ISSN 0216 - 809X (Print) ISSN 2685– 4112 (Online)
The Meaning Of Mandau And Sumpit As Weapon Dayak’s Tribe (A Semiotic Approach)
Muli Umiaty Noer1, Putri Nurbaizura2 1,Sastra Indonesoa, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Muslim Indonesia 1 [email protected] 2 Sastra Indonesoa, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Abstract
The writer obtain data by direct observation and other books or documents are relevant with the culture in North Kalimantan. Through Semiotic approach, that was determined to use icon, index and simbol, we knew the purpose and the real meaning of Mandau and Sumpit in connection with life manner of Dayak tribe. The type of this research is purposive sampling and semiotic approach. Large samples are 5 types of Mandau and 14 type of Mandau Dance. The object of this research is the Dayak community and all assosiated with Mandau and Sumpit in Dayak. The result showed that mandau and sumpit is as objects of art and culture, souvenirs, goods collection and weapons to hunt, trim scrub and are also used as an instrument for farm and agricultural.
Keywords: Semiotic Analysis, Mandau and Sumpit, Dayak Tribe
which have influenced one each other. Each 1. Introduction society has value forces of glorious culture Indonesia is known has various ethnic which become orientation in space of their life. groups because it consists of some ethnic and In terminology, culture value It self means their habit. Those diversities can be seen by abstract concept concerned to the basic issue the characteristic of every ethnic. But all of which is very important valuable in human them will come to write in diversity, mutual life. The Broad Outline of National appreciation and respect one another among Development 1988 (GBHN) states that: ethnic to be built up all young generation. “The statement above indicates Culture is all the things which are ever that the preservation of the created by human being. the meaning of national culture of course symbol is social in heritance which can be depends on Indonesian people. inherited from one to the next generation The writer, as an Indonesian through symbol and language. The citizen, is also responsible for inheritance of knowledge is applied by supporting the government culture such as how to think, how to associate policy in the field of cultural in society. A human being is supported of development. It seems that the culture and beside the culture is a result of development in all aspects of though, feeling and activities in their life, life causes the existence of thus searching element traditional can lead as phenomena nowadays that the to recognize a certain culture. life of Indonesian nation has Indonesia society constitute one of been characterized by rapid compound society, which consist of various social changes. This impact tribes and background of different culture. will bring about cultural Each of ethnic groups has culture identity evolution” which developed and appropriate with their In culture, we can find many things of own environment. Although each of ethnic meanings, which every meaning in culture is group has different culture patterns, but there created with symbol, meaning only put in are few of ethnic groups which have symbol. By the symbol human try to similarity for their interaction among one communicate their feeling and expression to ethnic and another, so that it arouse events VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 1
ISSN 0216 - 809X (Print) ISSN 2685– 4112 (Online) the others. One of human principle needed is picture, and etc. The research of Mandau and symbolization or using of sign. And one of Sumpit as weapon Dayak tribe the writer human characteristic is the ability to use collect data from some book, newspaper, symbol. Human ability to create symbol journal, internet and dayak community. In establish that human have high culture in collecting the data, the writer uses the text communication, start from simple symbol material, which can provide information that is like sound and signal, until modification relevant to this study. And one of the methods symbol in signals by air waves and light, like used by the authors is historical research, this radio, television, telex and satellite. Alex method is applied to obtain a more theoretical sobur called human as the only one animal principles needed in the writing of this study. that using sign, and it is differentiated Writer read a few books and other materials between human with the other creature. that are closely related to the main issue of this (Sobur, 2003 : 164). study. In primary data collection, the author The necessity of developing the values read several books on the history of Mandau of the Indonesian culture should go hand in and Sumpit as weapon Dayak tribe and books hand with the development of values of the on semiotic then selecting the data relevant to local one. Thus, it is important for Indonesian the analysis. authors also obtain information people to have an ability to expose their own from most of the people of Dayak or Dayak cultures so that the young generation also Community. In this study, the data are recognize and love their own cultures which qualitative and descriptive qualitative data, so eventually make them to be proud of their the data analysis will use the following ways: own nation. The dissemination of cultural a) The writer collect Mandau and Sumpit by information may be done through writings or Dayak community then, explained about the any kinds of means using the language or function of Mandau and Sumpit as weapon their media. Dayak tribe Dayak’s tribe is a tribe which lives in b) The data is analyzed about the meaning of Borneo island (Kalimantan). In Dayak Mandau and Sumpit as weapon of Dayak society, traditional culture have many tribe varieties, which all the things or element c) Describe all about Mandau and Sumpit inside the culture is very unique. Like the function and meaning in the form of people, custom or the way they run their life, conclusion. folklore, house and many else that will be describe then. 3. Findings and Discussion Based on the facts above, the writer The findings about the meaning of tries to study how the dayak tribes in Borneo Mandau and Sumpit of traditional Dayak tribe becoming the unique one and still be able to in north kalimantan. There are some points defend to their coming generations. In order included in the symbol or sign and the writer to realize the whole things above, the writer describes it into clear explanation. comes to choose the title of this thesis ”The The Meanings and Story of Mandau and meaning of Mandau and Sumpit as Sumpit weapon dayak’s tribe”. The meaning of Mandau is similar 2 Method weapons machete with long about 1/2 meters .Mandau derived from the words of the ' man' , This research use the descriptive in order to that is one of the peoples in china of southern figure out or describe the systematic, actual, and 'dao' means a machete in china. A weapon and accurate of the research. This method is able to describe clearly about Mandau and that derived from dayak, west kalimantan this Sumpit as weapon in Dayak tribe at north look made by blacksmiths having of occult Kalimantan by using semiotic approach. To science. A little bit about the island of borneo, obtain the relevant data, a researcher used the island of borneo is a the largest island of 5 some instruments in obtaining the data. The island in indonesia (kalimantan, sumatra, research instruments are observation and papua, sulawesi and java ). And the island of interview guidelines, camera, recorder, borneo also is one of the largest island third in VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 2
ISSN 0216 - 809X (Print) ISSN 2685– 4112 (Online) the world after greendland and new guinea. with iron purely without using a mixture of the One of the existing in kalimantan is the tribe mantra and rituals ngayo. Mandau we know of dayak, malay, and several other tribes. As now is mandau ordinary, just like a machete or we have known, that each tribe must have machetes. Why do I feel that way, compared one of those entities or goods which is typical with a tale of which i have already mentioned of the.Well for articles this time i want to above, that a function mandau has now discuss weapons typical dayak, namely changed. Of them are as objects of art, mandau.Was questioned before , in daily life souvenirs, goods collection, even used as an dayaks this weapon (mandau not never out of instrument based on farming and also as a these ( there is always mandau while means to trim scrub. On the efficacy of and traveling). In mandau is a symbol someone ( cirri typical mandau antiquity have hamper not honor and identity someone ). A little bit seen again. about mandau, this story funded by people Sumpit is a traditional weapon with who have live in ngayo era, which has been pipe-shaped long and in her inserted small revealed to some youth as folklore dayak arrows to ask by means of winds of blown the who has not yet been published in detail, how mouth. For the Dayak of borneo, besides the origin of the ngayo. mandau, sumpit was always carried while they Mandau antiquity or mandau that is in go hunting in the forest. The state Indonesia the ancestors .Mandau that era is the has colonized by the dutch for three half a ancestors of these is mandau that should not century, and at the it almost each region never be held or touch any person, should not be done resistance to the army of holland and to taken off anyplace. Mandau antiquity can have been also many the fighters are dying by only used in rituals who is in the story under maintain the region. And it should be noted this: that not only the ferns on our side, because the “Mandau have an element directorate colonist are also many killed, even magical and used only in of in they entered regions still familiar to the the ritual for some, sword, people. From the a lot of fighters nusantara pengayauan (ngayo), famous, there is one tribe from the borneo are equipment dance customary, we knew as dayak, they move about and fight and supplies traditional tub stealth. The soldiers dutch with weapons ceremonies other. Kampuhan such advanced guns and cannon was level or magic with this overwhelmed to face are soldiers dayaks of is mandau not only obtained generally only rely on about chapstick (the from manufacturing process language of central kalimantan: sipet). (through rituals), but also we About Sumpit is the weapon used for can see from the ngayo hunting and in battle open or as a secret (beheading the head). The weapon for murder quietly. The use of about more people who was be the sumpit namely by means of blown. In terms of victim of the mandau, and so its use about sumpit it has a unique advantage on the efficacy of magic with when because it can be used as a weapon long- this mandau has increased. distance and do not break the because of a Typical mandau that has been manufacturing natural. And one of excess of used for ngayo usually the about sumpit it has accuracy shoot that can be handle of Mandau there are reached 200 yards or about 200 meters. several a hair of hair the man Dutch soldiers were far more are afraid who was sacrifice used to children about chapstick than soldier dayaks of trimmer the handle of conduct bullets. Who makes the colonist Mandau. Reason the handle undaunted it is the son of about chapstick that of mandau adorned with hair is poisonous. Before he left in the fight, his victims: believe that those soldiers dayaks of smearing eyes children who died in the Mandau spirit about sumpit with the sap of ipuh or trees iren. colonizes Mandau”. In quite, they acted release children about Mandau nowadays or mandau made sumpit called damek. Without know where his VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 3
ISSN 0216 - 809X (Print) ISSN 2685– 4112 (Online) opponent , suddenly one by one soldiers These findings are the main points of this dutch forsaken, make the rest of his researched, some of the findings are discussed colleagues who still alive run terbirit-birit. If further. The writer describes as accurate data had responded by shot, the impact of tin heat collection. There are some points that relation were far is uneven with were children about with Dayak Traditional namely Mandau and sumpit poisonous. Less five minutes after Sumpit in North Kalimantan. was children about chapstick in body parts Mandau any, soldiers dutch originally seizures shall There are some types of Mandau in Dayak fall. Even, could be seconds they are lifeless. tribes: While , if soldiers dayak of shot dead and not a. Kumpang on an essential part, bullets live issued. After being treated a few weeks, they already war Kumpang is scabbard slats again. Mandau. Kumpang made of wood, The Function of Mandau and Sumpit coated the antlers of stag, and usually The function of Mandau in daily ornamented with engraving. In activity can not be separated from its owner. kumpang Mandau given sharp act, that It means, wherever he went Mandau always is a bond made of wickerwork uei he brought because Mandau also serves as (rattan).In addition in kumpang bound the symbol someone (honor and identity). also a kind of pouch made from the Mandau also is a based on farming and open bark contains a knife sharp and wood the field in any activity farming Dayak. ivory which is believed to be refuse the Before Mandau considered have an element beast.Mandau who prepackage in magical and used only in of the ritual for kumpang usually fastened at the waist some a tribal war, activity looking for the under the banner of rattan. head of a man, equipment dance customary, b. Ambang and supplies other ceremonies. Ambang is nicknamed Mandau But, now function Mandau has made of iron ordinary.Often used as changed, that is as objects of art and culture, souvenirs .A layman or people who were souvenirs, goods collection and weapons to no familiar with seeing or holding Mandau hunt, trim scrub and are also used as an will be difficult to distinguish between instrument for farm and agricultural. Slats Mandau with the because if viewed as Mandau made from the iron that is wrought naked eyes are them almost the same. But, to shaped long-side and its tip pointed. One they are very different .But if we see it side of the eye tipped sharpened sharp, while with more detailed so will look very showy the other side be left a little thick and blunt. differences, where the Mandau there are The function of Sumpit Dayak tribe for engraving or studded with gold, copper, or the familiar. Sumpit here as a weapon typical silver and Mandau stronger and flexible, of borneo are used to hunt animals in former because Mandau made of stone mountain times. Sumpit it is furnished with child about containing iron and processed by an Sumpit with a rounded shape and diameter expert.While the only made of iron the less is more than 1 cm .The son of his ordinary. Sumpit (damek) made of bamboo in which one of them led cones and wood from the c. Bilah materials of mass of mild (pelawi wood). The The blades or eyes Mandau corner over there was a javelin that is made usually has several indentation on the of mountain stone which it is fastened to end .In slats Mandau also has rattan and has in anyam. Form and its engraving different between regions powderinfluencing the speed and direction of one and other regions .Engraving this target an arrow, because serves to child about will be the identity of sub-tribe Sumpit streaked with straight or as a Mandau Dayak of certain. counterweight when off of a reed. d. Hulu A. Discussion Hulu Mandau has two 2 the VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 4
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value important. First as a handle or originally cramp shall fall. Even, could be stalk weapons .Those two shapes seconds they are lifeless. While, if soldiers upstream giving the characters on a Dayak of shot dead and not on an essential Mandau .The basic shape upstream part, bullets live issued. After being treated Mandau usually resembling the a few weeks, they are already to war again. beasts, birds and etcetera. Judging from the shape, the shape e. Sarung Mandau of Sumpit is round and has a length of Scabbard mandau usually between 1.5-2 meters, a diameter of about made from the thin wood .The top 2-3 centimeters. At the end of the Sumpit it coated the shaped rings. Of central is treated like a small Shell snap targets and bottom line with webbing rattan such as diamonds, measuring 3-5 your apitan .As an ornament , usually centimeters. On the central, the part of the placed bird feathers baliang, birds i chopstick satin as the site of entry of the asked, beads and sometimes slid damek (Sumpit). In the section on the top amulet .In addition, mandau are of the chopsticks rather target snap on the equipped with a knife small bersarung front mounted a spear or sangkoh (Dayak). leather fastened attached to the side of Sangkoh made from Stone Mountain and a scabbard and ropes the waist of then tied with uei Wicker (rattan). wickerwork rattan. Not everyone with expertise in f. Sumpit make about chapstick or sipet.On the Sumpit or Sipet is the weapon island of borneo just there are several the used for hunting and in battle open or as a only with expertise in making about secret weapon for murder quietly. The use Sumpit, namely Dayak Ot Danum, Punan, of about Sumpit namely by means of Apu kayan, Bahau, the day, and the Dayak blown. In terms of its use about Sumpit or of sand. sipet it has a unique advantage when Its children Dayak struggle because it can be used as a weapon long- against dutch colonist is not lost distance and do not break the because of a heroiknya with militants who manufacturing natural. And one of excess reputedly use of stakes to enfranchise of about Sumpit or sipet it has accuracy of the indonesia. About sumpit be one shoot that can be reached 200 yards or of the arms distinctive capable of about 200 meters. being one of history unforgettable. Dutch soldiers were far more are That current, skills to chopsticks is no afraid children about Sumpit than soldier longer to hunt or to fight, but there Dayak of conduct bullets. Who makes the are several in sports regions. Be colonist undaunted it is the son of about number a sport that questioned on the Sumpit that is poisonous. Before he left in game is hosted in the region. Sports is the fight, soldiers Dayak of smearing eyes about sumpit is not very different to children about Sumpit with the sap of sports the other like sports shoot or Ipuh or Iren tree. In quietly, they acted sports an arrow.Usually for the targets release children about Sumpit called made a circle of cardboard or paper. damek .Without know where his Participant competition to compete on opponent , suddenly one by one soldiers a circle that have been made in the set dutchman forsaken , make the rest of his by the committee competition. colleagues who still alive run fast. If had The Dancing of Mandau in Dayak Tribe responded by shot, the impact of tin heat were far is uneven with were children In this research the writer got the dance of about Sumpit poisonous. Less five Mandau and Sumpit that usually used in minutes after was children about Sumpit Dayak society. One of wealth tradition of in body parts any, soldiers dutch borneo/ dayak is the dance. And on an article of this time, we will roam some traditional VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 5
ISSN 0216 - 809X (Print) ISSN 2685– 4112 (Online) dance of borneo. Some of them are: colored and teeth or tusks tiger , and feathers hornbills worn on both sides of the a. Tari Gantar hand dancer. Dance gantar is one of Simplicity dance gong seen in motion traditional dance kalimantan and music. Motion on dance gong only a describing movement people are rice- few the segment of the body just that growing. This dance pretty famous moves, and design of his movement and frequently served in welcoming repeated at the time to gong dancer, right guests and the others. Dance from the top gong and down from gong. occasions is not only known by dayak Dance gong having footwork simple in tunjung but also known by dayak stepping and swing the body and the weak benuaq.This dance can divided into hands soft. A costume used very luxurious three version that is dance gantar as made of beads are assembled into rayatn, gantar busai and gantar senak / motive an animal as motives necklace aso gantar kusak. (dragon a dog), pattern game music b. Tari kancet Papatai/ Tari Perang support this dance flat not was replaced Dance kancet papatai / dance war accompaniment from start to finish dance. told of a hero dayak of kenyah battle Seen from motion and gaze eyes against their enemy .Dance movements owned soft and lively because likened to of this very agile, nimble, full of spirit and the nature of a bird, in which a bird is the sometimes followed by cry the dancer. In rapid, soft and lively. The form of motion a dance kancet papatai, dancer have the in a dance gong is both simple , motion traditional dress dayak kenyah equipped that is an expression who mimicked with a a war such as mandau, shield and motion animals a replica as hornbills his war.Dance accompanied by song sak .Dancer do movements simple and easily nails and only use a musical instrument .In motion symbolizing manusian relations see. with hornbills seen in gemulai the motion c. Tari Kancet Ledo/ Tari Gong of the hands , the body and limbs .Motion Dance kancet ledo or also called slowly by the like wing flaps hornbills dance gong is one of expression the arts d. Tari Kancet Lacan community dayak of which inhabits east Describing the life sehari-hari borneo. Dance gong is dance expressing hornbills, birds honored by dayak about tenderness a woman with dance on kenyah because regarded as a sign of top of gong with the motion of a gentle honor and heroism.Dance kancet and full of balance .Dance it expresses trusses a single dance women dayyak beauty, cleverness and gentle dance the same kenyah motion and her kancet movements .According to the name of its ledo such a dance, but the dancers do dance, dance gong sang on a gong, not understand gong and furs hornbills accompanied by a musical instrument and also the dancers many have sapeq (a musical instrument that are position low and squatted down or sit plucked such as kecapi). with the knee hit the floor.This dance Dancer gong use fashion of his was more focused on movement manic and taah ( distinctive attire woman hornbills during flight died and rested who consisting of velvet adorned beads , perched on a single trunk. used by means of is wrapped at the waist , e. Tari Leleng each of which the end of a rope is This dance tells a girl named wrapped and stopped at the navel ) , and orangutan executives joined mayor other supplies used lavung ( of a hat made william that will mated forcibly as by from rattan and there are designs in his parents with youth not accordance with pattern clothes and taah), loves.Orangutan executives joined and necklaces made of beads that is mayor william finally escape deep into VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 6
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the mountains.Dance girl dayak lord of, can also in trust throw all kenyah this is sang with songs leleng misfortune lived in a burden. song. Traditional ceremonies hudoq can be f. Tari Hudoq held in a yard big enough, and equipment Hudoq is the dance of a mask that to customary this in put leading sunrise. the tribe of / ethnic bahau in trust as Those responsible for dance the arrival of the gods when he the implementation customary consisting of creator of into the world , to guard and leader customary / figures customary / protect life and plants rice new planted head of the customs and in bantu by the .Because they are concerned that man can manager customary woman on the ketulahan / hospital / death , looking / see condition has conducted customary directly the face the gods , so naling complete as: its own name after passing a ledaang leader the gods , call friend his ceremonial procession customary. friend make mask from tree jelutung/ Traditional ceremonies hudoq jabon/ kitaaq, and make clothing of consisting of some stages: banana leaves uraan tocover all over their 1. Stage the opening/ hudoq bodies. aput/ putpoota day before in There are also the public who implementing traditional believes , when there were undertaking ceremonies this all the traditional ceremonies hudoq, sick will be community who establish cure when exposed to flap costumes business the field go keladang leaves the banana , at the time of the each took a little dirt / leaves dancer hudoq dancing .News the arrival rice dead / withered to do. of hudoq is very famous so for anyone traditional ceremonies turning who heard will be held traditional his / customary purification ceremonies hudoq, will trying to spend which is called by lemivaa some time , with various kinds of tomorrow it in implementing personal goal , in addition to miss want to hudoq the opening. dance together because traditional 2. Hudoq kawit stage.Before in ceremonies it is only in implementing do in one all the indigenous once a year. good who establish business There are also in the trust strong in the land nor that does not or indigenous ethnic bahau that this is the the general public, gathered at moment thanks to and mercy from one home leaders customary to god more are numerous and abundant implement customary come significantly, in another atmosphere purification general who of garishly and familiar. called the with “ LEMIVAA TASAAM “ then the day Traditional ceremonies hudoq in tomorrow can be held to the implementing after after rice-growing in hudoq kawit. the field last population implement 3. Dance hudoq who their business the field on one for the current accessori2s made of kind of year.For the inland mahakam ulu varieties of flowers or leaves kelurahan ethnic the bahau, implement ferns, in the peak of the event traditional ceremonies this in october for closed by removing and wash the current year.In the hilir mahakam and the face from charcoal for the in the samarinda city, the community purpose back in the life of. ethnic bahau implement traditional g. Tari Hudoq kita’ ceremonies hudoq in november in for the current year.In addition to traditional Dance of dayak kenyah this in ceremonies this in trust bring the principle equal to dance hudoq of blessings and the mercy directly from the dayak bahau and modang, namely for VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 7
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ceremony welcome years planting and was invented by a head of dayak of to convey gratitude to the gods who kenyah in apo kayan named nyik have made their crops good selung, as a sign of appreciation and .Considerable contrasts state of the excitement over of a tribes .Then dance dance hudoq we dance hudoq is in it develops to all dayak of kenyah tribal costumes, a mask , movement their areas. dance and accompaniment the music m. Tari Ngerangkau .Costumes dancer hudoq we use his a long arm of a plain and wear pieces Dance ngerangkau is the dance sarongs , while their mask shaped the of custom in the death of dayak human face common many is tunjung and benuaq. This dance have decorated with carving typical dayak tools hit rice impact regularly in of kenyah.There are two types of the position horizontal so as to cause mask in dance hudoq, the made of rhythm certain. wood and of a veil made of beads with ornaments dayak of kenyah. n. Tari Baraga’ Bagantar h. Tari Serumpai Originally baraga’ bagantar is Dayak dance benuaq this is ceremony possession to care for the baby done to refuse an outbreak of the with help from nayun gantar.Now this disease and treat the guy bitten by a ceremony have changed into a dances by mad dog .Called dance serumpai dayak benuaq. because dance followed a musical 4. Conclusion instrument serumpai (a kind of flute 5. conclude that Mandau and Sumpit is bamboo).a we apply and work them. weapon of Dayak culture of the lamd itself i. Tari Belian Bawo or the island of Kalimantan to be maintained Ceremony belian bawo aims by the people of indonesia and Dayak to refuse disease, treat the sick, vow community in particular as one of be performed and others. After Indonesia’s culture heritage. Besides, converted into dance, dance is often Mandau and Sumpit is also a syumbol of served on ceremony reception and weapon the identity of the Dayak tribe. In events other arts. This dance is a studying a culture, it is not separated from dance dayak benuaq. the observasion of the symbols contained in a culture. The meaning and function of j. Tari Kuyang Mandau and Sumpitcan be images, shapes, A dance possession of dayak or objects placed anywhere in accordance benuaq to expel the ghosts that keep with the intent an purpose. Mandau and trees great and tall so as not to disturb Sumpit are part of typical weapon Dayak man or a person who fells the tree. tribe. Therefore, there are certain rules in k. Tari Pecuk Kina use Mnadau and sumpit. Mandau nowadays or mandau made with iron purely without This dance describe using a mixture of the mantra and rituals displacement dayak kenyah who ngayo. Mandau we know now is mandau move from the apo kayan (kabupaten ordinary, just like a machete or machetes. Bulungan) to the regions long fresh Why do I feel that way, compared with a and tender kabupaten .Aquatic the tale of which i have already mentioned west) that took years to obtain. above, that a function mandau has now l. Tari Datun changed. Of them are as objects of art, This dance is dance with girl souvenirs, goods collection, even used as an dayaks kenyah by the number of instrument based on farming and also as a uncertain, may 10 to 20 people means to trim scrub. On the efficacy of and .According to his acts , dance with it cirri typical mandau antiquity have hamper not seen again. VOL.15 NO.2 JUNI 2016 8
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6. From the findings about Mandau and Kalimantan Sumpit as weapon dayak tribe in nort kalimantan, so there some suggestions Albert G Van Zonneveld, (2002). Traditional which might be addresed to some related Weapons of the Indonesian Archipelago. parties; (1) s a reference for the further Accessed, 9th Oct 2014. researcher, the writer suggest to take a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandau_%2 deeply research about Mandau and 8knife%29). online Sumpit or its implementations by using different approach, (2) for the society of Fridon Ukur, 1992. Kebudayaan Dayak. north kalimantan, let us keep and Kalimantan continue the struggle of our ancestors by Coomans, Mikhail. 1987. Manusia Dayak: knowing the knowledge of Mandau and Dahulu, Sekarang, Masa Depan. Jakarta: Sumpit in Dayak tribe, (3) for the young PT Gramedia. generation of north kalimantan, let us Kabar Dunia Militer, 2014. Mengenal learn more and more about our culture in pasukan Hantu, Senjata Sumpit Suku order that we are not lack of the Dayak. Online knowledge about our city and it values (https://www.facebook.com/kabardun which can be applied in life, and (4) iamiliter/posts/1405139873070872) altought it is not going to be like in the Accessed on 9th Oct 2014 at 18.11 past, bue we still can show the world that we have a culture that has special values pm. and it is a characteristic of Indonesia culture, especiallly Kalimantan.
References
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