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Hhhconferenciaencicm COLEGIO DE INGENIEROS CIVILES DE MÉXICO, A.C. LA INGENIERÍA MEXICANA EN LA PLANEACIÓN DEL DESARROLLO NACIONAL. Ponencia presentada por HUMBERTO HERNÁNDEZ HADDAD Abogado (Facultad de Derecho de la UNAM) Maestro en Políticas Públicas Internacionales (Universidad Johns Hopkins) Fellow del Centro de Estudios Internacionales (Universidad de Harvard) Ciudad de México. 20 de agosto de 2018. ¿QUÉ ES EL DESARROLLO? Es la interconexión de tres elementos: crecimiento económico sustentable; redistribución del producto; y movilidad con bienestar social. El desarrollo requiere la aplicación de la Ingeniería en todas sus ramas. La obra de la ingeniería civil de México tiene desafíos inéditos, como: 1.- La llegada inminente de cambios tecnológicos disruptivos que cambiarán los modos de vida y de producción en los próximos años. 2.- El cambio climático causado por efectos ambientales antropogénicos. 3.- La necesidad de insertarse en un sistema de planeación nacional del desarrollo que permita construir con la mayor eficiencia: A) La infraestructura estratégica que garantice el crecimiento del país. B) Las obras públicas que fomenten el desarrollo integral del país con sustentabilidad y aumento de la competitividad nacional. C) Impulsar la movilidad y el bienestar social de los mexicanos. Algunos cambios tecnológicos revolucionarios del siglo XX 1942 Misil guiado , Wernher von Braun 1945, Bomba atómica, Científicos y gobierno estadounidense 1946, Computadora digital electrónica, John Presper Eckert Jr. y John W. Mauchly 1947, Horno microondas, Percy L. Spencer 1949, Avión a chorro, René Leduc 1950, Televisión a color, Peter Carl Goldmark 1952, Bomba de hidrógeno, Edward Teller y Stanislaw Ulam 1954, Vacuna contra la Poliomielitis, Jonas Salk 1959, circuitos integrados, Jack Kilby y Robert Noyce 1960, Láser, Arthur L. Schawlow y Gordon Gould 1960, Píldora anticonceptiva, Gregory Pincus, John Rock, Minchueh Chang 1966, Corazón artificial, Michael Ellis DeBakey 1969, WorldWideWeb, (Internet), Tim Berners-Lee y Robert Cailliau 1972, Microprocesador, Ted Hoff 1975, Fibra óptica, Bell Laboratories 1977, Videojuegos, Ralph Baer 1983, Teléfono móvil, Martin Cooper 1990, Telescopio espacial Hubble, NASA y la Agencia Espacial Europea La Revolución 4.0 propiciada por la digitalización y la interconectividad México ha iniciado un cambio social y demográfico donde tendremos tasas de longevidad nunca antes vistas, acompañado de nuevos modos de producción y convivencia con la llegada de la digitalización, interconectividad, Internet de las Cosas, Robótica Avanzada, Vehículos Autónomos, Inteligencia Artificial, Aprendizaje de Máquinas, Vehículos Eléctricos, Big Data, Materiales Avanzados Biodegradables, Biotecnología, Modificación Genética, Sistemas Ciberfísicos, Cloud Computing, Impresión 3D, Drones, y muchos otros descubrimientos tecnológicos que impulsarán nuevos paradigmas en todas las ramas de la Ingeniería y la gobernanza. Klaus Schwab, director ejecutivo del Foro Económico Mundial, explica que la actual cuarta revolución industrial no tiene parecido “a cualquier cosa que el género humano haya experimentado antes, por su escala, alcance y complejidad”. Las ponencias presentadas por el Ing. Mauricio Jessurum sobre este tema en este Colegio, son suficientes para comprender la trascendencia de este cambio disruptivo que ya ha comenzado. Los riesgos que México debe superar constantemente, por su naturaleza de país bi-oceánico, sísmico, volcánico y ciclónico, hacen indispensable mantenernos preparados en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías 4.0 LA CUARTA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL Y LA CUARTA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA VIDA PÚBLICA DE MÉXICO Se está presentando una ventana de oportunidad para el desarrollo de México, con la simbiosis del concepto político propuesto por el presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador de realizar la Cuarta Transformación de la vida pública nacional, que coincide con el arribo de la Revolución Tecnológica Industrial 4.0, ya que esos cambios que México decida hacer, definirán nuestro grado de desarrollo. Será indispensable en este ciclo de cambios tecnológicos, reeducarnos con nuevos conocimientos y herramientas para acceder al desarrollo; adquirir habilidades digitales; prepararnos para ejercer derechos y obligaciones como ciudadanos globales, y diseñando nuevas instituciones internacionales. Ante esta transformación mundial acelerada, tenemos dos caminos: 1) Definir un camino de desarrollo planeado para nuestro país; 2) Enfrentar el futuro de México con improvisación y a la deriva. Permítanme abordar entonces el tema del desarrollo nacional planeado, a la luz de los principios y mandatos ya establecidos en nuestra Constitución. México cuenta con un sistema de planeación democrática para el desarrollo, consagrado en los artículos 25 y 26 de nuestra Carta Magna. MÉXICO, SU SISTEMA NACIONAL DE PLANEACIÓN Y LA INFRAESTRUCTURA Nuestro sistema jurídico tiene las bases constitucionales del sistema de planeación democrática del desarrollo nacional. El marco legal del Plan se encuentra principalmente en el artículo 26 de la Constitución Federal, en la Ley de Planeación y en los artículos 9, y 27 al 42, de la Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal. Cualquier preocupación o sospecha de estatismo es infundada ya que nuestra Constitución consagra el carácter democrático del sistema nacional de planeación. Son casos exitosos de Organismo Constitucionales Autónomos: el Banco de México, el Sistema Nacional de Información Estadística y Geográfica, el INE, el INAI, entre otros. En beneficio del desarrollo del país, conviene analizar la creación de un organismo constitucional autónomo que asuma la responsabilidad de diseñar y coordinar el Programa Nacional de Infraestructura, cumpliendo ante el Poder Ejecutivo y el Congreso obligaciones de idoneidad, transparencia y rendición de cuentas. Esta innovación jurídica en la planeación del desarrollo nacional permitiría instaurar un Banco de Proyectos como lo propuso al Presidente López Obrador el Ing. Ascensión Median Nieves en nombre de este Colegio, para cumplir con certidumbre y administración eficiente de los recursos presupuestarios, proyecciones a plazos de veinte años o más, en la construcción de la infraestructura y obras públicas debidamente planeadas, con apego a las disposiciones constitucionales, que le dan fundamento a la Ley de Planeación vigente, hasta hoy subutilizada. LA REFORMA CONSTITUCIONAL DE 1982 Artículo 25. Corresponde al Estado la rectoría del desarrollo nacional para garantizar que éste sea integral y sustentable, que fortalezca la Soberanía de la Nación y su régimen democrático y que, mediante la competitividad, el fomento del crecimiento económico y el empleo y una más justa distribución del ingreso y la riqueza, permita el pleno ejercicio de la libertad y la dignidad de los individuos, grupos y clases sociales, cuya seguridad protege esta Constitución. La competitividad se entenderá como el conjunto de condiciones necesarias para generar un mayor crecimiento económico, promoviendo la inversión y la generación de empleo. El Estado velará por la estabilidad de las finanzas públicas y del sistema financiero para coadyuvar a generar condiciones favorables para el crecimiento económico y el empleo. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo y los planes estatales y municipales deberán observar dicho principio. El Estado planeará, conducirá, coordinará y orientará la actividad económica nacional, y llevará al cabo la regulación y fomento de las actividades que demande el interés general en el marco de libertades que otorga esta Constitución. Al desarrollo económico nacional concurrirán, con responsabilidad social, el sector público, el sector social y el sector privado, sin menoscabo de otras formas de actividad económica que contribuyan al desarrollo de la Nación. El sector público tendrá a su cargo, de manera exclusiva, las áreas estratégicas que se señalan en el artículo 28, párrafo cuarto de la Constitución, manteniendo siempre el Gobierno Federal la propiedad y el control sobre los organismos y empresas productivas del Estado que en su caso se establezcan. Tratándose de la planeación y el control del sistema eléctrico nacional, y del servicio público de transmisión y distribución de energía eléctrica, así como de la exploración y extracción de petróleo y demás hidrocarburos, la Nación llevará a cabo dichas actividades en términos de lo dispuesto por los párrafos sexto y séptimo del artículo 27 de esta Constitución. En las actividades citadas la ley establecerá las normas relativas a la administración, organización, funcionamiento, procedimientos de contratación y demás actos jurídicos que celebren las empresas productivas del Estado, así como el régimen de remuneraciones de su personal, para garantizar su eficacia, eficiencia, honestidad, productividad, transparencia y rendición de cuentas, con base en las mejores prácticas, y determinará las demás actividades que podrán realizar. ART. 25.- Bajo criterios de equidad social, productividad y sustentabilidad se apoyará e impulsará a las empresas de los sectores social y privado de la economía. Asimismo podrá participar por sí o con los sectores social y privado, de acuerdo con la ley, para impulsar y organizar las áreas prioritarias del desarrollo. Bajo criterios de equidad social, productividad y sustentabilidad se apoyará e impulsará a las empresas de los sectores social y privado de la economía, sujetándolos a las modalidades que dicte el interés público y al uso, en beneficio general, de los recursos
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