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Religión En Guyana

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Religión En Guyana LATIN AMERICAN SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STUDIES PROGRAM - PROGRAMA LATINOAMERICANO DE ESTUDIOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS (PROLADES) ENCICLOPEDIA DE GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE: RELIGIÓN EN GUYANA Por Clifton L. Holland, Director de PROLADES Última revisión realizada el 14 de junio del 2016 Traducido por Carmen Luna PROLADES Apartado 86-5000, Liberia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica Teléfono (506) 8820-7023; e-correo: [email protected] Internet: http://www.prolades.com/ © 2016, Clifton L. Holland, PROLADES 2 CONTENIDO Introducción general al país 5 La situación religiosa actual 10 Resumen histórico del desarrollo social, político y religioso 13 La Iglesia Católica Romana 28 El Movimiento Protestante 31 Otras religiones 65 La población no religiosa 81 Fuentes 83 3 4 Religión en Guyana Introducción general al país La República Cooperativa de Guyana (antiguamente Guiana Británica) está localizada en la costa noreste de Sur América, rodeada por el Océano Atlántico, entre Venezuela al noroeste y Surinam (antiguamente Guyana Holandesa) al este. La frontera al sur y al suroeste es compartida con Brasil. La mayor parte del territorio es caliente y húmedo y está a lo largo de los principales ríos – el Mazaruni, Essequibo, Demerara y Berbice. El río Courantyne sirve de frontera este del país con Surinam. La mayoría de la población vive en la llanura de la costa norte. Hoy día el país tiene un área de 83,000 millas cuadradas (214,999 km. cuadrados) y la población es de alrededor de 747,844 personas al 15 de septiembre de 2012 (Guyana Bureau of Statistics). Fue descubierta por los europeos en 1498, y los españoles, franceses, holandeses y británicos lucharon por dominarla por unos 500 años. Hoy día, Guyana es el tercer estado independiente más pequeño en Sur América, después de Uruguay y Surinam. La capital y la principal ciudad es Georgetown (población de 118,363 en 2012), a la cual se le da el sobrenombre de “Ciudad Jardín del Caribe”, fue fundada en 1781. Es el centro comercial, administrativo y financiero del país. Otras ciudades im- portantes en 2012 eran Linden (27,277) y New Amsterdam (17,329). Ésta última se fundó en 1740, y primeramente se le dio el nombre de Fort Sint Andries , y ahí fue la sede del go- bierno colonial ho- landés en 1790. Linden fue declarada municipio en 1970 e incluye las comuni- dades de MacKenzie y Wismar. Se en- cuentra a lo largo del río Demerara, a 107 km al sur de George- town, y es un pueblo importante para la minería de la bauxita. Guyana logró su Independencia de Gran Bretaña el 26 de mayo de 1966 y se 5 convirtió en república el 23 de febrero de 1970; es miembro del “British Commonwealth of Nations”. Es el único estado del Commonwealth que está en tierra firme dentro de Sur América. Guyana también es miembro de la Comunidad Caribeña (CARICOM), cuya sede está en la capital de Guyana. Administrativamente, Guyana está dividida en 10 regiones, y las regiones se dividen en 27 consejos vecinales (2012): Población No Región Área km² Población por km² 1 Barima -Waini 20,339 26,941 1. 3 2 Pomeroon -Supenaam 6,195 46,610 7.6 3 Essequibo Islands -West D emerara 2,232 103,061 28 .6 4 Demerara -Mahaica 1,843 31 3,429 140 .4 5 Mahaica -Berbice 3,755 49 ,723 11.9 6 East Berbice -Corentyne 36,234 109 ,431 3. 0 7 Cuyuni -Mazaruni 47,213 20 ,280 0. 4 8 Potaro -Siparuni 20,051 10, 190 0.5 9 Upper Takutu -Upper Essequibo 57,750 24 ,212 0.4 10 Upper Demerara -Berbice 19,387 39 ,452 2. 3 Guyana 214,999 747,884 3.48 Debido a que se encuentra cerca del ecuador, Guyana tiene un clima tropical y la temperatura no cambia mucho durante todo el año. Hay dos estaciones húmedas, de diciembre hasta princi- pios de febrero y a fines de abril hasta mediados de agosto. El promedio de lluvias fuertes se da al noroeste y las más livianas en el sureste y en el interior del país. Aunque la temperatura nunca llega a ser peligrosamente alta, la combinación del calor y la humedad puede ser ago- biante. La región norte del país está bajo la influencia de los vientos alisios; lo que hace que a medio día y en las tardes la brisa marina trae alivio a las áreas costeras. Guyana se localiza al sur de la Franja de Huracanes del Atlántico, por lo que los huracanes no la afectan mucho. Sin embargo, las inundaciones repentinas son comunes durante la época lluviosa. El terreno de Guyana es mayormente montañoso y ondu- lante. Puede ser dividido en tres regiones: una planicie angosta a lo largo del Océano Atlántico donde vive mayormente la población del país; una franja de arena blanca con bosques lluviosos densos y finalmente las grandes tierras altas del in- terior formadas por montañas que se van elevando en dirección a la frontera con Brasil. Las montañas más altas de Guyana están en el interior, incluyendo el Monte Roraima a 2,835 metros (las montañas más altas en Guyana), que forman parte Regiones de Guyana de la cordillera Pakaraima, en la frontera oeste que limita con Venezuela. Entre el río Rupununi (ramal del río Essequibo) al oeste y el río Courantyne al este, se encuentra la vasta sabana Rupununi, al sur de la cual están las Montañas Kamoa en la frontera con Brasil. 6 La llanura de la costa, que ocupa cerca del cinco por ciento del área del país, mide entre cinco y seis kilómetros de ancho y se extiende 430 km, desde el río Courantyne al este de la parte noroeste de la frontera con Venezuela. Es ahí donde más del 90 por ciento de la población vive; a un lado, estrujada entre bosques tropicales invadidos y al otro lado un vasto y agreste océano. Las tierras cultivadas – principalmente de arroz y azúcar – dificulta la naturaleza de la jungla que reclama su territorio perdido y una pared marina desmoronada protege la tierra de las olas del océano. “Rompeolas” es el nombre que se le da a la pared de concreto construida a lo largo de la costa en Guyana, principalmente en el municipio de Demerara. Es parte de la batalla en contra de las olas del Océano Atlántico. El trecho más famoso del rompeolas es el de Georgetown. Los rompeolas son necesarios debido a la constante erosión que produce el mar a la tierra. Los histo- riadores señalan que dos estados “Kierfield” y “Sandy Point” existieron en 1792 al norte de lo que hoy es el rompeolas de Georgetown, desaparecieron para el año 1804. La línea costera está sujeta a ciclos erosivos y acumulaciones. Parece que la acumulación a principios de los años 1840, fue seguida por una erosión a fines de los 1840. Para 1855, sucedió la gran inundación de Kingston cuando se rompió el dique de tierra. Fue después de esta catás- trofe que el rompeolas entre Fort William Frederick y Round House se empezó en 1858. Fue construida principalmente por convictos con piedras de granito del asentamiento penal en Maza- runi (ahora prisión Mazaruni), y fue terminada en 1892. Debido al rompimiento se algunas partes del rompeolas, causó inundaciones en Enmore en 1955, en Buxton en 1959, y en Bladen hall en 1961. Los bosques lluviosos del interior y las montañas de Guyana forman una vasta e inexplorada jungla, alrededor del tamaño de Gran Bretaña, pero es una de las tierras más escasamente pobladas del mundo. Es una tierra con majestuosos ríos, sorprendentes cataratas y enormes sabanas. Está habitada por un pequeño número de amerindios, cuya forma de vivir no ha cambiado mucho desde que sus ancestros escaparon hacia el sur para evitar ser capturados por oleadas de inmigrantes extranjeros y los colonizadores. Aunque les molesta la presencia ocasional de buscadores de oro y diamantes, la existencia de los amerindios la acompaña una gran variedad de flora y fauna, incluyendo jaguares y el águila harpía que está en peligro de extinción que raramente se encuentra. Tiene la reputación de ser el águila más fuerte del mundo y vive en los altos árboles de los espesos bosques al sur de Guyana. Puede llegar a medir entre 36 y 40 pulgadas y pesar hasta 20 libras; su vuelo puede tener una velocidad de hasta 50 millas por hora. Las águilas harpías no son numerosas y son difíciles de ver; sin embargo, algunas comunidades de amerindios están observándolas y protegiendo sus nidos para que los amantes de aves puedan verlas. El viaje hacia el interior del país se hace a través de ríos debido a la ausencia de caminos más allá del litoral. Una gran cantidad de ríos fluyen al Océano Atlántico, generalmente con dirección al norte. Pero muchos otros situados al oeste del país fluyen hacia el este al río Essequibo, escurriendo en la meseta Kaieteur. Los cuatro ríos más largos del país son el Essequibo de 1.010 km (628 mi), el Río Courantyne de 724 km (450 mi), el Berbice de 595 km (370 mi), y el Demerara de 346 km (215 mi). El río Essequibo y sus tributarios forman la mayor cuenca de drenaje del país que se extiende desde la frontera con Brasil al sur hasta un ancho delta al oeste de Georgetown. Los ríos al este de Guyana cortan la zona del litoral lo que hace difícil transportarse del este al oeste, y limitan el acceso de agua al interior. Las cataratas generalmente limitan el transporte de agua a las partes bajas de los ríos. Algunas de las cataratas son espectaculares, por ejemplo, las Cataratas Kaieteur en el río Potaro con una caída de 227 metros, más de cuatro veces el tamaño de la altura 7 de las Cataratas del Niágara en la frontera de los EUA y Canadá.
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