Nacionālā Identitāte Un Vide

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Nacionālā Identitāte Un Vide NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE Jurģa Šķiltera redakcijā 1 NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE Jurģa Šķiltera redakcijā Zin. redaktori/recenzenti: vad. pētn. Skaidrīte Lasmane, vad. pētn. Viktors Freibergs, valodas redaktore: Ilze Jansone LU SPPI 2011 2 NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE Krājums Nacionālās identitātes komunikācija Latvijas kultūras telpā tapusi Valsts pētījumu programmas NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE (valoda, Latvijas vēsture, kultūra un cilvēkdrošība) ietvaros. Pārpublicēšanas gadījumā nepieciešama Latvijas Universitātes atļauja Citējot atsauce uz izdevumu obligāta © Latvijas Universitātes Sociālo un politisko pētījumu institūts 2011 ISBN 978-9934-8194-3-8 148 NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE SATURS Jurģis Šķilters. Ievads. .................................................................................................... 2 Pirmā nodaļa. Ģeogrāfiskā vide un identitāte 1.1. Jurģis Šķilters, Ģirts Burgmanis. Vide un identitāte: no fizikālās uz sociokognitīvo identitāti .......................................... 4 1.2. Ģirts Burgmanis, Jurģis Šķilters. Identitāte, paškategorizācija un vide: Latvija 2010 ...................................................... 16 Otrā nodaļa. Virtuālā vide 2.1. Līva Brice. Digitālais dzīves stāsts sociālās tīklošanas vietnēs ....................................28 2.2. Ilze Borodkina, Uldis Bojārs. Identitātes veidošanās kolektīvā naratīva konstrukcijas procesā ......................................................................................44 2.3. Ieva Baranova, Uldis Bojārs. Komunikācijas intereses un prakses virtuālajās spēļu kopienās: “Geocaching” gadījuma analīze ............................61 Trešā nodaļa. Identitāte, vide, socialā struktūra 4.1. Jānis Pencis, Jurģis Šķilters, Silva Seņkāne. Paškategorizācija, es, piederība un nacionālā identitāte. ..............................................83 4.2. Gido Seki (Guido Sechi), Jurģis Šķilters. Identitāte kā atkarīgais mainīgais sociālā kapitāla mērījumos. Sociālais kapitāls kā identitātes telpa. ..............................92 Ceturtā nodaļa. Arhitektūra, vide, kultūra: Gadījuma studijas 4.1. Jānis Krastiņš. Latviešu biedrību nami un kultūras nams “Ziemeļblāzma” ................101 4.2. Uģis Bratuškins, Sandra Treija. Bolderājas telpiskās vides identitāte ........................121 Summary............................................................................................................................. 133 1 NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE IEVADS Ikviens identitātes nesējs ir daļa no kādas konkrētas vides, sociokulturāla fona un attiecību struktūras. Šī krājuma izveides nolūks ir aptvert tos aspektus, kuros atklājas identitātes dažādas formas subjekta un vides mijiedarbībā. Protams, cits un visai sazarots jautājums ir: kas ir vide? Vēl cits jautājums ir – kā vidē atklājas identitāte? Un kas īsti ir identitāte? Šī krājuma gaitā tiks sniegtas dažādas atbildes uz minētajiem jautājumiem, tomēr pamatā kopīga būs iezīme, ka iden- titāte – it īpaši nacionālā – ir balstīta indivīda sākotnējos paškategorizācijas procesos, respektīvi, tajā, kā ikviens vides lietotājs identificē sevi un vietu, kurai viņš ir piederīgs. Vairumā rakstu šajā krājumā identitāte tiks interpretēta ka trīslīmeņu struktūra, kas aizsākas paškategorizācijā (t.i., izpratnē par to, kas ir pats subjekts, vides lietotājs), tālāk tiek transformēta vidēju sociālu kopienu (ģimenes locekļu, darba kolektīvu, interešu kopienu u. tml.) mijiedar- bībā un visbeidzot tiek lielu, globālu kopienu (kā, piemēram, nacionālās identitātes kopienu) ietekmēta. Vide lielākoties tiks raksturota kā šādu trīs komponentu mijiedarbība: (1) telpiskās ģeomet- riskās struktūras, (2) references ietvari, atkarīgi no subjekta vietas telpā un telpas struktūras, un (3) dažāda veida funkcionālām zināšanām, socioekonomiskās, politiskās ieskaitot. Domājot par mūsdienu mediju izaicinājumiem, vide un telpa ir interpretējamas arī specifis- kāk – kā virtuālā vai mediju pastarpinātā vide. Interesants jautājums, kura no vidēm – fiziskā vai virtuālā – ir psiholoģiski, kognitīvi reālāka un nozīmīgāka. Lai gan tas ir atsevišķa pētījuma uzdevums, tomēr mūsdienu cilvēka vide ir hibrīda struktūra, kura ir gan fiziska, gan virtuāla, turklāt nozīmīga ir tendence pieaugt psiholoģiskajam, kognitīvajam nozīmīgumam tieši virtuā- lajai vides daļai. Kā tieši fiziskā un virtuālā vide mijiedarbojas, ir jautājums, kas atbildams cita pētījuma ietvaros. Krājuma sākumdaļā tiek aplūkota ģeogrāfiskās vides un identitātes mijiedarbība, kur pārskata rakstā Jurģis Šķilters un Ģirts Burgmanis sniedz pētniecības rezultātu izvērstu iztirzājumu ar vienojošo motīvu – atbildi uz jautājumu, kā vides un identitātes mijiedarbībā notiek pāreja no fizikālās uz sociokognitīvo identitāti. Tālāk tiek sniegts pārskats pētījumam (Ģirts Burgmanis, Jurģis Šķilters: Identitāte, paškategorizācija un vide: Latvija 2010), kurā atklājas dažādi vides identitātes aspekti, balstoties pagājušajā gadā notikušas anketēšanas rezultātos. Krājuma otrā nodaļa veltīta virtuālās vides analīzei (Līvas Brices, Ilzes Borodkinas, Ievas Baranovas un Ulda Bojāra pētījumos), savukārt krājuma ceturtajā nodaļā sniegta vides un sociālās struktūras mijiedarbības analīze paškategorizācijas un pašidentifikācijas gadījumā (Silva Seņkāne, Jurģis Šķilters: Paškategorizācija, es, piederība un vide) un sociālā kapitāla gadījumā, metodoloģiski pieņemot, ka identitāte ir atkarīgais mainīgais un no šī viedokļa modelējot t.s. identitātes sociālo struktūru un telpu (Gido Seki (Guido Sechi), Jurģis Šķilters: Identitāte kā atkarīgais mainīgais, mērot sociālo kapitālu: Sociālais kapitāls kā identitātes telpa.) Krājumu noslēdz divas gadījuma studijas, kurās vides un identitātes mijiedarbība skatīta konkrētu pilsētvides piemēru gadījumā (Jānis Krastiņš: Latviešu biedrību nami un kultūras nams “Ziemeļblāzma”, Uģis Bratuškins un Sandra Treija: Bolderājas telpiskās vides identitāte.) Visbeidzot vēlētos izteikt pateicību cilvēkiem, bez kuru atbalsta grāmatas tapšana nebūtu iedomājama: prof. Intai Brikšei, doc. Gitai Blauai, dekānam prof. Jurim Rozenvaldam, prof. Zaigai Krišjā- nei (ĢZZF). Gribu izteikt pateicību arī Laurai Ardavai un Ievai Bitei, bez kuru tehniskā atbalsta šis krājums nebūtu tapis. Krājuma autoru vārdā izsaku pateicību valodas redaktorei Ilzei Janso- nei par kvalitatīvo un konstruktīvo sadarbību.Visbeidzot paldies rakstu recenzentiem Skaidrītei Lasmanei un Viktoram Freibergam par vērtīgajām piezīmēm un viedokļiem. Jurģis Šķilters 2 NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE PIRMĀ NODAĻA. ĢEOGRĀFISKĀ VIDE UN IDENTITĀTE 3 NACIONĀLĀ IDENTITĀTE UN VIDE Jurģis Šķilters Dr. phil., LU Sociālo zinātņu fakultātes asociētais profesors un Sociālo un politisko pētījumu institūta vadošais pētnieks, Kognitīvo zinātņu un semantikas centra direktors Ģirts Burgmanis Mg.sc.geog., LU Ģeogrāfijas un zemes zinātņu fakultāte ĢEOGRĀFISKĀ VIDE UN IDENTITĀTE Rakstā aplūkoti telpiskās uztveres un vides uztveres faktori, kas ietekmē vides sociokognitīvās identitātes veido- šanos. Kā noteicoši rakstā aplūkoti sekojoši faktori: (1) ģeometriskās struktūras, (2) funkcionālās zināšanas un (3) references ietvari. Identitātes vides un telpiskās ietekmes rodas, minētajām trim faktoru grupām pārklājoties. Tālāk rakstā tiek diskutēts par t.s. kognitīvo enkuru (nozīmīgu vietu un ceļu loma) telpisko identitāti veidošanās procesos. Īpaši akcentēta ir t.s. vietas egocentriskā uztvere, kā arī valodas loma telpiskajā uztverē. Raksta pēdējā daļā sniegts pārskats diskusijai par vides aprakstošo un navigācijai piemēroto komponenti. Noslēgumā tiek sniegts pamatojums ķermeniskās pieredzes un vides nepieciešamajam saistījumam vides uztverē. Raksta secinājumiem ir būtiska nozīme fizikālo un virtuālo telpu funkcionālā analīzē. Centrālā tēze, kas rakstā aplūkota – telpas uztvere radikāli transformē t.s. objektīvi esošo tēlu un pārveido to sociokognitīvā struktūrā –, var tikt izmantota dažādos pētījumos. Atslēgvārdi: telpiskie un vides kognitīvie procesi, sociokognitīvie faktori, kognitīvie enkuri. Vide un identitāte: no fizikālās uz sociokognitīvo identitāti Dažādas vides mijiedarbojas. Fizikālā, virtuālā un kognitīvā ir tikai trīs no vidēm, ar kurām mēs neizbēgami saskaramies ikdienā. Gan fizikālā, gan arī virtuālā vide tiek aptverta ar mūsu uztveres un – plašākā nozīmē – kognitīvās vides starpniecību un palīdzību. Turklāt arī virtuālā vide ietekmē to, kā mēs uztveram t.s. fizikālo un ģeogrāfisko vidi. Šeit, protams, rodas būtisks jautājums, vai eksistē tādas telpiskās uztveres pamatkomponentes, kas ir raksturīgas jebkādas vides uztverei.1 Vairums pētījumu patiešām liecina, ka pastāv telpiskās uztveres pamatstruktūras, kas funkcionē gan fizikālajā gan virtuālajā, gan arī, piemēram, sociālo attiecību vidē. Vismaz divas no komponentēm – vietas un tās saistošie ceļi jeb takas2 – ir kopīgas dažāda veida vides uztverē un ir nepieciešams (bet, protams, ne pietiekams nosacījums) vides un telpiskās identitātes veidošanai. Vides un telpiskās uztveres struktūru, protams, nosaka arī dažādas sociokulturālas zināšanas, kādas esam ieguvuši mijiedarbības ar vidi rezultātā. Visbeidzot arī mūsu novietojums telpā vismaz daļēji ietekmē vides struktūru un identitātes veidošanos. Interesanti, ka vide arī t.s. ģeogrāfiskajā nozīmē ietver gan ģeogrāfiskus, gan arī uztveres ģenerētus neģeogrāfiskus faktorus, piemēram, izjūtas, emocijas, zināšanas par notikumiem un personām. Lai gan ikviena vide ir uztveres ietekmēta un ikviena vide ir vismaz daļēji fizikāli transformēta, tomēr mēs piešķiram nozīmi videi, arī to fiziski
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