Section 4 Step-by-Step Instruction Make Haste to Wage War SECTION SECTION “We must make haste to wage war, or we shall be lost. . . . Something energetic and decisive must be Review and Preview 4 done soon. Congress fiddles while our Rome is Students have read about the course set burning. America . . . can interdict [prohibit] France for the nation by President Washington. the ocean.” They will now read how foreign pres- sures affected President ’s —Fisher Ames, urging war with France, 1798 administration.

ᮤ French ship attacking an American ship

Section Focus Question The Presidency of John Adams

How did problems with France Objectives Why It Matters John Adams succeeded Washington as intensify the split between the •Discuss the reasons for tensionbetween the President. He struggled to reduce the country’s divisions Federalists and Republicans? United States and France. and to steer a neutral course in foreign policy. Before you begin the lesson for the day, • Describe the main provisions of the Alien and Section Focus Question: How did problems with France write the Section Focus Question on the Sedition acts. intensify the split between the Federalists and Republicans? board. (Lesson focus: Political divisions grew • Explain how controversy arose over states’ bitter during the presidency of John Adams, as rights. Troubles With France he struggled to keep peace with France.) Adams immediately faced a crisis over relations with Reading Skill France. The French were angered by U.S. neutrality in the war between France and Britain. France had hoped for U.S. Prepare to Read Identify Analogies In an analogy, two pairs support. Had not French assistance been the key to success of items are connected with the same sort of in the ? Why didn’t Americans show comparison. For example, both pairs might Build Background their gratitude by helping the French now? compare synonyms, or words with similar Knowledge L2 The only increased tensions with France. As the meanings. You must understand the comparison Ask students to preview the headings and between the first pair in order to complete the French saw it, the treaty put the United States on Britain’s side. visuals in the section. Use the Give One, comparison between the second pair. Some France reacted late in 1796 by snubbing a U.S. diplomat. More- Get One strategy (TE, p. T25) to help stu- common types of analogies are cause-effect, over, the French continued to attack American merchant ships. antonyms, and synonyms. dents create a list of what they predict they The XYZ Affair In 1797, Adams sent a new three-person will learn. mission to France. Agents of the French government Key Terms demanded that the United States pay a bribe of $250,000. Set a Purpose alien nullify The agents also wanted the United States to lend France I Read each statement in the Reading sedition states’ rights several million dollars. Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to The Americans said they would pay “not a sixpence [a mark the statements True or False. coin worth six pennies].” Later, that statement led to the slogan, “Millions for defense, but not one sixpence for Teaching Resources, Unit 3, tribute [a forced payment].” Reading Readiness Guide, p. 20 The bribe attempt was a sensation when it became public. I Have students discuss the statements in Because the names of the French agents were kept secret, they pairs or groups of four, then mark their were called X, Y, and Z. The incident became known as the worksheets again. Use the Numbered XYZ Affair. Heads strategy (TE, p. T24) to call on 298 Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation students to share their group’s perspec- tives. The students will return to these worksheets later. Differentiated Instruction

L3 L3 Advanced Readers Gifted and Talented Group Activity Form small groups to point. Students should consider the fears work together to create a media campaign and concerns that arose as people learned to persuade people to support or oppose the details of the affair. Campaigns should President Adams’s handling of the XYZ also take into account that although Affair. Assign a position for each group. Adams was a Federalist, all Federalists did Have each group create a button, a print not support his decisions. Have students advertisement, and a one-minute present their work to the class. announcement to communicate its view-

298 Chapter 8 War Fever The XYZ Affair caused an outbreak of war fever in Identify Analogies the United States. Many Federalists demanded that Adams ask The phrase war fever is an Teach

Congress to declare war on France. analogy. Think about what having a fever does to a person’s With war fever rising, Adams asked Congress to increase the size body. How is that similar to what Troubles With France of the army and rebuild the navy. It did both, thus enhancing the the desire for war might do to the power of the central government. Adams also convinced Congress to country? p. 298 create a separate department of the navy. Between 1798 and 1800, the Instruction L2 United States fought an undeclared naval war with France. I Nonetheless, the President and many other Americans opposed a Vocabulary Builder Before teaching full-scale war. To avoid war, Adams sent a new mission to France. this section, preteach the High-Use Bonaparte, France’s dictator, was busy dealing with war in Words duration and provoke using the Europe. In 1800, he agreed to stop seizing American ships. strategy on TE p. T21. President Adams had avoided war. But the agreement angered Key Terms Have students complete the leaders of his own , especially the pro-British See It–Remember It chart for the Key Hamilton. This disapproval weakened Adams politically. Terms in this chapter. Still, Adams was satisfied. He told a friend that he wanted his I tombstone to read: “Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself Read Troubles with France aloud with the responsibility of peace with France in the year 1800.” students, using the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE, p. T22). How did Adams settle differences with France? I Ask: What issues caused increased ten- sion in the United States between 1793 The and 1797? (the failure of the United States The war fever deepened the split between Federalists and Repub- to ally itself with France during the war licans. Federalists’ fear of revolutionary France spilled over into a between France and Britain; Jay’s Treaty) mistrust of immigrants. Federalists suspected them of bringing in Ask: Why did the XYZ Affair anger dangerous ideas and feared that they would back the Republicans. Americans so much? (The United States had approached France to negotiate, and The Five-Headed Monster Americans felt that France had responded unfairly.) I Ask: Why do you think the Federalists The five-headed were angry at Adams for avoiding war monster represents with France? (Students may suggest that the French France’s attack on American merchant ships government. and the XYZ Affair angered Americans. The three American Also, the Federalists tended to support Brit- representatives declare, ain in that country’s struggles with France.) "Cease bawling, Monster! We will not give you Independent Practice sixpence." Have students begin filling in the study guide for this section. Interactive Reading and

Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, (a) Explain What does the five-headed Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.) creature want? The XYZ Affair stirred anti-French feeling in (b) Detect Points of View What opinion the United States. This 1798 cartoon shows a do you think the cartoonist has of the Monitor Progress five-headed creature demanding a bribe French government? What evidence from the three American representatives (at left). supports your view? As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate and make sure individuals understand how Adams dealt with the Section 4 The Presidency of John Adams 299 tensions between the United States and France. Provide assistance as needed. Answers Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words. Reading Skill fevers spread

High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence throughout a person’s body, as the desire for war spread throughout the country duration, p. 300 n. length of time He compromised to avoid Civilians faced hardships for the duration of the war. war. provoke, p. 301 v. to cause to anger; to excite; to cause an action When France seized U.S. ships, it must have known that its actions Reading Political Cartoons (a) money would provoke great anger among the American people. from the Americans (b) The cartoonist has a negative view of the French government; he drew the country as a monster. Chapter 8 Section 4 299 The Alien and Sedition Acts p. 299 New Life for a Debate Arguments for States’ Rights Arguments for Federal Power Passage of the Alien and The federal government Sedition acts renewed the States’ Rights derives its power from debate over federal versus p. 300 state power. Jefferson and rights given to it by the Madison wrote the states. Instruction L2 and Because the states created I Read The Alien and Sedition Acts aloud resolutions in defense of states’ rights. Critical the United States, individual with students. Thinking: Detect Points states have the power to nullify a federal law. I of View According to Have students complete the worksheet defenders of states’ rights in Debating the Alien Act. Ask them to 1798, what could states do if compare and contrast how each party they disliked a federal law? viewed the power of the federal govern- Trouble on the Horizon ment. (Federalists—strong federal govern- Within 25 years of the Alien and Sedition acts, people in New ment; Republicans—limited power of federal England and South Carolina would threaten to leave the Union government) because they either disagreed with American foreign policy or opposed laws passed by Congress. Teaching Resources, Unit 3,

Debating the Alien Act, p. 24 I Ask: Why were the Virginia and Ken- tucky resolutions passed? (Because Federalist leaders decided that to restore order at home they must Republicans were not sure the Supreme destroy their political opponents. Congress passed a group of laws in Court could declare laws unconstitutional, 1798 aimed at immigrants. Another 1798 law targeted Republicans. they wanted the states to end the Alien and The laws directed at immigrants were the Alien Act. An alien is Sedition Acts.) What was the long-term Vocabulary Builder an outsider or someone from another country. The Alien Act impact of these resolutions? (They duration (doo RAY shun) n. length increased the duration from 5 to 14 years that a person had to live in strengthened the arguments for states’ of time the United States to become a citizen. The President gained the power rights, the claim that states could overrule to deport or imprison any alien he considered dangerous. federal laws.) The law targeting Republicans was the Sedition Act. Sedition is activity designed to overthrow a government. The Sedition Act prob- Independent Practice ably was the harshest law limiting free speech ever passed in the United Have students continue filling in the study States. It made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything insulting or guide for this section. anything false about the President, Congress, or the government in general. During 1798 and 1799, ten people were convicted under the act. Monitor Progress Most were Republican editors and printers. What did the Alien and Sedition acts do? I As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate and make sure students understand the Alien and Sedition acts States’ Rights and their consequences. Provide assis- The Republicans denounced the Alien and Sedition acts. They tance as needed. charged that the Sedition Act violated the Constitution, especially the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of speech. I Tell students to fill in the last column of However, the Republicans faced a problem opposing the law. At the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for the time, it was not clearly established that the Supreme Court had the what they learned that confirms or power to strike down a law as unconstitutional. Because of this, the invalidates each statement. Republicans expressed their opposition through the state legislatures. I Have students go back to their Word Knowledge Rating Form. Rerate their 300 Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation word knowledge and complete the last column with a definition or example. Differentiated Instruction

L1 L1 L1 Teaching Resources, Unit 3, English Language Learners Less Proficient Readers Special Needs

Reading Readiness Guide, p. 20; Word Reading a Chart To help students under- Alien and Sedition acts to the class. Ask Knowledge Rating Form, p. 16 stand the support for and opposition to the the other group to present the Republican Alien Act, assign The Alien and Sedition view of the acts. Answers Acts after the class has read the section. Teaching Resources, Unit 3, The Detect Points of View States could nul- Form students into two groups. Have one Alien and Sedition Acts, p. 25 lify laws if they disliked them. group present the Federalist view of the They limited immigration and free speech.

300 Chapter 8 Republicans and , both Virginians, led the campaign. Madison wrote a resolution attacking the Alien and Assess and Reteach Sedition acts. It was passed by the Virginia legislature. Jefferson wrote a similar resolution that was passed by the Kentucky legislature. Assess Progress L2 Together, the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions stated that the Alien Have students complete Check Your and Sedition acts were unconstitutional. They declared that states had the right to declare laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional. Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. No other states supported Virginia and Kentucky, so the two Teaching Resources, Unit 3, resolutions had little immediate impact. As for the Alien and Sedition Section Quiz, p. 31 acts, they were not in force for long. The law that gave the President the power to imprison or deport dangerous aliens expired after two To further assess student understanding, years. The Sedition Act expired in 1801. The waiting period for immi- use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. grants to become citizens was restored to five years in 1802. James Madison However, over the long term the Virginia and Kentucky resolu- Progress Monitoring Transparencies Vocabulary Builder tions were far more important than the laws that provoked them. The provoke (prah VOHK) v. to cause Chapter 8, Section 4 resolutions claimed that states could nullify—deprive of legal to anger; to excite; to cause an force—a law passed by Congress. The resolutions also boosted the action Reteach L1 idea of states’ rights. This is the idea that the union binding “these If students need more instruction, have United States” is an agreement between the states and that they there- them read this section in the Interactive fore can overrule federal law. In decades to come, a number of states Reading and Notetaking Study Guide. would refuse to obey certain federal laws. States’ rights would become the rallying cry for southern defenders of slavery. Interactive Reading and

Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, Why did the issue of states’ rights arise at this time? Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)

Looking Back and Ahead You have read how the Extend L3 United States got up and running under its first two Presidents. The Assign one half of the students to the next chapter deals with the next two Presidents, Thomas Jefferson Federalist Party and the other half to the and James Madison, and the challenges they faced. Republican Party. Have each group create several newspaper articles that express the viewpoints of its party. Articles may be on For: Self-test with instant help the Alien Act, the Sedition Act, the XYZ Section 4 Check Your Progress Visit: PHSchool.com Affair, and any other issue from the sec- Web Code: mya-3044 tion.

Comprehension Reading Skill 6. Why did Republicans want to and Critical Thinking 3. Identify Analogies Explain the nullify the Alien and Sedition 1. (a) Recall What problem did analogy in this sentence: As the acts? President Adams face abroad? call for war heated up, John 7. How can states’ rights be used to (b) Explain Problems How did Adams tried to be the nation’s oppose federal laws? Adams resolve this problem? firefighter. Writing 2. (a) Summarize Why did the Fed- Key Terms 8. Use Internet or library resources eralist Congress pass the Alien and Answer the following questions in to research the life of John Sedition acts? complete sentences that show your Adams. List the principal events in (b) Analyze Cause and Effect understanding of the key terms. his life. Then, describe the person- Explain the following statement: 4. Why did Federalists mistrust ality traits he displayed as Presi- State reaction to the Alien and aliens? dent of the United States. Write a Sedition acts caused further ten- 5. Why did newspaper editors thesis statement that could be Progress Monitoring Online sion between the political parties. accused of sedition tend to be used to introduce a biographical Students may check their comprehen- Republicans? essay about Adams. sion of this section by completing the Progress Monitoring Online graphic organizer and self-quiz. Section 4 The Presidency of John Adams 301

Section 4 Check Your Progress (b) Republicans supported states’ rights 8. Students’ thesis statements should and opposed the Federalist-backed express a statement about John Adams’s

1. (a) France thought the United States Alien and Sedition acts. This disagree- personality. Possible traits include firm, should support it in its war with Britain ment emphasized the differences responsible, and diplomatic. and responded to U.S. neutrality by between the parties. attacking American ships and refusing 3. Possible answer: As a firefighter tries to to deal with American diplomats. put out a fire, Adams tried to end the Answer (b) Adams compromised with the nation’s desire for war. Republicans opposed the French instead of going to war. 4–7. Students’ sentences should reflect an Alien and Sedition acts, but Republican- 2. (a) to limit immigration and restrict free understanding of the key terms. Students’ backed state legislatures could do nothing speech in response to a mistrust of statements will vary. to overturn federal law. immigrants during the French Revolu- tion Chapter 8 Section 4 301