requirements ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.1 Investigation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.8 9.3 - Social Psychology ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Safety Recommendations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.9 Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Case Study: Torch (Flashlight) Left In Nose Wheel Responsibility (Individual and Group) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Steering Cable Run ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.9 Case Study: Taking it For Granted ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Investigation and Recommendations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.10 Group Or Team Responsibility ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3 Murphy's Law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.10 Intergroup Conflict ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 Group Polarization/Groupthink ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 SUB-MODULE 02 Social Loafing ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS Motivation and Demotivation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 Knowledge Requirements ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.1 Motivation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.4 9.2 - Human Performance and Limitations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Reward and Punishment: Effects on Behavior 3.5 Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.5 Vision ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Demotivation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.6 Basic Components of the Eye ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Peer Pressure ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.6 Factors Affecting Clarity of Sight ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Experiment to illustrate conformity Blind Spot‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.3 (Soloman Asch–1951) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.7 Refractive Errors ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.3 Culture Issues ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Module 09A A - Human Factors ix CONTENTS How does the organizational culture affect the work of Work Related Stress ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 an AMT? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Managing Stress ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 The Influence of Organizational Culture on Stress Coping Strategies ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Safety ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Achieving Relaxation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Role in Developing the Culture of Safety ‥‥‥ 3.8 How stressed are you? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 How do you recognize an organization with Time Pressure and Deadlines ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 a good safety culture? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 Time Pressure and Self Imposed Pressure ‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Teamwork‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 How can inappropriate actual or self imposed Characteristics of teams ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 pressure be managed? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Conditions For Effective Teamwork ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 Stress and Time Pressure in Shift and Task Shared and Understood Goal ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.9 Handovers ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.7 Effective Leadership and Followership ‥‥‥‥‥ 3.10 Managing shift handovers? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.7 A Shared Mental Model ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.10 Key Points ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.7 Practice Clear and Effective Communication 3.10 Workload–Overload and Underload ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.8 Clear Delegation & Role Definition ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Factors determining workload ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.8 Clear Operating Procedures ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Work overload ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.9 Appropriate Allocation of Workload ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.11 Causes of High Workload ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.9 Appropriate Authority Gradient ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Case Study: Short Handed! ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.9 Conflict Resolution ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Work Underload ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 Key points ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Sleep and Fatigue, Shift Work ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 Management, Supervision and Leadership ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.12 Fatigue ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 The Management Role ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 The Effects of Fatigue ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 The Supervisory Role ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 Case Study ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.12 Leadership ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 Are we the best judges of our level of fatigue? 4.12 Characteristics of a Good Leader ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 The Impact of Fatigue in the Workplace ‥‥‥‥ 4.12 What is leadership? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.13 The Causes of Fatigue ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.13 What leadership is not! ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.14 Case Study ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.15 Leadership under stress ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.15 Managing the risks of fatigue in aviation maintenance. ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.16 SUB-MODULE 04 Sleep Inertia (aka 'Sleep Drunkenness') ‥‥‥‥ 4.16 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE Strategies to Deal with Fatigue ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.17 Knowledge Requirements ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.1 Key Points‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18 9.4 - Factors Affecting Performance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Shift Work ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18 Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Shift Work 4.18 Fitness and Health ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Conclusion ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.18 Preemployment Physical ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Alcohol, Medications, and Drug Abuse ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19 Day to Day Fitness and Health ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Alcohol ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.19 Positive Measures ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Alcohol and Safety ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Stress: Domestic and Work Related ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Alcohol and Sleep ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Disturbance of Paradoxical (REM) Sleep/Slow Characteristics of Stress ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Wave Sleep Cycle ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Stress is Cumulative ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Daytime Repercussions of Alcohol's Effects Causes of Stress ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 on Sleep ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Stressors‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.3 Alcohol and Attention ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Symptoms of Stress ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 What would you do? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.20 Consequences for AMTs ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 Drugs ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21 Domestic Stress ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 How are drugs classified? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.21 x Module 09A A - Human Factors CONTENTS Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 4.22 SUB-MODULE 07 How do drugs affect people? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥