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Studien Zur Länderbezogenen Konfliktanalyse Afghanistan

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Studien Zur Länderbezogenen Konfliktanalyse Afghanistan STUDIEN ZUR LÄNDERBEZOGENEN KONFLIKTANALYSE AFGHANISTAN Schild am Spinghar-Hotel, Jalalabad. Paschtutext: “Mit Waffen ist der Eintritt verboten“ von Bernt Glatzer im Auftrag der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung und der Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit Aufenthalt der Mission in Afghanistan: 20. Oktober bis 16. November 2002 Konfliktanalyse Afghanistan, FES / GTZ / FriEnt, September 2003 Inhalt STUDIEN ZUR LÄNDERBEZOGENEN KONFLIKTANALYSE.....................................1 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................5 Zusammenfassung der Analyse ........................................................................................ 5 Zusammenfassung der Empfehlungen.............................................................................. 9 2. KONFLIKTANALYSE.................................................................................................11 2.1 Vorbemerkung .............................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Die Haupt-Konfliktebenen........................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Die Kabuler Übergangsregierung (Afghanistan Transitional Administration) ..... 12 2.2.2 Zentrum vs. Peripherie........................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Regionale Zentren vs. regionale Peripherien......................................................... 14 2.2.4 Politisch-ideologische Konflikte ........................................................................... 15 2.2.5 Ethnizität im Afghanistankonflikt ......................................................................... 18 2.2.6 Ausländische Interventionen................................................................................. 23 2.2.7 Wirtschaft und Drogen.......................................................................................... 25 2.2.8 Der Sicherheitssektor............................................................................................. 26 2.3 Akteursanalyse.............................................................................................................. 29 2.3.1 Der khan und die Lokalpolitik............................................................................... 31 2.3.2 malik und mirab..................................................................................................... 31 2.3.3 Ratsversammlungen............................................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Der mullah............................................................................................................. 32 2.3.5 Die neuen Akteure in den ländlichen Gebieten: die Kommandanten.................... 35 2.3.6 Warlords ................................................................................................................ 36 2.3.7 Die Intellektuellen................................................................................................. 39 2.3.8 Lehrer..................................................................................................................... 41 2.3.9 Flüchtlinge ............................................................................................................. 41 2.3.10 Ausländer............................................................................................................. 42 2.4 Zukunftsszenarien........................................................................................................ 44 3. EMPFEHLUNGEN.......................................................................................................46 3.1 Grundsätzliche strategische Leitlinien....................................................................... 46 3.2 Regionen........................................................................................................................ 47 3.2.1 Westafghanistan..................................................................................................... 47 3.2.2 Ostafghanistan....................................................................................................... 49 3.3 Sektoren und Querschnittsaufgaben........................................................................... 50 3.3.1 Energie................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.2 Wasser.................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.3 Privatwirtschaftsförderung und Berufsbildung...................................................... 53 3.4 Gender .......................................................................................................................... 54 3.5 Chancen und Risiken für die deutsche EZ in Afghanistan....................................... 58 3.6 Empfehlungen für die politische Arbeit der Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Afghanistan.............................................................................................................. 60 3.6.1 Staatsbürgerliche Aufklärung................................................................................ 60 3.6.2 Direkte Kontakte mit Konfliktakteuren................................................................. 62 3.6.3 Soziale und politische Institutionen....................................................................... 63 2 Konfliktanalyse Afghanistan, FES / GTZ / FriEnt, September 2003 ANHÄNGE ..........................................................................................................................66 Anhang I: Bibliographie................................................................................................... 66 Anhang II: Liste der wichtigsten GesprächspartnerInnen............................................ 67 Anhang III: Reiseverlauf ..................................................................................................... 69 Anhang IV: Zeittafel der Afghanistankonflikte seit 1973................................................ 70 Die vorliegende Studie wurde bewusst von einem unabhängigen Gutachter erstellt und entspricht nicht notwen- digerweise der Meinung der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 3 Konfliktanalyse Afghanistan, FES / GTZ / FriEnt, September 2003 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) Als politisches Vermächtnis des ersten demokratisch gewählten deutschen Reichspräsidenten 1925 gegründet, ist die FES der sozialen Demokratie verpflichtet mit der Zielsetzung 1) Die politische und gesellschaftliche Bildung von Menschen aus allen Lebensbereichen im Geiste von Demokratie und Pluralismus zu fördern, 2) Begabten jungen Menschen durch Stipendien Zugang zu Studium und Forschung zu ermöglichen, und 3) Zur internationa- len Verständigung und Zusammenarbeit beizutragen. Derzeit arbeiten 560 Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen an der Weiterführung dieser Ziele. Die internationale Ar- beit verbindet die FES mit Partnern in über hundert Ländern der Welt und wird im Wesentlichen durch das Bun- desministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung und das Auswärtige Amt finanziert. Ziel der Projektaktivitäten zur demokratischen und sozialen Gestaltung der Globalisierungsprozesse ist eine konstruk- tive, den Frieden fördernde Transformation von Konflikten in verschiedenen Phasen. Dabei ist die FES dem Prinzip der Nachhaltigkeit ebenso verpflichtet wie dem Do-no- harm-Ansatz, der den Schwerpunkt der Interakt i- on innerhalb der Zivilen Konfliktbearbeitung auf die Stärkung verbindender Kräfte und auf die lokalen Frie- denspotentiale legt. Zivile Konfliktbearbeitung umfasst dabei sämtliche vor, während, oder nach gewaltsam aus- getragenen Konflikten ansetzende Maßnahmen der gezielten Einflussnahme auf die Konfliktursachen, die Kont- rahenten und ihre Dialogformen sowie zur gezielten Stärkung des friedlichen Potentials innerhalb der jeweiligen Gesellschaft(en). Mitarbeit an dieser Studie: Mohammad Sabir, Almut Wieland-Karimi Kontakt: Marei John, FES-Referat Entwicklungspolitik, Hiroshimastr. 17, 10785 Berlin T.: +49-30-26935-915, F.: +49-30-26935-959, [email protected] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Die GTZ GmbH ist ein weltweit tätiges gemeinnütziges Bundesunternehmen für internationale Zusammenarbeit. Sie arbeitet für das Ziel, die politische, wirtschaftliche, ökologische und soziale Entwicklung in den Ländern des Südens und Ostens positiv zu gestalten und damit die Lebensbedingungen und Perspektiven der Menschen zu verbessern. Mit ihren Dienstleistungen unterstützt sie komplexe Entwicklungs- und Reformprozesse und trägt zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung in der Welt bei. Die GTZ wurde 1975 als privatwirtschaftliches Unternehmen gegründet. Ihr Hauptauftraggeber ist das Bundes- ministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung. Darüber hinaus ist sie tätig für andere Bun- desressorts, für Regierungen anderer Länder, für internationale Auftraggeber wie die Europäische Kommission, die Vereinten Nationen oder die Weltbank sowie für Unternehmen der privaten Wirtschaft. Überschüsse werden ausschließlich wieder für eigene Projekte der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit verwendet. In über 130 Ländern be- schäftigt das Unternehmen mehr als 10.000 Auslands-MitarbeiterInnen. Um den Zusammenhang von EZ und Konflikten bewusst zu machen und das Potential der EZ in diesem Bereich zu stärken, hat die GTZ im Auftrag und mit Mitteln des BMZ ein sogenanntes Sektorberatungsvorhaben ins Le-
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