Hardy Invitation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Hardy Invitation … WORDING ON HISTORIC MARKER ... James Daniel Hardy James Daniel Hardy May 14, 1918 – February 19, 2003 May 14, 1918 – February 19, 2003 (Continued from other side) James Hardy and his twin brother, Julian, were born and reared In 1963 Dr Hardy and co-workers did the first human lung in Newala, Alabama, 3 miles east of Montevallo. He attended the transplant. In 1964 he and coworkers excised a living human heart consolidated grammar school nearby which had 3 rooms for the 6 for the first time and performed the first heart transplant in a grades, then attended high school in Montevallo. James received his human utilizing a chimpanzee heart. The procedure emphasized the BA from the University of Alabama in 1938, and his MD in 1942 from need for generally accepted criteria for brain death so donor the University of Pennsylvania, and continued there for his surgical organs could be secured. residency and junior faculty experience. In 1951, he became Director Dr. Hardy trained over 200 surgeons. He authored, co-authored, or of Surgical Research at the University of Tennessee in Memphis. edited 23 books, including 2 that became standard surgical texts, and 2 Three years later he became the first chairman of the Department autobiographies; published over 500 articles in medical journals; and of Surgery at the new University of Mississippi Medical School in served on numerous editorial boards and as editor-in-chief of the Jackson, serving in that capacity until his retirement in 1987. World Journal of Surgery. As a surgeon, researcher, teacher, and author Dr. Hardy made signal Among numerous other honors James Hardy served as president of contributions to medicine over his long career. the Southern Surgical Association, the American Surgical Association, (Continued on other side) the American College of Surgeons, the International Surgical Society, ALABAMA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 2012 and the Society of University Surgeons. ALABAMA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 2012 Alabama Historical Association Shelby County Historical Society, Inc. Henry L. Laws, II, MD Lhoist North America, Montevallo Plant EXTEND TO YOU A SPECIAL INVITATION TO ATTEND THE HISTORIC MARKER DEDICATION FOR DR. JAMES DANIEL HARDY SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 2012 AT 2:00pm The marker is erected on the front lawn of the Lhoist North America, Montevallo Plant located at 7444 State Highway 25 South, Calera, Shelby County, Alabama. Parking will be available in the Lhoist Lime Plant parking lot. Newala, Shelby County, Alabama is located between Calera and Montevallo. Dr. Hardy grew up in Newala, Alabama. His father, Fred H. Hardy, owned a lime plant in Newala. The home of his grandfather, James D. Hardy, was used as the Calera schoolhouse until it burned in December 1905. Dr. Hardy married Louise Scott Sams of Decatur, Georgia in 1949; they met when he was working at Stark General Hospital in Charleston. She died from Alzheimer's disease in 2000. They had four daughters - (1) Dr. Louise Roeska-Hardy, professor of philosophy in Heidelberg and Frankfurt, Germany (2) Dr. Julia Ann Hardy, psychiatrist in Michigan (3) Dr. Bettie Winn Hardy, clinical psychologist and director of the eating disorders program at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (4) Dr. Katherine H. Little, medical director of the Diagnostic Center for Digestive Diseases at Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas. [Many thanks to those that financially contributed to purchase this Historic Marker] .
Recommended publications
  • History of Lung Transplantation Akciğer Transplantasyonu Tarihçesi
    REVIEW History of Lung Transplantation Akciğer Transplantasyonu Tarihçesi Gül Dabak Unit of Pulmonology, Kartal Kosuyolu Yüksek Ihtisas Teaching Hospital for Cardiovascular Diseases and Surgery, İstanbul ABSTRACT ÖZET History of lung transplantation in the world dates back to the early 20 Dünyada akciğer transplantasyonu tarihçesi, deneysel çalışmala- th century, continues to the first clinical transplantation performed rın yapılmaya başlandığı 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarından itibaren Ja- by James Hardy in the United States of America in 1963 and comes mes Hardy’ nin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde 1963’te yaptığı to the present with increased frequency. Over 40.000 heart-lung ilk klinik transplantasyona uzanır ve hızlanarak günümüze gelir. and lung transplantations were carried out in the world up to 2011 yılına kadar dünyada 40,000’in üzerinde kalp-akciğer ve 2011. The number of transplant centers and patients is flourishing akciğer transplantasyonu yapılmıştır. Transplantasyon alanındaki in accordance with the increasing demand and success rate in that artan ihtiyaca ve başarılara paralel olarak transplant merkezleri arena. Lung transplantations that started in Turkey at Sureyyapasa ve hasta sayıları da giderek artmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2009 yılında Teaching Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Süreyyapaşa Göğüs Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi Eğitim ve Araştırma in 2009 are being performed at two centers actively to date. This Hastanesi’ nde başlayan akciğer transplantasyonları günümüzde review covers a general outlook on lung transplantations both in iki merkezde aktif olarak yapılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, ülkemiz- the world and in Turkey with details of the first successful lung deki ilk başarılı akciğer transplantasyonu detaylandırılarak dün- transplantation in our country. yada ve ülkemizdeki akciğer transplantasyonu tarihçesi gözden Keywords: Lung transplantation, heart-lung transplantation, his- geçirilmektedir.
    [Show full text]
  • To Clinical Xenogeneic Heart Transplantation. Presented at the 15Th Biannual IXA Meeting, Munich, October 11, 2019
    Received: 23 June 2020 | Accepted: 30 July 2020 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12637 REVIEW ARTICLE On the way (my way) to clinical xenogeneic heart transplantation. Presented at the 15th biannual IXA meeting, Munich, October 11, 2019 Bruno Reichart1 | Matthias Längin2 1Transregional Collaborative Research Center 127, Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany 2Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany Correspondence: Bruno Reichart, Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 27, 81377 Munich, Germany. Email: [email protected] 1 | PRECLINICAL AND At the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Walter Brendel CLINICAL CONCORDANT HEART (1922-1989) became Head of the Department of Experimental XENOTRANSPLANTATION Surgery (now the “Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine”). During most of the 1960s till the first half of the 1980s, The first heart replacement in humans was a xenograft. On January xenotransplantation remained one of his main interests—and that 23, 1964, James Hardy (1918-2003) from Mississippi, USA, re- of his consultant and chief investigator Claus Hammer (1940-2015). moved the heart of a dying 68-year-old adult and replaced it with The latter characterized preformed natural antibodies (PNABs)4 in the organ of a small chimpanzee. After 90 minutes, the transplant sera of 48 species from seven zoological orders and investigated stopped beating, because it was of course too small.1 Hardy was more than 8300 combinations of serum samples and antigens of heavily criticized by both the public and his medical peers—partly 111 individuals. Among others, his key finding was that PNABs were unfair since he and his team had prepared the intervention care- absent or low between the species within a zoological family (con- fully over years; he should, however, have selected a better first cordant systems) such as domestic dogs, foxes and dingos; domestic recipient.
    [Show full text]
  • "Xenotransplantation". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
    Xenotransplantation Introductory article Article Contents David KC Cooper, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA . History of Xenotransplantation Mohamed Ezzelarab, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA . Need for Xenotransplantation Hidetaka Hara, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA . Problems Associated with Rejection of Pig Organs Based in part on the previous version of this Encyclopedia of Life Sciences . Xenotransplantation of Cells (ELS) article, Xenotransplantation by Robert P Lanza and David KC . Problems Associated with Potential Infection Cooper. The Function of Pig Organs in Humans . Other Issues The transplantation of organs and tissues across species boundaries is called xenotransplantation. The most likely source of animal organs and cells for doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001249.pub2 transplantation into humans is the pig. Pigs, therefore, have been genetically engineered to provide their tissues with some protection against the human immune response. However, further immunological barriers need to be overcome. Many questions remain regarding the adequate function of pig organs in humans. The safety of xenotransplantation also remains of some concern. Is there a risk of the transfer of a pig infectious microorganism into the community? Present evidence is that this potential risk is low. This potential, however, has legal and regulatory implications. History of Xenotransplantation went on to transplant occasional chimpanzee or baboon livers in critically ill patients. James Hardy and Leonard The concept of blending parts derived from different spe- Bailey carried out single chimpanzee and baboon heart cies goes back centuries. Centaurs, mermaids and other transplants in patients in 1964 and 1984, respectively. All of creatures from classical mythology come vividly to mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung T Ransplantation
    Lung t ransplantation 9 Jonathan E Spahr 1 and Keith C Meyer 2 1 Children ’ s Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2 University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Allotransplantation of the human lung was fi rst per- prevent them have extended survival and provided formed in 1963 by Dr James Hardy at the University most recipients with an improved quality of life after of Mississippi. It did not become successful enough lung transplantation. to achieve acceptance as a treatment for end - stage This chapter focuses on the three main aspects of lung disease (ESLD) until the mid - 1980s to the early optimizing the outcome of lung transplantation: fi rst, 1990s when improved surgical techniques, advances patient selection and appropriate timing and criteria in organ preservation, and the development and clini- for lung transplantation is reviewed; the focus then cal implementation of novel immunosuppressive turns to the technical aspects of the procedure; fi nally, drugs allowed long - term survival of lung allograft attention focuses on perioperative and postoperative recipients. Lung transplantation has evolved consid- complications and strategies to prevent or treat such erably over the past two decades and is now a defi ni- complications. tive treatment for ESLDs that do not respond to other therapeutic interventions. As lung transplantation has become accepted as a life - prolonging therapy for Selection of p atients for ESLD and performed at various centers world - wide, l ung t ransplantation many complications have been identifi ed, and methods Indications and c ontraindications for monitoring and treating those complications have arisen.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Heart Transplantation: a Hard and Glorious Journey
    SPECIAL ARTICLE - HISTORIC Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2017;32(5):423-7 History of Heart Transplantation: a Hard and Glorious Journey Noedir A. G. Stolf1, MD, PhD DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2017-0508 INTRODUCTION contractions were seen. Afterward contractions appeared and about an hour after the operation, effective contractions of This year we celebrate 50 years of the first interhuman heart the ventricles began. The transplanted heart beat at the rate of transplantation. So, I believe that it is interesting to review the 88 per minute, while the rate of the normal heart was 100 per most important steps of this glorious journey. minute. A little later tracing was taken. Owing to the fact that Heart transplantation first performed in the course of the operation was made without aseptic technique, coagulation experiments of other nature in the beginning of 20th century, occurred in the cavities of the heart after about two hours, and seen as a speculation for the future in the middle of the same the experiment was interrupted”. century, is now widely accepted by medical and lay communities Although the exact details of experiments were not known as a valuable therapeutic procedure. the most probable arrangement of anastomosis are shown in This history can be divided into an experimental and a Figure 1 adaptation in a book by Najarian and Simmons[2]. The clinical heart transplantation periods, with the first one in problem with this model is that arterial inflow is in the atrium heterotopic non-auxiliary, heterotopic auxiliary and orthotopic and aortic outflow is under venous pressure, in other words, transplantations.
    [Show full text]
  • Transplant Updates
    Heart Transplantation A Half Century of Progress April 6, 2019 David D’Alessandro, M.D. Surgical Director, Cardiac Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support Disclosures • None 2 Heart Transplantation • How did we get there? • How far have we come? • Where are we going? The danger of touching the heart "Surgery of the heart has probably reached the limits set by Nature to all surgery. No method, no new discovery, can overcome the natural difficulties that attend a wound of the heart." Stephen Paget, 1896 Alexis Carrel • published his technique for the vascular anastomosis in 1902 • 1905 reported heterotopic kidney and heart transplantation in dogs • Nobel Prize in Physiology 1912 History of Cardiac History Evolution of CPB Early Challenges in Cardiac Surgery 1920s - 1950s • Multiple failed attempts at operative treatment of rheumatic mitral stenosis • Poor visualization during ASD repairs Tubbs dilator Heart Lung Machine John Gibbon 1953 Cecilia Brevolek: May 6th as the first successful truly open-heart operation performed with the use of a heart-lung machine. Norman Shumway Surg Forum 1960;11:18. James Hardy • First human cardiac transplant was a chimpanzee xenograft performed at the University of Mississippi in 1964. Operative Permit Public ridicule “…not only immoral, but amoral”. Richard Lower • 1966 Lower performed “a reverse Hardy” • Passed up an opportunity to perform a human to human transplant in 1966 due to over cautious concern about secondary incompatibility Christiaan Barnard Louis Washkansky (December 3, 1967) “My moment of truth – the moment when the enormity of it all really hit me – was just after I had taken out Washkansky’s heart.
    [Show full text]
  • Medyczna Wokanda
    ISSN 2081-4143 POZNAÑ 2011 NR 3 § MEDYCZNA WOKANDA „MEDYCZNA WOKANDA” / „MEDICAL DOCKET” „Medyczna Wokanda” ukazuje siê pod patronatem honorowym Polskiego Towarzystwa Prawa Medycznego „Medical Docket” is published under the honorary auspices of Polish Association of Medical Law RADA PROGRAMOWA / ADVISORY COMMITTEE: prof. JUDr Jan Filip (Uniwersytet Masaryka, Brno, Czechy), prof. zw. dr hab. n. prawn. Marian Filar (Uniwersytet im. Miko³aja Kopernika, Toruñ), dr n. prawn. Attina Krajewska (School of Law College of Social Science and International Relations University of Exeter), prof. dr hab. n. med. Romuald Krajewski (Przewodnicz¹cy – Naczelna Izba Lekarska, Warszawa), prof. JUDr Stanislav Mrâz (Uniwersytet Mateja Bela Bañska Bystrzyca, S³owacja), prof. C. J. J. Mulder, MD PhD (Department of Gastrocenterology and Hepatology VU Univerity Medical Centry, Amserdam), dr n. med. Jolanta Or³owska-Heitzman (Uniwersytet Jagielloñski, Naczelna Izba Lekarska), prof. n. prawn. Julio César Ortiz-Gutierrez (Universidad Externado de Colombia), prof. dr hab. n. prawn Lech Paprzycki (Prezes Izby Karnej S¹du Najwy¿szego, Akademia im. Leona KoŸmiñskiego, Warszawa), prof. dr n. prawn Thomas Schomerus (Leuphana Universitat Lueneburg), prof. dr n. prawn. À.Ñëèíüêî (Woroneski Uniwersytet Pañstwowy), prof. zw. dr hab. n. prawn. Eleonora Zieliñska (Uniwersytet Warszawski) REDAKCJA / EDITORIAL BOARD: REDAKTOR NACZELNY / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF prof. zw. dr hab. Krzysztof Linke (Uniwersytet Medyczny im. K. Marcinkowskiego, Poznañ) ZASTÊPCA REDAKTORA NACZELNEGO / DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF prof. zw. dr hab. Jacek Sobczak (Sêdzia S¹du Najwy¿szego, Prodziekan Wydzia³u Prawa Szko³y Wy¿szej Psychologii Spo³ecznej, Warszawa) SEKRETARZ REDAKCJI / ASSISTANT EDITOR dr hab. Jêdrzej Skrzypczak (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznañ, Wielkopolska Izba Lekarska) ZASTÊPCA SEKRETARZ REDAKCJI / DEPUTY ASSISTANT EDITOR dr Bartosz Hordecki (Uniwersytet im.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. Telephone interview with Danelle DiCiantis, conducted by Annie Evans, November 19, 2000; Laura Rothenberg, “My So-Called Lungs,” in Sayantani DasGupta and Marsha Hurst (eds.), Stories of Illness and Healing; Women Write Their Bodies (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2007), 44. The number of lung trans- plants in 1990 cited in “Report of the ATS Workshop on Lung Transplantation,” American Review of Respiratory Disease 147 (1993): 772–776; 2010 waiting list data cited in “Waiting List Additions 2000-2010 U.S.,” OPTN/UNOS 2011 Data Spring Regional Meetings, http://www.unos.org/docs/DataSlides_Spring_2011.pdf, accessed June 8, 2011. 2. For a critique of the assumptions and practices of modern medicine, see John D. Engel et al., Narrative in Health Care; Healing Patients, Practitioners, Profession, and Community (Oxford and New York: Radcliffe Publishing, 2008), 25–31; and Arthur W. Frank, The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics (University of Chicago Press, 1995), 54–56, 81–85, and 172. 3. These cost estimates were for first-year billed charges for a transplant; costs for immunosuppression drugs and other treatment continued well beyond the first year. Millman Research Report, “2008 U.S. Organ and Tissue Transplant Cost Estimates and Discussion,” http://publications.milliman.com/research/health-rr/pdfs/2008 -us-organ-tisse-RR4-1-08.pdf, accessed June 8, 2011. 4. Rhonda Bodfield, “Appeal for Transplant Patient,” Arizona Daily Star , December 17, 2010; Jane E. Allen, “Arizona Budget Cuts Put Some Organ Transplants Out of Reach,” ABC News/Health, November 18, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Health_Care /medicaid-cuts-make-organ-transplants-unaffordable/story?id=12177059, accessed June 8, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Lung Transplantation
    Turk Thorac J 2016; 17: 71-75 DOI: 10.5578/ttj.17.2.014 REVIEW History of Lung Transplantation Gül Dabak1, Ömer Şenbaklavacı2 1Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Lung Transplantation, Acıbadem University Atakent Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey 2Department of Chest Surgery, Division of Lung Transplantation, Acıbadem University Atakent Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey Abstract History of lung transplantation in the world can be traced back to the early years of the 20th century when experimental vascular anastomotic techniques were developed by Carrel and Guthrie, followed by transplantation of thoracic organs on animal models by Demikhov and finally it was James Hardy who did the first lung transplantation attempt on human. But it was not until the discovery of cyclosporine and development of better surgical techniques that success could be achieved in that field by the Toronto Lung Transplant Group led by Joel Cooper. Up to the present day, over 51.000 lung transplants were performed in the world at different centers. The start of lung transplantation in Turkey has been delayed for various reasons. From 1998 on, there were several attempts but the first successful lung transplant was performed at Sureyyapasa Hospital in 2009. Today there are four lung transplant centers in Turkey; two in Istanbul, one in Ankara and another one in Izmir. Three lung transplant centers from Istanbul which belong to private sector have newly applied for licence from the Ministry of Health. KEYWORDS: History, lung transplantation, Turkey Received: 24.01.2016 Accepted: 18.03.2016 History of lung transplantation is written by endeavors and courage of people who were desperately in search of hope.
    [Show full text]
  • Renal Autotransplantation– Past, Present and Future
    Renal Autotransplantation– Past, Present and Future: SEVEN CASE STUDIES OF PATIENTS AT CLEVELAND CLINIC Shawn P Huelsman, CST, BSHM INTRODUCTION enal autotransplantation is a method of removing a kidney from its place of origin, repairing it, and trans- planting it in another location of the body (most com- Rmonly, the iliac fossa) of the same patient. This proce- dure was first performed by James Hardy, md, at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in 1963.3 Since Hardy’s landmark surgery for management of a high ureteral injury, renal autotransplantation has been described in the treatment of renal arterial disease (eg arterial aneu- rysm), complex urological reconstruction (eg ureteral stenosis due to retroperitoneal fibrosis), renal cell carcinoma (primar- ily in patients with a solitary kidney), advanced nephrolithia- sis, and loin pain hematuria syndrome.1,4,7,8,9,11 During the 1980s, numerous journal articles on the sub- ject of renal autotransplantation were published. During the 1990s, though, there were few new developments in the field, and few articles were published. This reduction in literature could be due in part to the introduction of laparoscopic uro- logic surgery.5 JANUARY 2007 The Surgical Technologist 11 277 JANUARY 2007 2 CE CREDITS With the introduction of laparoscopic sur- formed on a separate “bench” table. While the gery, the number of open autotransplantation kidney was being “benched,” the Gibson inci- procedures was greatly reduced. Laparoscopy sion was extended to allow visualization of the became an alternative way of performing com- external iliac vessels for future transplantation. plex ureteral procedures and partial nephrecto- Laparoscopic assisted renal autotransplantation mies that once could be completed only by open allowed the patients in Gill’s article to benefit autotransplantation.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Transplantation a Look Inside a Surgeon's Perspective
    Lung Transplantation A look Inside A Surgeon’s Perspective Hassan Nemeh, MD Henry Ford Hospital Michigan Society of Respiratory Care Spring Conference 2016 Historical background Alexis Carrel 1905 Reported on heart and lung transplant in a cat model Historical background Vladimir Demikhov Reported on 20 different techniques of heart and heart- lung transplant in 1950 Historical background James Hardy, MD First human lung transplant 1964 by Hardy Historical background • Fritz Derom achieved a 10 months survival after lung transplant in a patient with pulmonary silicosis in 1971. Historical background • Bruce Reitz started a clinical trial in heart-lung transplant in 1981 after success in primate model in the lab Historical background • The Toronto group headed by Joel Cooper established lung transplant as we know it today Adult Lung Transplants Number of Transplants by Year and Procedure Type 4000 3893 3745 3750 3500 Bilateral/Double Lung 3450 3177 3000 Single Lung 28382901 2699 2481 2500 2129 2000 19011934 1711 1630 1483 14171440 1500 12961301 1160 1055 1000 874 Number of Transplants 664 500 384 160 5 6 32 69 0 NOTE: This figure includes only the adult lung transplants that are reported to the ISHLT Transplant Registry. As such, this should not be construed as representing changes in the 2015 number of adult lung transplants performed worldwide. JHLT.JHLT. 20152014 Oct;Oct; 34(10):33(10): 12641009--12771024 Indications • Cystic fibrosis FEV1 <30%, or clinical worsening • COPD FEV1<25% or PCO2 >55 with pul. HTN • IPF Symptomatic, VC <60-70%,
    [Show full text]
  • HHS Public Access Author Manuscript
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptInt J Surg Author Manuscript. Author manuscript; Author Manuscript available in PMC 2016 November 01. Published in final edited form as: Int J Surg. 2015 November ; 23(0 0): 205–210. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.060. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CLINICAL XENOTRANSPLANTATION David K. C. Cooper(1), Burcin Ekser(2), and A. Joseph Tector(2) (1)Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (2)Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Abstract Between the 17th and 20th centuries, blood was transfused from various animal species into patients with a variety of pathological conditions. Skin grafts were carried out in the 19th century, with grafts from a variety of animals, with frogs being the most popular. In the 1920s, Voronoff advocated the transplantation of slices of chimpanzee testis into elderly men, believing that the hormones produced by the testis would rejuvenate his patients. In 1963–4, when human organs were not available and dialysis was not yet in use, Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into 13 patients, one of whom returned to work for almost 9 months before suddenly dying from what was believed to be an electrolyte disturbance. The first heart transplant in a human ever performed was by Hardy in 1964, using a chimpanzee heart, but the patient died within two hours. Starzl carried out the first chimpanzee-to-human liver transplantation in 1966; in 1992 he obtained patient survival for 70 days following a baboon liver transplant. The first clinical pig islet transplant was carried out by Groth in 1993.
    [Show full text]