THE FEDERALIST of George Washington’S Presidency in the Formation of the New Nation

APTE CH R NGSSS SS.8.A.3.12 Examine the influences THE FEDERALIST of George Washington’s presidency in the formation of the new nation. 9 SS.8.A.3.13 Explain major domestic and international economic, ERA military, political, and socio-cultural events of John Adams’s presidency. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are the characteristics of a leader? How does conflict develop? How do governments change?

Abigail Adams wrote this letter to her husband, John Adams, in 1797, just after he was elected president. She wrote from their home in Quincy, Massachusetts. Quincy Febry 8 1797 . . . My“ feelings are not those of pride, or ostentation upon the occasion. They are solemnized by a sense of the obligations, the important Trusts and Numerous Duties connected with it, that you may PHOTO: Stock Montage/Getty Images be enabled to discharge them with Honour to yourself, with justice and impartiality to your Country, and with satisfaction to this great people . . . ” ostentation What context clues are givenostentation that help? you know the definition of

DBQ BREAKING IT DOWN In the space below, write your own letter to a newly elected president, imagining that an election has just taken place and that the new president has not yet entered the office. Give the new president your advice on how to be a good leader.

netw rksTM There’s More Online!

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 151 9/15/11 10:54 AM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.12 Examine the influences N of George Washington’s presidency SO S in the formation of the new nation. E L THE FIRST 1 PRESIDENT

Essential Question What are the characteristics of a leader?

Guiding Questions 1. What decisions did President Washington and the new Congress have to make about the new government? 2. How did the economy develop under the guidance of Alexander Hamilton?

Where in the World? Worl ? Terms to Know The United States: 1790

precedent Disputedtte betweebetween Disputed between Northwest Territory Massachusetts something done that Rupert’s Land and Rupert’s Land and Colony of New becomes an example (Great Britain) (Great Britain) Brunswick PACIFIC (Great Britain) for others to follow Disputed between OCEAN New York and Vermont Mass. UNCLAIMED N cabinet TERRITORY N.H. Louisiana New Mass. York E a group of advisers 40°N (Spain) Claimed by Connecticut R.I. W for the president Penn. Conn. Northwest N.J. S Territory Del. bond New Spain Md. ATLANTIC (Spain) Virginia OCEAN a paper note that is a promise North Unorganized Carolina to repay borrowed money at Territory 0 400 miles South Carolina 0 400 km some point in the future—plus Georgia 30°NN 120°W Lambert Azimuthal some additional amount of Equal-Area projection

money, called interest States East Florida Disputed (Spain) Territories between West Florida United States and Other countries (Spain) West Florida Disputed areas Gulf of Mexico 80°W 100°W 90°W 70°W When Did It Happen? Copyright 1789–17971 1797–18011 GeorgeG Washington JohnJo Adams © by T he Mc G raw -H i ll Companies ll 1780 1785 1790 1795 1800 1789 Washington becomes 1791

first president, , I Bill of Rights added to nc. Judiciary Act passes Constitution

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 152 9/15/11 10:54 AM netw rksTM Read Chapter 9 Lesson 1 in your textbook or online. Washington Takes Office George Washington was the first president of the United States. He knew that the precedents, or traditions, he established would be important. They would shape the future of the country and the government. With Congress, Washington created departments within the executive branch. Washington and Congress also set up the court system. Congress added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. The executive branch began with three departments George Washington was and two offices. This was called the president’s cabinet. inaugurated as president in 1789. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a federal court system. It had district courts at the lowest level, courts of appeal at the middle level, and the Supreme Court, which was at the Think Critically top of the court system. It would be the final authority on many issues. State courts and laws remained intact. However, 1. Explain Why do you think it the federal courts had the power to reverse state decisions. was important to set up a federal court system? The first ten amendments, or changes, to the Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. They limit the powers of government. They also protect individual liberties.

PHOTO: MPI/Getty Image Department Head Function or Office

Managed foreign State Department Thomas Jefferson relations

Department of the Alexander Handled financial Mark the Text Treasury Hamilton matters 2.2 Identify Id tif UnderlineU d li ththeh Provided for the sentence that describes what Department of War Henry Knox nation’s defense made up the executive branch, or George Washington’s cabinet. Edmund Handled legal Attorney General Randolph affairs

Managed postal Think Critically Postmaster General Benjamin Franklin system 3. Summarize What were three important actions taken by President Washington and Congress? The New Economy The new United States faced serious financial problems. The national debt—the amount of money owed by the nation’s government—was growing. Alexander Hamilton was secretary of the treasury. He worked to solve the nation’s

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 153 9/15/11 10:55 AM Think Critically During the Revolutionary War, the confederation government had borrowed a large amount of money. It had 4. Analyze Why do you think Alexander Hamilton wanted issued bonds. These are paper notes promising to pay back to pay back the bonds from money in a certain length of time. Hamilton argued that the the confederation government? United States should pay back money borrowed from other countries. He also wanted to pay back individual American citizens. Hamilton believed that the national government should also pay the war debts of the states. Some people opposed Hamilton’s plan. Many bondholders were worried that they would never be paid back. In order to get some money for their bonds, they had sold their bonds to speculators for less than the bonds were worth. Speculators hoped to make money later if the government finally paid back the bonds. The original bondholders were concerned that speculators would get rich and the bondholders would get nothing. Southern states also complained about the plan to pay state war debts. They had built up much less debt than Show Your Skill the Northern states. They argued that the plan would make 5. Draw Conclusions Why did them pay more than their share. southern states oppose Hamilton’s Hamilton worked out a compromise with Southern leaders. plan to pay off state war debts? If they voted for his plan, he would support locating the new nation’s capital in the South. A new district called Washington, D.C., would be created between Virginia and Maryland. To help build a strong national economy, Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank. It would issue a single type of money for use in all states. Some people opposed the idea, but Washington agreed with Hamilton. A national bank called the Bank of the United States was created. Hamilton also proposed a tariff that would help protect Take the Challenge American products. A tariff is a tax on goods bought from foreign countries. It makes products from other nations more 6. Make an advertisement to gain support for locating the United expensive than ones made at home. This protective tariff would States capital in Washington, D.C. help American companies compete against foreign companies.

Hamilton’s Actions • Paid back bonds • Created Bank of the United States Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright • Introduced a protective tariff to help U.S. companies • Supported locating the nation’s capital in the South

NGSSS Check Identify two ways that George Washington used the office of president to shape the formation of the new nation. SS.8.A.3.12

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 154 9/15/11 10:55 AM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.12 Examine the influences N of George Washington’s presidency SO S in the formation of the new nation. E L EARLY 2 CHALLENGES

Essential Question Why does conflict develop?

Guiding Questions 1. What challenges on the frontier did the new government face? 2. Why did President Washington want to remain neutral in foreign conflicts?

Terms to Know What Do You Know? impressment the practice of seizing Reflect on what you have already learned and look forward to what you are about to read. Make people and forcing them predictions in response to the questions below. Check your answers after you read the lesson. into government service; in this case it was Great Britain forcing American Why might the new government of the United States face challenges on the frontier? crews into the British navy.

Why might President Washington want to stay out of conflicts between foreign nations?

When Did It Happen?

17931 17941 17951 17961 BritainB Jay’sJa Treatyy Pinckney’sP Washington’sW aand France TTreaty FFarewell ggo to war AAddress

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 155 3/24/11 12:18 PM Show Your Skill netw rksTM Read Chapter 9 Lesson 2 in your textbook or online. 1. Classify Information What three European countries were Trouble in the New Nation involved in American affairs? The new government faced many challenges, or demanding situations. In western Pennsylvania farmers objected to a tax on whiskey. An armed mob attacked tax collectors. They burned down buildings. This armed protest was called the Whiskey Rebellion. It worried government leaders. President Washington and his advisers decided to crush the challenge Mark the Text using the army. This action sent a message to people: The 2.2 UnderlineU d li theh sentence thatthh t government would use force when necessary to maintain, describes the impact of the U.S. or keep, order. government’s actions during In the Northwest Territory, Native Americans resisted the Whiskey Rebellion. American settlers who were moving west. Washington signed treaties with the Native Americans. He hoped to keep the Native Americans free of British or Spanish influence. Show Your Skill American settlers ignored the treaties. They moved into 3. Draw Conclusions How did lands promised to the Native Americans. Fighting broke settlers moving west react to out. Washington sent General Arthur St. Clair to restore the treaties signed by Native order, but St. Clair was defeated. Americans? PHOTO: North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Picture Wind North PHOTO:

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 156 3/24/11 12:18 PM Britain and France wanted to involve the United States Take the Challenge in their own conflicts. The British were afraid that the United 4. Draw a mental map of the United States would take sides with France. They asked Native States, and label four areas where Americans to attack American settlements west of the the United States faced conflicts. Appalachian Mountains. Washington sent an army under Anthony Wayne. The army defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Native Americans signed the Treaty of Greenville, agreeing to give up most of the land in what is now Ohio.

Conflicts

Where? Who? What happened?

Whiskey Rebellion crushed Western Pennsylvania Farmers and others by Washington

Defeated by Native Northwest Territory Arthur St. Clair Americans

West of Appalachian Asked Native Americans to British mountains attack American settlers

Defeated Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Ohio Anthony Wayne Timbers; Native Americans signed Treaty of Greenville

Problems with Europe Britain and France went to war in 1793. Some Americans sided with France and others supported Britain. Washington hoped that the United States could maintain its neutrality. That means not taking sides in a conflict. The French tried to get American volunteers to attack British ships. In response, President Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. It prohibited American citizens from fighting in the war. It also barred French and British warships from American ports. The British captured American ships that traded with the French. They forced the American crews into the British navy. This practice was called impressment. It angered the Americans. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 157 3/24/11 12:18 PM Mark the Text Washington sent John Jay to work out a peaceful solution with Britain. Jay proposed a treaty. In the terms of Jay’s Treaty, 5.5 CircleCi l two agreements thatthh t the United States made with the British would agree to withdraw from American soil. The foreign countries. treaty did not deal with the problems of impressment, however. It also did not deal with British interference with American trade. Jay’s Treaty was unpopular, but the Senate approved it. Think Critically Spanish leaders feared that the United States and Great Britain would work together against them in North America. 6. Cause and Effect What was the result of Pinckney’s Treaty? Thomas Pinckney went to Spain to settle the differences between the United States and Spain. In 1795 he proposed a treaty that said Americans could travel on the Mississippi River. Pinckney’s Treaty also gave Americans the right to trade in New Orleans.

Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty • British agreed to leave • Between Spain and the American soil United States • Did not deal with • Gave Americans right impressment to travel the Mississippi • Did not deal with British River interfering with American • Gave Americans right to trade trade at New Orleans • Unpopular

Washington decided to retire and not run for a third term. In his farewell address to the nation, Washington said, “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. . . .” In his last speech, he warned the country not to get involved in foreign problems. He also warned against creating political parties. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright

NGSSS Check How did Washington influence the new nation’s foreign policy? SS.8.A.3.12

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 158 3/24/11 12:18 PM NGSSS SS.8.A.3.13 Explain major domestic N and international economic, SO S military, political, and socio-cultural E events of John Adams’s presidency. L THE FIRST 3 POLITICAL PARTIES

Essential Question How do governments change?

Guiding Questions 1. How did different opinions lead to the first political parties? 2. What important events occurred during the presidency of John Adams?

Terms to Know When Did It Happen? partisan one who favors one party or faction 17981798 17991799 17961 17971797 AlienAlien andand SeditionSedition Acts VirginiaVirginia and KentuckyKentuck caucus PresidentialP XYZ affairaffair ResResolutionsolutions eelection VirginiaVirginia anandd KentuckyKentu a meeting of members ResolutionsResolutions of a political party to choose candidates for upcoming elections aliens 1796 1797 1798 1799 people living in a country who are not citizens of that country sedition What Do You Know? activities aimed at weakening the established Directions: Before you read the lesson, circle if you think the United States had good or government by inciting poor relationships with each of these countries when George Washington left office. Revisit your answers after you complete this lesson. resistance or rebellion nullify Before Reading the Lesson After Reading the Lessonesson to legally overturn states’ rights the idea that states Good Poor France Good Poor should have all powers that the Constitution does not give to the Good Poor Spain Good Poor federal government or forbid to the states Good Poor Britain Good Poor Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 159 9/15/11 10:55 AM Mark the Text netw rksTM Read Chapter 10 Lesson 1 in your textbook or online. 1.1 UUnderlined li theh sentences thatthh t describe two opinions about Opposing Parties political parties. Which opinion President Washington warned against political parties. do you agree with? Why? He feared that political parties would divide the nation. Others thought that it was natural for people to disagree about issues. By 1796 Americans were beginning to separate into opposing groups. In Washington’s cabinet, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson often took opposing sides. They disagreed about economic policy and foreign relations. They disagreed about how much power the federal government should have. They also disagreed on how to interpret the Constitution. Even Show Your Skill Washington was partisan—favoring one side of an issue. 2. Classify Information Name While Washington believed he stood above politics, he usually the first two political parties and supported Hamilton’s positions. The two political parties that the leader of each. What are the formed were called Federalists and Republicans. two major political parties in Florida today? Federalists Republicans

Headed by Alexander Hamilton Headed by Thomas Jefferson

Supported government Feared strong central government by representatives controlled by only a few people PHOTO: North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Picture Wind North PHOTO: Believed government only had Believed government had broad powers specifically mentioned powers implied by the Constitution in the Constitution

Jefferson and Hamilton were both in Washington’s cabinet. They disagreed on many things, but Washington sought the advice of each

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 160 3/24/11 12:19 PM In 1796 there was a presidential election. Before the election, Think Critically the two parties held meetings called caucuses. At the caucuses, 3. Explain Who were the people members of Congress and other leaders chose their parties’ that President Adams referred candidates for office. to as X, Y, and Z? The Federalists nominated John Adams for president. The Republicans chose Thomas Jefferson. This was the first time candidates identified themselves as members of political parties. Adams received 71 electoral votes to win the election. Jefferson finished second with 68 votes. Under the Constitution at that time, the person with the second-highest number of electoral votes became vice president. Jefferson thus became the new vice president. The new government in 1797 had a Federalist president and a Republican vice president.

John Adams as President When Adams became president, France and the United States were still in conflict. The French thought that Jay’s Treaty allowed Americans to help the British. The French seized American ships that carried goods to Britain. In 1797 Adams sent a team to Paris to try to end the dispute. The French foreign minister refused to meet with the Americans. Instead, he sent three agents. They demanded a bribe from America. They also demanded a loan for France. When Adams heard about the meetings, he was angry. He called the three French agents “X, Y, and Z.” Adams urged Congress to prepare for war. The incident became known as the XYZ affair. PHOTO: Fine Art/Corbis President John Adams was the second president of the United States. He faced challenges in foreign affairs not long after taking office. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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151_164_DOPA_WB_C09_661734.indd 161 3/24/11 12:19 PM Show Your Skill People were angry with France. Americans became more suspicious of aliens. Aliens are immigrants living in a country 4. Draw Conclusions Why were the Alien and Sedition who are not citizens of that country. Federalists passed strict laws Acts passed? to protect the nation’s security. In 1798 they passed a group of measures known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. Sedition refers to activities that weaken the government. The Alien Act allowed the president to put aliens in prison. He could also send them out of the country if he thought they were dangerous. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were passed in 1798 and 1799. They claimed that the Alien and Sedition

Acts violated the Constitution. States should not put them into action. The Kentucky Resolution also suggested that Take the Challenge states might nullify, or legally overturn, federal laws that they thought violated the Constitution. 5. Write a request to your teacher The resolutions supported the idea of states’ rights. This about a school or classroom rule idea says that the powers of the federal government should you think should be nullified. be limited. Its powers should be only those clearly given to it by the Constitution. The states should have all other powers except those clearly forbidden by the Constitution. The issue of states’ rights would remain important in the future.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Inspired

NGSSS Check Identify one important domestic and one international event that took place during the presidency of John Adams, and explain your choices. SS.8.A.3.13

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the characteristics of a leader? Reflect on What It Means . . . Leaders are always in demand in business, politics, and in many other areas of life. But people sometimes wonder what it takes to be a leader. You will use words and images to summarize the characteristics of leaders close to home and across the world.

To My Community and the World In the space below, put together an inspirational collage of examples of good leaders. Try to find quotations from or about these leaders to include in your collage. Your quotations should show what traits make each man or woman an especially good leader. Include leaders from your local community and state, leaders from other parts of the United States, and leaders from around the world.

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9 (continued)

To Me Based on the examples of the leaders you have chosen, write a saying or slogan for yourself that will inspire you to be a leader in your daily life. Write why that saying or slogan has meaning for you. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © by Copyright

TAKE THE CHALLENGE As a class, create a “Leadership Quote of the Day” display board and post it in your classroom. Each person should be responsible for finding a quote for the display board.

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