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The Afghan Agricultural Extension System: Impact of the Soviet Occupation and Prospects for the Future

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THE AFGHAN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM: IMPACT OF THE SOVIET OCCUPATION AND PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE by Tooryalai Wesa B.Sc, The University of Kabul, 1973 M.Sc, The University of Nebraska, 1977 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Educational Studies) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July 2002 ©Tooryalai Wesa, 2002 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date <L^p. ^1.2C10Q DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The Soviet Union occupied her southern neighbor Afghanistan on Thursday, December 27, 1979. Soon after the occupation, significant impacts were felt on agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Agriculture was affected in many ways from the integrity of irrigation systems to the cultivation of opium poppies. Agricultural extension, as the main department within the Ministry of Agriculture, was severely affected in terms of programs, organization, personnel, budget, methods, relations with farmers, and transfer of improved technologies. This study was designed to assess the impacts of the occupation and identify recommendations for the future development of the system. A survey design was used. Sixty-two Afghans with detailed knowledge about the Soviet occupation and agriculture participated in the study. The survey included 34 mostly open-ended questions, covering three areas: demographic characteristics of respondents, impacts of the occupation, and prospects for the future of the Agricultural Extension System of Afghanistan. The majority of participants were highly educated and lived in North America after departing Afghanistan. The results also showed that during the occupation many participants were assigned to passive positions or lost their jobs. The occupation affected the attitudes of the farmers, reduced the cultivation of agricultural land, destroyed the infrastructure for delivering agricultural services, altered the types of crops grown and reduced the number of people working in agriculture. Millions of landmines remain a serious threat to those who return to farming. ii Recommendations are made for the Government, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Higher and Vocational Education, Agricultural Extension System, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), and International Aid Agencies. Agricultural extension rehabilitation should be given high priority to meet the emerging challenges of increasing agricultural production by adopting modern technology, generating suitable marketing channels for surplus agricultural products, providing equal development and working opportunities for Afghan women, protecting natural resources, utilizing professional returnees, and replacing poppy cultivation with regular food crops. Perceptual and structural obstacles may militate against providing proper support for agricultural development in Afghanistan. The overall reconstruction and development of the Afghan Agricultural Extension System is a prerequisite for the future development of the Afghan agriculture sector. Establishing a stable Afghan government and support from the international coalition are essential to rebuilding this important sector of the economy. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Preface x Acknowledgment , xiii Dedication xv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Background to the Study 1 Pre-Occupation Agriculture 4 Agriculture During the Occupation 7 Agriculture After the Occupation 11 My Interest in the Subject 16 Research Purpose 21 Research Questions : 22 Organization of the Thesis 22 CHAPTER TWO: INTRODUCTION TO AFGHANISTAN 24 Geography 24 History 26 Society 44 Population 45 Ethnic Groups 46 Language 47 Religion 47 Economy 48 Mining 49 Agriculture 50 Education 53 Political Structure 59 Chapter Summary 60 CHAPTER THREE: CONCEPT AND PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 63 Definitions 63 Significance of Agricultural Extension to Agricultural Development 65 Historical Development of Agricultural Extension 71 Agriculture Extension in the Third World 76 Agricultural Extension Models 79 iv Agriculture Extension in Afghanistan 88 Problems of the Last Two Decades 90 Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) 99 The Structure of Agricultural Extension 100 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY 110 Data Sources 110 Developing the Survey 114 Pilot Testing the Survey 114 Data Collection 115 Data Analysis 116 Characteristics of Respondents 117 Limitations of the Study 129 Chapter Summary 131 CHAPTER FIVE: IMPACT OF THE OCCUPATION 133 Self-sufficiency of the Afghan Agriculture Sector 133 The Most Affected Aspects .' 138 Impact of the Occupation on Agricultural Institutions 143 Impact of the Occupation on Extension Programs 144 Impact of the Occupation on Organizational Structure 146 Impact of the Occupation on Financing and Budgeting 152 Impact of the Occupation on Teaching Methods 155 Impact of the Occupation on Scope 160 Impact of the Occupation on Extension Relations 165 Impact of the Occupation on Attitude Towards Technology 168 Chapter Summary 172 CHAPTER SIX: FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE SYSTEM 174 Agricultural Extension Programs 175 Organizational Structure 180 Scope of Agricultural Extension 187 Agricultural Extension Budget 191 Agricultural Extension Teaching Methods 196 Agricultural Extension Relations 200 Afghan Agricultural Sector 207 Role of the Government 211 Role of NGOs 215 Relationships Between AES and NGOs 221 Role of Rural People 224 Farmers' Attitudes , 228 Changing Farmers' Attitudes 234 Reducing Narcotics Cultivation 239 International Assistance 246 Discussion 253 Chapter Summary 270 v CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.... 275 Surnmary 275 Conclusions 282 Recommendations 285 Areas For Further Research 293 Afterward: Hopes For The Future 296 BIBLIOGRAPHY 299 Appendix A: Sample Contact Letter for Interview 312 Appendix B: Sample Contact Letter for Questionnaire 314 Appendix C: Sample Informed Consent 316 Appendix D: Survey Questionnaire 318 Appendix E: Afghan Agriculture Department from District to National Level Around. 330 Appendix F: Agricultural Department of Afghanistan at the National Level 331 Appendix G: Afghan Agriculture Department at the Provincial Level 332 Appendix H: Status of Agricultural Extension Units (AEUs) in Balkh Province 333 Appendix I: Status of Agricultural Extension Units (AEUs) in Kabul Province 334 Appendix J: Status of Agricultural Extension Units (AEUs) in Kondouz Province 335 Appendix K: Status of Agricultural Extension Units (AEUs) in Herat Province 336 vi List of Tables Table 1 Estimated Rural Property Losses, 1979-88 . 11 Table 2 Estimated Losses of Livestock in 1979-88 11 Table 3 Opium Production in Afghanistan in Comparison (metric tons) 14 Table 4 Pre-post Occupation Number of Schools in Afghanistan 58 Table 5 Yield Reduction in Agricultural Products(thousand tones) 94 Table 6 Comparative prices of some agricultural products in Kabul 94 Table 7 Residence of Respondents 118 Table 8 Age of Respondents 118 Table 9 Highest Level of Education 119 Table 10 Departure Date From Afghanistan : 121 Table 11 Position Prior to the Occupation 122 Table 12 Positions Immediately After the Occupation 123 Table 13 Currently Employed 124 Table 14 Current Occupation 127 Table 15 Retirement Status 129 Table 16 Self-sufficiency of the Agriculture Sector before the Occupation 134 Table 17 Most Affected Aspects of Agriculture as Result of the Occupation 140 Table 18 Impact of the Occupation on Agricultural Institutions and Services 143 Table 19 Impact of the Occupation on Extension Programs 144 Table 20 Impact of the Occupation on the Extension Organizational Structure 149 Table 21 Impact of the Occupation on Extension Financing and Budgeting System 154 Table 22 Impact of the Soviet Occupation on the Teaching Methods and Training 157 Process 151 Table 23 Impact of the Occupation on Scope and Responsibilities 163 Table 24 Impact of the Occupation on the Relationships between Extension and Related Departments 167 Table 25 Impacts of the Occupation on Farmers' Attitude 169 Table 26 Suggestions for the Reconstruction of the Extension Programs 176 Table 27 Recommendations for the Reconstruction of Extension Organizational Structure 182 Table 28 Recommendations Related to the Scope and Responsibilities of Extension System 188 Table 29 Recommendations for the Reconstruction of Extension Financing and Budgeting System 192 Table 30 Suggestions of Respondents for the Reconstruction of Extension Teaching Methods ••• 197 Table 31 Recommendations Regarding Relationship between Extension and Related Departments 202 Table 32 Promoting the Reconstruction of the Afghan Agricultural Sector 208 Vll Table 33 Role of the Government in the Reconstruction of the Afghan Agriculture Sector ". 213 Table 34 Role of the NGOs in the Reconstruction of the Afghan 217 Table 35 Relationships between NGOs and AES to Promote the Reconstruction of the Afghan Agriculture Sector 222 Table 36 Role
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