National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration

HEO Overview and Update from Advanced Exploration Systems

10 October 2017

JASON CRUSAN Director, Advanced Exploration Systems NASA Headquarters

1 STRATEGIC PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE EXPLORATION

• FISCAL REALISM • ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY Implementable in the near-term with the buying power Opportunities for U.S. commercial business to further of current budgets and in the longer term with budgets enhance their experience and business base; commensurate with economic growth; • ARCHITECTURE OPENNESS AND RESILIENCE • SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION Resilient architecture featuring multi-use, evolvable space Exploration enables science and science enables infrastructure, minimizing unique developments, with each exploration; leveraging scientific expertise for human mission leaving something behind to support subsequent exploration of the solar system. missions;

• TECHNOLOGY PULL AND PUSH • GLOBAL COLLABORATION AND LEADERSHIP Application of high TRL technologies for near term Substantial new international and commercial missions, while focusing sustained investments on partnerships, leveraging current International Space technologies and capabilities to address the challenges Station partnerships and building new cooperative of future missions; ventures for exploration; and

• GRADUAL BUILD UP OF CAPABILITY • CONTINUITY OF HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT Near-term mission opportunities with a defined cadence Uninterrupted expansion of human presence into the solar of compelling and integrated human and robotic missions, system by establishing a regular cadence of crewed providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for missions to cis-lunar space during ISS lifetime. more complex missions over time; 2 EXPANDING HUMAN PRESENCE IN PARTNERSHIP CREATING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ADVANCING TECHNOLOGIES, AND ENABLING DISCOVERY

After 2030 2020s Leaving the Earth-Moon System Operating in the Lunar and Reaching Mars Orbit Now Vicinity (proving ground) Using the International Space Station

Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phases 3 and 4 Continue research and Begin missions in cislunar Complete Deep Space Begin sustained testing on ISS to solve space. Build Deep Space Transport and conduct crew expeditions to exploration challenges. Gateway. Initiate yearlong Mars Martian system and Evaluate potential for assembly of Deep Space simulation mission. surface of Mars. lunar resources. Develop Transport. standards. PHASE 0

The International Space Station (ISS) is a platform for deep space exploration, scientific research, economic growth and global diplomacy. ISS brings the world together to discover, develop and advance solutions for a better life both here on Earth and in space. International Space Station Partnerships

Created by a partnership of 5 space agencies representing 15 nations

The largest peace time effort amongst the most countries in recorded human history. (Nations, that not long ago, were enemies)

Creating knowledge that improves life here on earth and provides a stepping stone for humanity’s destiny . . . to live among the stars

Today, some 90 nations are involved in research on ISS

What Benefits Come from Research on the Space Station?

Enabling Deep Space Scientific Discovery Benefits for Humanity Exploration

6 What are We Doing on the Space Station Today?

National Deep Space Lab Exploration

Biology and Biotechnology

(Operated by Center for Advancement Human Research of Science in Space/CASIS) Physical Sciences

Tech Demos

Earth Science

Astrophysics

Education

7 Source: ISS Program Scientist Space Life and Physical Sciences Research On the Space Station

Space Biology Human Research Physical Sciences

• Uses the space environment • Develops scientific and • Conducts fundamental and to enhance understanding of technological foundations applied research in space to the response of living for a safe, productive explore the processes that organisms and biological human presence in space form materials and processes to spaceflight for extended periods. determine the performance conditions. of fluid, thermal, and • Focuses on investigating combustion systems. • Works toward an and mitigating the highest understanding of the risks to human health and • Builds engineering requirements of terrestrial life performance in order to knowledge to enable the in non-Earth environments enable safe, reliable, and design of fluid, thermal, and productive human space chemical process devices exploration. for space environments

Applies this knowledge and technology to improve our nation's competitiveness, education and the quality of life on Earth. COMMERCIAL CARGO

* Currently making resupply missions to ISS Missions flying to ISS in 2019 COMMERCIAL CREW: AIMING TO LAUNCH ASTRONAUTS FROM THE U.S. BY THE END OF 2018 ISS RESEARCH: CRITICAL TO MITIGATING MARS MISSION HUMAN HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE RISKS

Cardiovascular Muscle Bone Loss Crew Sleep/ Medical Imaging Function Experiment Physiology Facility Countermeasure Performance

Ocular Surveillance Fluid Shift Physiological Changes/ Nutritional Requirements Immunological Changes Flight Study Experiment Exercise Countermeasures

Each USOS crewmember participates in 10-15 separate experiments 11 BUILDING BLOCKS TO DEEP SPACE

Beginning human exploration beyond LEO as soon as practicable helps secure our future in space. Space Launch System

Orion Spacecraft

Ground Systems Development & Operations 12 AMERICA’S NEW SPACE EXPLORATION CAPABILITY: ORION CREW EXPLORATION VEHICLE & SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM

13 Ground Systems Facilities Supporting EM-1

LO2 trucks arrive at Launch Pad 39B Left-hand forward skirt solid rocket boosters arrive New flame deflector segments installed at Launch Pad 39B inside the high bay at the BFF

ICPS arrives at Space Station Processing Core stage forward skirt umbilical installed on Underway Recovery Test #5 14 Facility mobile launcher Orion Test and EM-1 Flight Hardware in Production

Ogive testing at Plum Brook Station Initial power on completed successfully Propulsion Qualification Module installed at White Sands Test Facility

Orion parachute drop tests Abort motor for launch abort system test fire ESA service module at Airbus Defense and15 Space

SLS Testing and Flight Hardware in Production

Welding of liquid oxygen tank complete LVSA ready for thermal insulation application RS-25 flight controller tests

Photogrammetric markings applied on completed Liquid oxygen tank flight undergoing Structure of the intertank assembled at MSFC segments hydrostatic test

PHASE 1 Phase 1 Plan Establishing deep-space leadership and preparing for Deep Space Transport development

Deep Space Gateway Buildup EM-1 Europa Clipper EM-2 EM-3 EM-4 EM-5 2019 - 2025 2026 These essential Gateway SLS Block 1 SLS Block 1B Cargo SLS Block 1B SLS Block 1B SLS Block 1B SLS Block 1B elements can support Crew: 0 Crew: 4 Crew: 4 Crew: 4 Crew: 4 multiple U.S. and CMP Capability: 8-9T CMP Capability: 10mT CMP Capability: 10mT CPL Capability: 10mT international partner objectives in Phase 1 and beyond

Habitation Logistics Airlock Europa Clipper Known Parameters: (subject to approval) • Gateway architecture supports 40kW Phase 2 and beyond activities Power/Prop Bus • International and U.S. commercial development of elements and Distant Retrograde Multi-TLI Lunar Near Rectilinear Halo NRHO, w/ ability to NRHO, w/ ability to Jupiter Direct systems Orbit (DRO) Free Return Orbit (NRHO) translate to/from translate to/from • Gateway will translate uncrewed 26-40 days 8-21 days 16-26 days other cislunar orbits other cislunar orbits 26-42 days 26-42 days between cislunar orbits • Ability to support science objectives in cislunar space

Open Opportunities: • Order of logistics flights and Gateway (blue) logistics providers • Use of logistics modules for Configuration available volume • Ability to support lunar surface (Orion in grey) missions Cislunar Cislunar Support Flight Support Flight 19 Human Exploration and Operations Deep Space Gateway Functionality

 Assumptions – Deep Space Gateway provides ability to support multiple NASA, U.S. commercial, and international partner objectives in Phase 1 and beyond – The Gateway is designed for deep space environments

• Supports (with Orion docked) crew of 4 for a minimum of 30 days

• Supports buildup of the Deep Space Transport

 Emphasis on defining early Phase 1 elements – Gateway Power Propulsion Element – Gateway Habitat – Logistics Strategy  Future work to refine later elements; early feasibility trades complete – Airlock – Deep Space Transport 20 Deep Space Gateway (DSG) Concept Phase 2: Deep Space Transport

Orion

PHASE 2 Deep Space Gateway (PLANNING REFERENCE) Phase 2 and Phase 3 Looking ahead to the shakedown cruise and the first crewed missions to Mars

Transport Delivery Transport Shakedown Mars Transit EM-6 EM-7 EM-8 EM-9 EM-10 EM-11 2027 2028 / 2029 2030+ Reusable Deep Space Transport supports SLS Block 1B Cargo SLS Block 1B SLS Block 1B Cargo SLS Block 2 SLS Block 2 Cargo SLS Block 2 P/L Capability: Crew: 4 P/L Capability: Crew: 4 P/L Capability: Crew: 4 repeated crewed 41t TLI CMP Capability: 10t 41t TLI CMP Capability: 13+t 45t TLI CMP Capability: 13+t missions to the Mars vicinity

Logistics DST Logistics DST Logistics Logistics & Logistics & Known Parameters: Refueling Refueling • DST launch on one SLS cargo flight • DST shakedown cruise by 2029 • DST supported by a mix of logistics Deep Space flights for both shakedown and Transport transit • Ability to support science objectives in cislunar space

DST checkout in NRHO DSG: continued operations in 191-221 days DSG: continued operations in Open Opportunities: cislunar space cislunar space • Order of logistics flights and DST: shakedown in DST: Mars transit logistics providers cislunar space with and return to DSG • Shakedown cruise vehicle return to DSG in NRHO in NRHO configuration and destination/s 300-400 days • Ability to support lunar surface

Cislunar Cislunar Cislunar missions Support Flight Support Flight Support Flight

22 Human Exploration and Operations Deep Space Transport Functionality

 Assumptions – Deep Space Transport provides habitation and transportation needs for transporting crew into deep space including supporting human Mars-class missions – The Transport system life will be designed for

• Reuse for 3 Mars-class missions with resupply and minimal maintenance

• Crew of 4 for 1,000 day-class missions in deep space

. Launch on one SLS 1B cargo vehicle - resupply and minimal outfitting to be performed in cislunar space

 Emphasis on supporting shakedown cruise by 2029 – Shakedown cruise to be performed in lunar vicinity – Utilizes deep space interfaces and common design standards  Future work trades – Shakedown cruise objectives

– Mars reference mission functional requirements 23 Power & Propulsion: 1st Element in Gateway Concept

• Start deep space gateway when we fly crew to vicinity of the moon • A power propulsion element (PPE) would be the first element in a cislunar gateway • The PPE would provide key functionality for the DSG including – power to DSG and externally accommodated elements – transportation for the DSG between cislunar orbits – orbital maintenance as needed – attitude control for the DSG in multiple configurations with and without visiting vehicles such as Orion – communications with Earth, space to space communications, and radio frequency relay capability in support of extra-vehicular activity (EVA) communications. • PPE will launch co-manifested with Orion crew vehicle on the Space Launch System for the EM-2 flight

24 Approach to PPE Development

• PPE will leverage advanced solar electric propulsion (SEP) technologies developed and matured during Asteroid Redirect Mission activities: – Directly use commercially available U.S. flight hardware – Infuse advanced SEP technology developed by NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate – Align with U.S. industry plans for future use of SEP – Accommodate international and/or commercial partner provided capabilities

25 NEXTSTEP HABITATION OVERVIEW

NextSTEP Phase 1: 2015-2016 Cislunar habitation concepts that leverage commercialization plans for LEO FOUR SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CONCEPTS RECEIVED Partners develop required deliverables, including concept descriptions with concept of operations, NextSTEP Phase LOCKHEED MARTIN BIGELOW AEROSPACE ORBITAL ATK BOEING 2 proposals, and statements of work.

NextSTEP Phase 2: 2016-2018 Initial discussions with international partners • Partners refine concepts and develop ground prototypes. ONE CONCEPT STUDY • NASA leads standards and common interfaces development.

FIVE GROUND PROTOTYPES NANORACKS Phase 3: 2018+ BY 2018 BIGELOW AEROSPACE BOEING • Partnership and Acquisition approach, Define reference habitat leveraging domestic and international architecture in capabilities preparation for Phase 3. • Development of deep space habitation SIERRA NEVADA capabilities LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION ORBITAL ATK • Deliverables: flight unit(s) 26 FULL-SIZED GROUND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR BROAD TRADE SPACE OF OPTIONS

Expandable Leverages Existing Technologies

Builds on proven cargo spacecraft development Refurbishes Heritage Hardware Modular Buildup

27 28 DEEP SPACE HABITATION SYSTEMS

TODAY FUTURE Habitation Systems Elements Space Station Deep Space LIFE SUPPORT Excursions from Earth are possible with artificially produced breathing air, drinking water and other conditions for survival. 42% O Recovery from CO 2 2 75%+ O2 Recovery from CO2

90% H O Recovery 2 98%+ H2O Recovery Atmosphere Waste Management Management < 6 mo mean time before failure >30 mo mean time before Water (for some components) failure Management ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING NASA living spaces are designed with controls and integrity that ensure the comfort and safety of inhabitants.

Limited, crew-intensive On-board analysis capability on-board capability with no sample return

Identify and quantify species Pressure Particles Chemicals Reliance on sample return to and organisms in air & water O & N Earth for analysis 2 2 Moisture Microbes Sound

CREW HEALTH Astronauts are provided tools to perform successfully while preserving their well-being and long-term health. Bulky fitness equipment Smaller, efficient equipment

Limited medical capability Onboard medical capability

Monitoring Diagnostics Food Storage & Management Frequent food system resupply Long-duration food system Exercise Treatment EVA: EXTRA- Long-term exploration depends on the ability to physically investigate the unknown for VEHICULAR ACTIVITY resources and knowledge. High upper body mobility for limited Full body mobility for expanded sizing range sizing range Low interval between maintenance, Increased time between maintenance contamination sensitive, and cycles, contamination resistant system, 25% consumables limit EVA time increase in EVA time Mobility Science and Exploration Construction and repair focused tools; Geological sampling and surveying Life excessive inventory of unique tools equipment; common generic tool kit Support DEEP SPACE HABITATION SYSTEMS

TODAY FUTURE Habitation Systems Elements Space Station Deep Space Node 2 crew quarters (CQ) with RADIATION During each journey, radiation from the sun and other sources poses a significant threat to polyethylene reduce impacts of proton Solar particle event storm shelter, humans and spacecraft. irradiation. PROTECTION Large multi-layer detectors & small pixel optimized position of on-board detectors – real-time dosimetry, environment materials and CQ monitoring, tracking, model validation & Small distributed pixel detector verification systems – real-time dosimetry, environment monitoring, and tracking Modeling Bulky gas-based detectors Monitoring – real-time dosimetry Tracking Mitigation Small actively read-out detectors for crew Small solid-state crystal detectors – real-time dosimetry – passive dosimetry (analyzed post-mission) FIRE SAFETY Throughout every mission, NASA is committed to minimizing critical risks to human safety.

Large CO2 Suppressant Tanks Water Mist portable fire extinguisher 2-cartridge mask Single Cartridge Mask Detection Suppression Obsolete combustion prod. sensor Exploration combustion product Protection Cleanup monitor Only depress/repress clean-up Smoke eater LOGISTICS Sustainable living outside of Earth requires explorers to reduce, recycle, reuse, and repurpose materials. Automatic, autonomous RFID Manual scans, displaced items Disposable cotton clothing Long-wear clothing/laundry

Bags/foam repurposed w/3D printer Tracking Packaging Packaging disposed Clothing Trash Bag and discard Resource recovery, then disposal CROSS-CUTTING Powerful, efficient, and safe launch systems will protect and deliver crews and materials across new horizons. Minimal on-board autonomy Ops independent of Earth & crew Near-continuous ground-crew Up to 40-minute comm delay communications Widespread common interfaces, Avionics, Some common interfaces, modules/systems integrated Robotics Communication Materials modules controlled separately Autonomy Manufacture replacement parts in & Software space Power Docking Thermal BIGELOW EXPANDABLE ACTIVITY MODULE TWO-YEAR HABITAT DEMONSTRATION

31 IN-SPACE MANUFACTURING ON-DEMAND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEEP SPACE MISSIONS

3-D printer installed on International Space Station in 2014. Crews aboard station have successfully used the printer to manufacture parts and tools on-demand.

In-Space Manufacturing logo created through Freelancer crowd- sourced challenge.

Issued new appendix to NextSTEP Broad Agency Announcement soliciting proposals for development of First student-designed 3-D tool printed first-generation, in-space, multi-material fabrication aboard station in 2016 laboratory, or FabLab, for space missions. 32 SPACECRAFT FIRE SAFETY EXPERIMENTS (SAFFIRE)

Saffire-I&III: cotton-fiberglass blend burn sample measured 0.4 m wide by 1 meter long

Saffire-II: nine samples in the experiment kit include a cotton-fiberglass blend, Nomex, and the same acrylic glass that is used for spacecraft windows

33 CubeSats

• Less expensive than traditional satellites • Appealing to new users – students, amateurs, non-space industry • Performance has rapidly improved CubeSat Launch at a low cost over the last 18 years Initiative • Are productive scientific spacecraft Provides launch opportunities to educational, non-profit organizations and NASA Centers that build CubeSats to fly as auxiliary payloads on previously planned missions or as International Space Station deployments.

• 151 CubeSat missions selected

• 85 organizations in 38 states

• 42 CubeSats to be launched over the next 12 months 34 RADIATION DETECTION & MITIGATION

5 Radiation Environment Monitors (REM) aboard ISS, 2 inside BEAM (pictured)

Crews on station have 3-D printed two of three REM shields to investigate shielding options.

RADIATION ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURFACE OF MARS IS NO WORSE THAN ISS FOR STAYS OF COMPARABLE DURATION

Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is currently operating on the Curiosity Rover.

RAD

Hybrid Electronic Radiation Assessor (HERA) detects radiation levels and warns crews to take cover. Flew on EFT-1, will fly on EM-1, EM-2. 35 36