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Triploid Karyotype of Leposoma Percarinatum (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae)

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Triploid Karyotype of Leposoma Percarinatum (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) SHORTER COMMUNICATIONS 197 Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 197±199, 2003 Copyright 2003 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Triploid Karyotype of Leposoma percarinatum (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) KATIA C. M. PELLEGRINO,1,2 MIGUEL T. R ODRIGUES,3 AND YATIYO YONENAGA-YASSUDA1 1Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de BiocieÃncias, Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, C.P. 11.461 CEP: 05422-970, SaÄo Paulo, Brasil 3Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de BiocieÃncias, and Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, SaÄo Paulo, Brasil ABSTRACT.ÐThree ``identical'' haploid genomes (N 5 22; 10M 1 12m) comprise the 3n 5 66 (30M 1 36m) karyotype in the parthenogenetic gymnophthalmid lizard Leposoma percarinatum from Brazil. A hybrid- ization event between a bisexual and a diploid unisexual species might explain the origin of L. percarinatum. Lizards of the genus Leposoma are restricted to low- somes (m); at least seven microchromosomes (pairs land tropical forests from Costa Rica throughout 11±16 and 19) are biarmed (Fig. 1). Further, the mor- Amazonia to the Atlantic slopes of eastern Brazil. Two phology of all presumed homologs (to the extent these species groups (parietale and scincoides) are recognized can be inferred from conventionally stained karyo- (Ruibal, 1952; Rodrigues, 1997), but there are not types) is ``identical'' for each member of the 3n set, enough data to properly elucidate phylogenetic rela- suggesting that three identical haploid genomes (N 5 tionships within the genus. The parietale group ranges 22, 10M 1 12m) comprise the 3n 5 66 (30M 1 36) from Amazonia to Costa Rica and contains eight bi- karyotype. sexual species, and the parthenogenetic Leposoma per- Our present knowledge of species diversity in the carinatum (Hoogmoed, 1973; Uzzell and Barry, 1971). genus is far from complete (Rodrigues, 1997; Ro- The scincoides group contains ®ve species: four are re- drigues and Borges, 1997; Rodrigues et al., in press), stricted to the Atlantic forest of eastern Brazil, and the and we lack a phylogenetic framework for the group. ®fth is con®ned to an isolated forested mountain When cytogenetic data for other species of Leposoma range in the semiarid Caatingas of the state of CearaÂ, are considered (Pellegrino et al., 1999), the 3n 5 66 northeastern Brazil (Rodrigues, 1997; Rodrigues and karyotype in L. percarinatum could result from hybrid- Borges, 1997; Rodrigues et al., in press). ization between a bisexual and a diploid unisexual Pellegrino et al. (1999) examined the karyotypes of species. One possibility is that the event occurred be- Leposoma guianense, Leposoma oswaldoi,andLeposoma tween a species with L. guianense/L. oswaldoi-like kar- scincoides and identi®ed a 2n 5 44 karyotype with dis- yotype (N 5 22, 10M 1 12m) and a unisexual diploid tinction between macrochromosomes (20) and micro- cryptic form of L. percarinatum (2n 5 44, 20M124m). chromosomes (24) in L. guianense and L. oswaldoi,and This hypothesis assumes that the parthenogenetic L. a2n5 52 karyotype with gradual decrease in chro- percarinatum includes an as-yet undiscovered diploid mosome size in L. scincoides. Karyotypic differentia- clone. tion was inferred as resulting from Robertsonian re- This is the second cytogenetic study involving a arrangement and pericentric inversion (Pellegrino et unisexual species in the family Gymnophthalmidae. al., 1999). We here report a triploid karyotype in three In the genus Gymnophthalmus both hypotheses, hy- females of the parthenogenetic L. percarinatum from Vila Rica (098549320S, 51dg129580W), Mato Grosso, bridization or spontaneous origin, are presently ad- Brazil. vanced to explain the origin of parthenogens (Mar- tins, 1991; Cole et al., 1993; Yonenaga-Yassuda et al., MATERIALS AND METHODS 1995; Benozzatti and Rodrigues, in press). Mitochon- Chromosome spreads were obtained from intes- drial DNA sequence analysis, coupled with additional tines prepared in the ®eld following the squash tech- data on karyotypes from specimens at other localities, nique described by Bogart (1973). Only metaphase will help us address several questions about the origin preparations that allowed counting chromosomes of this unisexual clone of Leposoma percarinatum:isthe with con®dence were considered, and specimens (®eld origin spontaneous or based on a hybridization mech- numbers MRT 978306, MRT 978110, MRT 978212) anism? If hybridization, was it the result of single or were deposited in the Museu de Zoologia, Universi- multiple events? Which bisexual populations provided dade de SaÄo Paulo, Brazil. parental stock to the triploid clone? RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Acknowledgments.ÐWe thank M. J. J. Silva for pre- Our cytogenetic survey of L. percarinatum revealed paring specimens in the ®eld; D. Pavan, G. Skuk, V. X. 66 chromosomes in 15 of 31 metaphase preparations Silva, and A. P. Carmignotto for help collecting; and analyzed after routine Giemsa staining. The karyo- J. Sites for valuable comments on early drafts of this type is comprised of 30 metacentric and submetacen- communication. We are also grateful to L. aÂvila for his tric macrochromosomes (M) and 36 microchromo- suggestions. This research was supported by the Fun- dacËaÄo de Amparo aÁ Pesquisa do Estado de SaÄ o Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desen- 2 Corresponding Author. E-mail address: kpelleg@ volvimento (CNPq), and the ConsoÂrcio Nacional de usp.br Engenheiros Consultores. 198 SHORTER COMMUNICATIONS FIG. 1. Triploid karyotype of Leposoma percarinatum female, 3n 5 66 (30M 1 36m), from Vila Rica, Mato Grosso, Brazil, after Giemsa-staining. Bar 5 10mm. SHORTER COMMUNICATIONS 199 LITERATURE CITED RODRIGUES, M. T. 1997. fbA new species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Atlantic BENOZZATI,M.L.,AND M. T. RODRIGUES. In Press. forest of Brazil. Herpetologica 53:383±389. Mitochrondrial DNA phylogeny of a Brazilian RODRIGUES,M.T.,AND D. M. BORGES. 1997. A new group of eyelid-less gymnophthalmid lizards, and species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmi- the origin of the unisexual Gymnophthalmus under- dae) from a relictual forest in semiarid northeast- woodi from Roraima (Brazil). Journal of Herpetol- ern Brazil. Herpetologica 53:1±6. ogy. RODRIGUES,M.T.,M.DIXO, AND G. M. D. ACCACIO. BOGART, J. P. 1973. Method for obtaining chromo- In Press. A large sample of Leposoma (Squamata, somes. Caldasia XI:29±40. Gymnophthalmidae) from the Atlantic forests of COLE, C. J., H. C. DESSAUER, AND A. L.MARKEZICH. Bahia, the status of Leposoma annectans Ruibal, 1993. Missing link found: the second ancestor of 1952, and notes on conservation. PapeÂis Avulsos de Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia: Teiidae), a South Amer- Zoologia, SaÄo Paulo, Brazil. ican unisexual lizard of hybrid origin. American RUIBAL, R. 1952. Revisionary studies of some South Museum Novitates 3055:1±13. American Teiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Com- HOOGMOED, M. S. 1973. Notes on the Herpetofauna parative Zoology 106:477±529. of Surinam. IV. The Lizards and Amphisbaenians UZZELL T., AND J. C. BARRY. 1971. Leposoma percari- of Surinam. Biogeographica, 4. W. Junk, The natum, a unisexual species related to L. guianense; Hague, The Netherlands. and Leposoma ioanna, a new species from Paci®c MARTINS, J. M. 1991. An electrophoretic study of two coastal Colombia (Sauria, Teiidae). Postilla, Pea- sibling species of the genus Gymnophthalmus and body Museum 154:1±39. its bearing on the origin of the parthenogenetic G. YONENAGA-YASSUDA Y., P. E . V ANZOLINI,M.T.RO- underwoodi (Sauria: Teiidae). Revista Brasileira de DRIGUES, AND C. M. CARVALHO. 1995. Chromo- GeneÂtica 14:691±703. some banding patterns in the unisexual microteiid PELLEGRINO K. C. M., M. T. RODRIGUES, AND Y. Gymnophthalmus underwoodi and in two related sib- YONENAGA-YASSUDA. 1999. Chromosomal evolu- ling species (Gymnophthalmidae, Sauria). Cyto- tion in Brazilian lizards of genus Leposoma (Squa- genetics and Cell Genetics 70:29±34. mata, Gymnophthlamidae) from Amazon and At- lantic forests: banding patterns and FISH of telo- meric sequences. Hereditas 131:15±21. Accepted: 8 May 2002. Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 199±202, 2003 Copyright 2003 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Effect of Incubation Temperature on Incubation Period, Sex Ratio, Hatching Success, and Survivorship in Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) CARLOS I. PINÄ A,1,2 ALEJANDRO LARRIERA,1,3 AND MARIO R. CABRERA4 1Proyecto YacareÂ, Bv. Pellegrini 3100, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina 4Departamento Diversidad BioloÂgica y EcologõÂa, Universidad Nacional de CoÂrdoba, VeÂlez Sars®eld 299, (5000) CoÂrdoba, Argentina; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT.ÐTemperature-dependent sex-determination has been reported for all extant crocodilians. We present information about incubation temperature effects on incubation period, sex ratio, hatching success, and hatchling survivorship during the ®rst year of life for Caiman latirostris. Incubation period was nega- tively related to temperature. Sex of hatchlings were related to incubation temperature. Only females were produced at 298Cand318C, only males were produced at 338C, and both males and females hatched at 34.58C. Hatching success and survivorship were unaffected by incubation temperature. Reptiles have a wide range of sex-determination (Ewert et al., 1994) and lizards (Rhen and Crews, systems, including genotypic sex determination (GSD) 1999), but all crocodiles studied to date (11 of 22 ex- and environmental sex determination (ESD; Wibbles tant species, Lang and Andrews,
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