Funcionalitat Dels Micobacteris Ambientals De Creixement Ràpid Com a Agents Antitumorals

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Funcionalitat Dels Micobacteris Ambientals De Creixement Ràpid Com a Agents Antitumorals Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Funcionalitat dels micobacteris ambientals de creixement ràpid com a agents antitumorals Silvia P. Secanella Fandos 2012 Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Funcionalitat dels micobacteris ambientals de creixement ràpid com a agents antitumorals Memòria de tesi presentada per obtenir el grau de Doctora en Microbiologia per la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, per Silvia P. Secanella Fandos. Vist i plau de les Directores de la Tesi, Dra. Esther Julián Gómez Dra. Marina Luquin Fernández Bellaterra, Setembre de 2012 Al Lluís i al Quim Índex ÍNDEX ÍNDEX........................................................................................................................... 1 ÍNDEX DE TAULES ...................................................................................................... 7 ÍNDEX DE FIGURES .................................................................................................... 9 ACRÒNIMS ................................................................................................................ 13 PRESENTACIÓ .......................................................................................................... 17 PRESENTATION ........................................................................................................ 18 A. INTRODUCCIÓ ...................................................................................................... 21 A.1. EL CÀNCER DE BUFETA ...................................................................................... 21 A.1.1. La bufeta urinària .................................................................................................. 21 A.1.2. Classificació del càncer de bufeta ......................................................................... 22 A.1.3. Factors de risc del càncer de bufeta ..................................................................... 24 A.1.4. Epidemiologia del càncer de bufeta ...................................................................... 25 A.1.5. Simptomatologia del càncer de bufeta .................................................................. 26 A.1.6. Diagnòstic del càncer de bufeta ............................................................................ 26 A.1.7. Tractament del càncer de bufeta superficial .......................................................... 28 A.1.7.1. Agents quimioteràpics............................................................................................................... 31 A.1.7.2. Agents immunoteràpics ............................................................................................................ 33 A.2. ELS MICOBACTERIS ............................................................................................ 36 A.2.1. Característiques del gènere Mycobacterium.......................................................... 36 A.2.1.1. Els micobacteris ambientals ...................................................................................................... 37 A.2.1.2. La paret cel·lular dels micobacteris ............................................................................................ 37 A.2.2. Propietats immunoestimuladores dels micobacteris .............................................. 42 A.2.2.1. Efecte antitumoral dels micobacteris ......................................................................................... 44 A.2.3. Mycobacterium bovis BCG.................................................................................... 45 A.2.3.1. Història del BCG ........................................................................................................................ 45 A.2.3.1.1. Les soques filles de BCG .................................................................................................... 46 A.2.3.2. Mecanisme d’acció del BCG com a immunoteràpic en el tractament del càncer de bufeta .......... 48 A.2.3.2.1. Cèl·lules participants en la resposta immunitària induïda pel BCG....................................... 50 Cèl·lules presentadores d’antígens .................................................................................................... 50 A.2.3.2.2. Citocines i quimiocines involucrades en la resposta antitumoral ......................................... 53 A.2.3.2.3. Funció dels receptors Toll-like en la resposta immunitària induïda pel BCG ......................... 55 A.2.3.3. Inducció de la mort cel·lular per part de BCG ............................................................................. 57 A.2.3.3.1. El cicle cel·lular .................................................................................................................. 57 A.2.3.3.2. La necrosi.......................................................................................................................... 58 1 Índex A.2.3.3.3. L’apoptosi ......................................................................................................................... 58 B. OBJECTIUS ........................................................................................................... 63 C. MATERIAL I MÈTODES ........................................................................................ 67 C.1. OBTENCIÓ I CULTIU DELS MICROORGANISMES...................................................... 67 C.1.1. Soques bacterianes .............................................................................................. 67 C.1.2. Medis de cultiu ..................................................................................................... 69 C.1.3. Manteniment de les soques bacterianes ............................................................... 70 C.2. ANÀLISI DELS LÍPIDS I GLICOLÍPIDS DELS MICOBACTERIS ....................................... 71 C.2.1. Extracció i anàlisi de lípids, glicolípids i fosfolípids lliures ...................................... 71 C.2.2. Extracció i anàlisi de MK i PDIM ........................................................................... 72 C.2.3. Extracció i anàlisi d’àcids micòlics......................................................................... 73 C.2.3.1. Ressonància magnètica nuclear (RMN) ...................................................................................... 75 C.3. OBTENCIÓ I CULTIU DE LES CÈL·LULES EUCARIOTES ............................................ 77 C.3.1. Cèl·lules humanes ................................................................................................ 77 C.3.1.1. Línies cel·lulars de càncer de bufeta ........................................................................................... 77 C.3.1.2. Cèl·lules mononuclears de sang perifèrica (PBMC) ..................................................................... 78 C.3.2. Cèl·lules de ratolí ................................................................................................. 79 C.3.2.1. Línia cel·lular de macròfags ....................................................................................................... 79 C.3.2.2. Línia cel·lular de càncer de bufeta .............................................................................................. 80 C.3.2.3. Macròfags derivats de medul·la òssia (BMM) ............................................................................. 80 C.3.2.3.1 Línia cel·lular de fibroblasts L929 ........................................................................................ 81 C.3.3. Manteniment de les cèl·lules eucariotes................................................................ 81 C.3.3.1. Congelació cel·lular ................................................................................................................... 81 C.3.3.2. Descongelació cel·lular .............................................................................................................. 82 C.3.3.3. Recol·lecció de les cèl·lules i passes cel·lulars ............................................................................. 82 C.4. TÈCNIQUES DE CULTIU ....................................................................................... 83 C.4.1. Suspensions bacterianes ...................................................................................... 83 C.4.1.1. Preparació de les suspensions bacterianes ................................................................................. 83 C.4.1.2. Tractament de les suspensions bacterianes................................................................................ 85 C.4.1.2.1. Tractament de calor .......................................................................................................... 85 C.4.1.2.2. Tractament de radiació ...................................................................................................... 85 C.4.2. Infecció cel·lular amb les suspensions bacterianes ............................................... 86 C.4.3. Determinació de la viabilitat cel·lular ..................................................................... 87 C.4.3.1. Recompte cel·lular .................................................................................................................... 87 C.4.3.2. Assaig de proliferació cel·lular ................................................................................................... 88 C.4.4. Recol·lecció del sobrenedant dels cultius cel·lulars ............................................... 88 2 Índex C.4.5. Detecció de la producció d’òxid nítric en el sobrenedant
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