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THE FEDERALIST of George Washington’S Presidency in the Formation of the New Nation

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THE FEDERALIST of George Washington’S Presidency in the Formation of the New Nation APTE CH R NGSSS SS.8.A.3.12 Examine the influences THE FEDERALIST of George Washington’s presidency in the formation of the new nation. 9 SS.8.A.3.13 Explain major domestic and international economic, ERA military, political, and socio-cultural events of John Adams’s presidency. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are the characteristics of a leader? How does conflict develop? How do governments change? Abigail Adams wrote this letter to her husband, John Adams, in 1797, just after he was elected president. She wrote from their home in Quincy, Massachusetts. Quincy Febry 8 1797 . My“ feelings are not those of pride, or ostentation upon the occasion. They are solemnized by a sense of the obligations, the important Trusts and Numerous Duties connected with it, that you may PHOTO: Stock Montage/Getty Images be enabled to discharge them with Honour to yourself, with justice and impartiality to your Country, and with satisfaction to this great people . ” ostentation What context clues are givenostentation that help? you know the definition of Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. DBQ BREAKING IT DOWN In the space below, write your own letter to a newly elected president, imagining that an election has just taken place and that the new president has not yet entered the office. Give the new president your advice on how to be a good leader. netw rksTM There’s More Online! The Federalist Era Chapter 9 151 151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 151 9/15/11 10:54 AM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.12 Examine the influences N of George Washington’s presidency SO S in the formation of the new nation. E L THE FIRST 1 PRESIDENT Essential Question What are the characteristics of a leader? Guiding Questions 1. What decisions did President Washington and the new Congress have to make about the new government? 2. How did the economy develop under the guidance of Alexander Hamilton? Where in the World? Worl ? Terms to Know The United States: 1790 precedent Disputedtte betweebetween Disputed between Northwest Territory Massachusetts something done that Rupert’s Land and Rupert’s Land and Colony of New becomes an example (Great Britain) (Great Britain) Brunswick PACIFIC (Great Britain) for others to follow Disputed between OCEAN New York and Vermont Mass. UNCLAIMED N cabinet TERRITORY N.H. Louisiana New Mass. York E a group of advisers 40°N (Spain) Claimed by Connecticut R.I. W for the president Penn. Conn. Northwest N.J. S Territory Del. bond New Spain Md. ATLANTIC (Spain) Virginia OCEAN a paper note that is a promise North Unorganized Carolina to repay borrowed money at Territory 0 400 miles South Carolina 0 400 km some point in the future—plus Georgia 30°NN 120°W Lambert Azimuthal some additional amount of Equal-Area projection money, called interest States East Florida Disputed (Spain) Territories between West Florida United States and Other countries (Spain) West Florida Disputed areas Gulf of Mexico 80°W 100°W 90°W 70°W When Did It Happen? Copyright 1789–17971 1797–18011 GeorgeG Washington JohnJo Adams © by T he Mc G raw -H i ll 1780 1785 1790 1795 1800 Companies 1789 Washington becomes 1791 first president, , I Bill of Rights added to nc. Judiciary Act passes Constitution 152 Chapter 9 The Federalist Era 151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 152 9/15/11 10:54 AM netw rksTM Read Chapter 9 Lesson 1 in your textbook or online. Washington Takes Office George Washington was the first president of the United States. He knew that the precedents, or traditions, he established would be important. They would shape the future of the country and the government. With Congress, Washington created departments within the executive branch. Washington and Congress also set up the court system. Congress added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. The executive branch began with three departments George Washington was and two offices. This was called the president’s cabinet. inaugurated as president in 1789. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a federal court system. It had district courts at the lowest level, courts of appeal at the middle level, and the Supreme Court, which was at the Think Critically top of the court system. It would be the final authority on many issues. State courts and laws remained intact. However, 1. Explain Why do you think it the federal courts had the power to reverse state decisions. was important to set up a federal court system? The first ten amendments, or changes, to the Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. They limit the powers of government. They also protect individual liberties. PHOTO: MPI/Getty Image Department Head Function or Office Managed foreign State Department Thomas Jefferson relations Department of the Alexander Handled financial Mark the Text Treasury Hamilton matters 2.2 Identify Id tif UnderlineU d li ththeh Provided for the sentence that describes what Department of War Henry Knox nation’s defense made up the executive branch, or George Washington’s cabinet. Edmund Handled legal Attorney General Randolph affairs Managed postal Think Critically Postmaster General Benjamin Franklin system 3. Summarize What were three important actions taken by President Washington and Congress? The New Economy The new United States faced serious financial problems. The national debt—the amount of money owed by the nation’s government—was growing. Alexander Hamilton was secretary of the treasury. He worked to solve the nation’s Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. financial problems. The First President Lesson 1 153 151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 153 9/15/11 10:55 AM Think Critically During the Revolutionary War, the confederation government had borrowed a large amount of money. It had 4. Analyze Why do you think Alexander Hamilton wanted issued bonds. These are paper notes promising to pay back to pay back the bonds from money in a certain length of time. Hamilton argued that the the confederation government? United States should pay back money borrowed from other countries. He also wanted to pay back individual American citizens. Hamilton believed that the national government should also pay the war debts of the states. Some people opposed Hamilton’s plan. Many bondholders were worried that they would never be paid back. In order to get some money for their bonds, they had sold their bonds to speculators for less than the bonds were worth. Speculators hoped to make money later if the government finally paid back the bonds. The original bondholders were concerned that speculators would get rich and the bondholders would get nothing. Southern states also complained about the plan to pay state war debts. They had built up much less debt than Show Your Skill the Northern states. They argued that the plan would make 5. Draw Conclusions Why did them pay more than their share. southern states oppose Hamilton’s Hamilton worked out a compromise with Southern leaders. plan to pay off state war debts? If they voted for his plan, he would support locating the new nation’s capital in the South. A new district called Washington, D.C., would be created between Virginia and Maryland. To help build a strong national economy, Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank. It would issue a single type of money for use in all states. Some people opposed the idea, but Washington agreed with Hamilton. A national bank called the Bank of the United States was created. Hamilton also proposed a tariff that would help protect Take the Challenge American products. A tariff is a tax on goods bought from foreign countries. It makes products from other nations more 6. Make an advertisement to gain support for locating the United expensive than ones made at home. This protective tariff would States capital in Washington, D.C. help American companies compete against foreign companies. Hamilton’s Actions • Paid back bonds • Created Bank of the United States Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. • Introduced a protective tariff to help U.S. companies • Supported locating the nation’s capital in the South NGSSS Check Identify two ways that George Washington used the office of president to shape the formation of the new nation. SS.8.A.3.12 154 Chapter 9 The Federalist Era 151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 154 9/15/11 10:55 AM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.12 Examine the influences N of George Washington’s presidency SO S in the formation of the new nation. E L EARLY 2 CHALLENGES Essential Question Why does conflict develop? Guiding Questions 1. What challenges on the frontier did the new government face? 2. Why did President Washington want to remain neutral in foreign conflicts? Terms to Know What Do You Know? impressment the practice of seizing Reflect on what you have already learned and look forward to what you are about to read. Make people and forcing them predictions in response to the questions below. Check your answers after you read the lesson. into government service; in this case it was Great Britain forcing American Why might the new government of the United States face challenges on the frontier? crews into the British navy. Why might President Washington want to stay out of conflicts between foreign nations? When Did It Happen? 17931 17941 17951 17961 BritainB Jay’sJa Treatyy Pinckney’sP Washington’sW aand France TTreaty FFarewell ggo to war AAddress 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Challenges Lesson 2 155 151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 155 3/24/11 12:18 PM Show Your Skill netw rksTM Read Chapter 9 Lesson 2 in your textbook or online. 1. Classify Information What three European countries were Trouble in the New Nation involved in American affairs? The new government faced many challenges, or demanding situations.
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