Notions on “Glory” North versus South Different developments in the North and South ● North and South divided by the Mason-Dixon Line, originally the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania in the United States. ● Line was surveyed by two Englishmen, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon (astronomers) , to define the boundaries of land grants of the Penns from Pennsylvania and the Calverts from Maryland. ● There was border violence. ● Mason and Dixon were asked to determine the exact boundary between the two colonies by the king. ● The line was marked using stones, with Pennsylvania’s crest on one side and Maryland’s on the other. ● In 1763, colonists were protesting the Proclamation of 1763, this is when they started this idea. ● Proclamation Act - prevented colonists from settling beyond the Appalachians ● In 1767, the colonies were fighting with the Parliament over the Townshend Acts. ● Townshend Acts - Raised revenue for the empire by taxing common imports ● In late 1700s, the states of the Mason-Dixon line would begin arguing about the south side wanting to keep slavery and the north side not wanting that. ● The Missouri Compromise of 1820 accepted the states south of the line as slave-holding and north side as free. ● Pennsylvania - north ● Maryland - south ● The climate in the North didn’t support big farms and plantations. ● North - less religious, more urbanised. Abolitionist movement ● - a social and political push for the emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination (1830s-1870 militant crusade) ● Prominent in Northern churches and politics beginning in the 1830s ● Contributed to the fight between North and South leading up to the Civil War. ● Different political and spiritual movements arose around the 1820s after manufacturing growing ● Preachers like Lyman Beecher, Nathaniel Taylor, and Charles G. Finney led religious revivals during the Second Great Awakening that gave attention to abolitionism, pacifism, and women’s rights. ● In early 1831, William Lloyd Garrison, in Boston, began publishing the Liberator, ​ ​ supported largely by free African-Americans. ● In December 1833, delegates of both races and genders met in Philadelphia to found the American Anti-Slavery Society, which announced slavery as a sin. ● By 1835, the society had moral and financial support from African-American communities in the North and had many branches. ● By 1840 Garrison and his followers believed that slavery’s influence had corrupted all of society, a revolutionary change in America’s values was required. Garrison added equal rights for women within the movement and an avoidance of “corrupt” political parties and churches. But there were people who thought it varied from the cause. ● The American Anti-Slavery Society split in 1840. Garrison's opponents founded the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. ● Abolitionists founded - Oberlin College, the nation’s first experiment in racially integrated education; the Oneida Institute, many African-American leaders graduated from there, Illinois’s Knox College, a western center of abolitionism; many antislavery churches. ● Declared their mission completed after the Fifteenth Amendment (right to vote for male African-Americans). Missouri Compromise ● Missouri Compromise(1820) - measure worked out between the North and the South and passed by the U.S. Congress that made Missouri into the 24th state (1821) ● Marked the beginning of the conflict over slavery that led to the American Civil War. ● Missouri first applied for statehood in 1817, and by early 1819 Congress was considering allowing Missouri to frame a state constitution. ● When Rep. James Tallmadge of New York tried to add an antislavery amendment to that legislation(February 13, 1819), a debate over slavery and the government’s right to restrict slavery happened. ● The amendment passed the House of Representatives, which had more northerners, but failed in the Senate, which was equally divided. ● The following summer a group in the North rallied in support of Tallmadge's proposal. Much of the anti-Missouri sentiment arose from the belief that slavery was morally wrong ● The Federalist leadership of the anti-Missouri group pushed northern Democrats to reconsider their support of the Tallmadge amendment and made them favour a compromise that would restrict the revival of the Federal Party. ● The Senate passed a bill allowing Missouri to be admitted without restrictions on slavery in 1819. ● Sen. Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois then added an amendment that allowed Missouri to become a slave state. ● Henry Clay then led people to compromise, engineering separate votes. ● On March 3, 1820, the decisive votes in the House admitted Missouri as a slave state. ● Another crisis occurred when Missouri decided to exclude African-Americans of provision. Enough northern congressmen objected that, so Clay was asked to make the Second Missouri Compromise. ● On March 2, 1821, Congress ordered that Missouri could not join the Union until it ​ agreed that they would not cut the rights of U.S. citizens. Missouri agreed and became the 24th state on August 10, 1821. ​ ​ Fugitive Slave Act ● - statutes passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 that provided for the seizure and return of runaway slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a federal territory. ● 1793 law - enforced Article IV, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution - authorized any federal district judge, circuit court judge, or state magistrate, to decide the status of an alleged fugitive slave (no jury trials). ​ ● Northerners were against it and enacted personal-liberty laws to stop the execution. ● These personal-liberty laws provided that fugitives who appealed after a decision on them were entitled to a jury trial. ● Demand from the South ended in the enactment of a second Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. ● Fugitives could not testify on their own behalf, nor could they get a trial by jury. ● Heavy penalties were imposed on federal marshals who refused to enforce the law or on people who helped slaves escape. ● 1850 act - special commissioners were to have jurisdiction with the U.S. courts in enforcing the law. ● But this one defeated its purpose and was cause to many acts of rebellion. ● The acts were repealed June 28, 1864. Underground Railroad ● The Underground Railroad was a network of people offering shelter and aid to escaped slaves from the South. ● Operated from the late 18th century to the Civil War. (about 1863) ● The Quakers - the first organized group to actively help escaped slaves. ● In the 1800s, Quaker abolitionist Isaac T. Hopper set up a network in Philadelphia that helped slaves on the run. ● Quakers in North Carolina established abolitionist groups who made shelters and groundwork for routes. ● Earliest mention - 1831, slave Tice Davids escaped from Kentucky into Ohio and his owner blamed an “underground railroad”. ● Vigilance Committees - created to protect escaped slaves from bounty hunters in New York (1835) and Philadelphia (1838). ● In the South, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 made it so there were fewer hiding places for slaves. So they often ended up being on their own until they found safety in the North or in Canada. ● Canada was so popular because they granted African-Americans rights, like they could live where they wanted, sit on juries, run for public office etc. ● People known as “conductors” guided the fugitive slaves. ● Hiding places included private homes, churches and schoolhouses. They were called “stations,” “safe houses,” and “depots.” Their operators were “stationmasters.” ● Some well-used routes - through Ohio to Indiana and Iowa, through Pennsylvania and into New England or through Detroit on their way to Canada. ● HARRIET TUBMAN - the most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad; born as slave Araminta Ross; escaped a plantation in Maryland with 2 of her brothers in 1849; returned and left on her own again for Pennsylvania; returned to save family members; when she went back to save her husband, he had remarried; after that she joined the Railroad and escorted slaves to Maryland or Canada; led intelligence operations and fulfilled a commanding role in Union Army operations. ● Different groups founded thanks to the Railroad and helped with its cause - Vigilance Committee, Dawn Institute (slaves in Canada got to learn needed work skills), The African Methodist Episcopal Church. ● WILLIAM STILL - prominent Philadelphian who had been born to fugitive slave parents in New Jersey; worked with Tubman; kept a record of his activities in the Underground Railroad and kept it safe until after the Civil War, when he published them, giving one of the clearest accounts of Underground Railroad activity at the time. ● Underground Railroad operators were ordinary people, farmers, business owners, ministers or wealthy people. ● People like Frederick Douglass, Robert Purvis (Vigilance Committee), Josiah Henson (Dawn Institute), Louis Napoleon, John Parker, Gerrit Smith, Reverend Calvin Fairbank, Vermont schoolteacher Delia Webster, Charles Torrey, captain Jonathan Walker, John Fairfield. ● LEVI COFFIN - one of the earliest known people to help fugitive slaves; a Quaker from North Carolina; started around 1813 when he was 15 years old; said that he learned their hiding places and sought them out to help them move along; later moved to Indiana and then Ohio; continued helping escaped slaves wherever he lived. ● JOHN BROWN - abolitionist; a conductor on the Underground Railroad; he established the League of Gileadites, devoted to helping fugitive slaves get to Canada; led a raid on Harper’s Ferry to create an armed force to make its way into the south and free slaves by gunpoint; his men were defeated, and Brown hanged for treason in 1859. Dred Scott Case ● The Dred Scott decision was the culmination of the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford. ​ ​ ● Brought before the court by Dred Scott, a slave who had lived with his owner in a free state before returning to the slave state of Missouri. ● Scott argued that because of his time in a free state, he was entitled to emancipation. But the court decided that no African-American could claim U.S.